第11章：库存与生产规划管理

Chapter 11: Inventory and Production Planning Management

• This chapter covers inventory management, production planning, and related systems like MRP and JIT.

Catalog

• 1. Inventory Management
  • Demand Forecasting
  • Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
• 2. Batching and Production Scheduling
• 3. MRP and JIT Systems

Chapter Introduction

• Companies use big data to effectively respond to customer demand; this chapter discusses methods to do that.
• Examples include real-time data collection from various channels (e.g., e-commerce platforms, social media, and industry news sites). This is about connecting internal data with external customer data and transforming that into effective strategies for business operations.

Demand Forecasting

• Demand forecasting is crucial for inventory management as it impacts the amount of inventory needed.
• Forecasts can be inaccurate due to various factors influencing demand.
• The factors affecting demand can be categorized as trend, seasonal, cyclical, and random.

Forecasting Methods

• Objective Forecasting Methods:
  • Time series analysis: Uses past data to predict future demand based on historical patterns. Includes methods such as moving average and exponential smoothing.
  • Causal analysis: Examines the relationship between demand and other factors such as economic conditions, prices, and competitors' actions.
• Subjective Forecasting Methods:
  • Salesperson judgment
  • Executive committee forecasts
  • Delphi method

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)

• EOQ is a model used to calculate the optimal order quantity for inventory to minimize total costs.
• Costs considered include ordering costs and holding costs.
• The EOQ formula minimizes the sum of ordering costs and holding costs. Formula: 2AD / Ch
  • where:
    • A = ordering cost per order
    • D = demand rate per period
    • Ch = holding cost per unit per period

Inventory Costs

• Holding Costs (Storage Costs): Costs associated with storing inventory. Consideration of space, capital, security, and insurance are important.
• Ordering Costs (Set-up Costs): Costs of placing and processing orders. Include labor costs, administrative costs, and paperwork costs.
• Shortage Costs (Stock-out Costs): Penalties associated with running out of inventory. Include loss of sales, lost customers, and potential damage to reputation.

Summary

• The chapter provides a comprehensive view of different forecasting methods and factors influencing demand, aiding inventory management decisions. It also covers different types of costs related to inventory management. The main goal of this chapter is to help understand and efficiently use data to predict consumer demand and reduce unnecessary expenses.