15 Logical Fallacies Flashcards

Study Notes

Logical Fallacies

Begging the Question (Circular Logic): Argues a point as a fact that reinforces itself, leading to a cycle of reasoning. Example: Movies are popular due to their financial success, which in turn is a result of their popularity.
Non Sequitur: The conclusion presented does not logically follow from the premise. Example: Heavy rain prompts an unrelated action, such as a phone call.
Post Hoc (Ergo Propter Hoc): Assumes that if one event follows another, it must have caused it. Example: Believing that consuming junk food before a test leads to good grades because of a past high score.
Faulty Analogies: Draws comparisons between dissimilar situations. Example: Comparing students attending events to cattle herded for slaughter illustrates flawed reasoning.
Hasty Generalizations: Makes broad conclusions based on insufficient evidence. Example: Concluding all fraternities promote partying due to limited observations of a few parties.
Red Herrings: Introduces irrelevant arguments to distract from the main issue. Example: Discussing parking issues instead of addressing the necessity of paving an area.
Equivocation: Utilizes a word's multiple meanings, shifting definitions mid-argument without clarification. Example: Claiming that truth will set one free but providing no context.
Ignoring the Question: Avoids answering the posed question by shifting to another topic. Example: Political candidates deflecting inquiries with unrelated praise for supporters rather than addressing the allegations.
Opposing a Straw Man: Attacks an oversimplified version of the opposing argument, making it easier to refute. Example: Opposition to drink machines focusing on location rather than cost or choice.
Either-Or Arguments (False Dilemma): Presents issues as binary choices, ignoring other possibilities. Example: Suggesting a Spring Break choice between a specific location or none at all.
Slippery Slopes: Predicts dire consequences from a single action without evidence of inevitability. Example: Arguing that school uniform policies will lead to mandatory uniforms at all educational levels.
Bandwagon Appeals: Persuades that a belief is valid simply because many others hold it. Example: Claiming that widespread support for Elvis proves he is worth supporting.
False Authority: Assumes credibility based on expertise in one area applies to another unrelated field. Example: A sports figure discussing unrelated topics such as personal care products.
Ad Hominem: Attacks the character of the opponent instead of addressing their argument. Example: Questioning a candidate's advocacy for workers based on personal preferences.
Tu Quoque: Deflects criticism by pointing out similar faults in the accuser. Example: Defending speeding violations by referencing police behavior.

Description

Test your understanding of common logical fallacies with these flashcards. Each card presents a fallacy along with its definition and example. Perfect for students in philosophy or debate classes who want to sharpen their critical thinking skills.