ജീവശാസ്ത്രം 10ആം ക്ലാസ് ക്വിസ്

Reproduction

• Reproduction is the process of producing new organisms from existing organisms of the same species.
• Reproduction ensures the continuity of life on Earth.
• Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species.

Types of Reproduction

• Asexual Reproduction:

  • A new organism is produced from a single parent without the involvement of sex cells (gametes).
  • Examples include fission, budding, fragmentation, and spore formation.

• Sexual Reproduction:

  • A new organism is produced from two parents using their sex cells (gametes).
  • The fusion of gametes results in the formation of a zygote.
  • Examples include reproduction in flowering plants and humans.

Asexual Reproduction: Fission

• A single-celled organism splits or divides into two or more new organisms.
• Binary Fission: The parent organism splits into two new organisms.
  • Example: Amoeba
• Multiple Fission: The parent organism splits into many new organisms simultaneously.
  • Example: Plasmodium

Asexual Reproduction: Budding

• A small part of the parent organism grows out as a bud, which then detaches and becomes a new organism.
• Example: Hydra

Asexual Reproduction: Fragmentation

• The body of a simple organism breaks up into two or more pieces, each of which grows into a complete new organism.
• Example: Spirogyra

Asexual Reproduction: Spore Formation

• The parent plant produces hundreds of microscopic reproductive units called spores.
• When spores land on suitable conditions, they germinate and grow into new plants.
• Example: Rhizopus

Vegetative Propagation

• New plants are produced from parts of old plants (stems, roots, or leaves) without the help of reproductive organs.
  • Natural Vegetative Propagation:
    • Example: Budding in Bryophyllum
  • Artificial Vegetative Propagation:
    • Example: Cutting, layering, and grafting
    • Methods to produce many plants from one plant.

Tissue Culture

• A method of growing plants from plant cells in an artificial medium.
• Involves taking plant tissues and placing them in a nutrient medium, and using hormones to induce cell division and plantlet formation.
• Used to produce disease-free plants.

DNA and Variations

• Individuals produced through reproduction are similar to each other and their parents because of DNA copying.
• However, DNA copying is not 100% accurate, leading to variations.
• Variations are important for the survival of species in adverse environments.

Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Plants reproduce sexually, through the process of pollination and fertilization within their flowers.
• Flowers contain the reproductive organs of the plant.

Parts of a Flower

• Stamen: Male reproductive part (Anther and Filament)
  • Anther produces pollen grains(yellow in color), male germ cells
• Pistil: Female reproductive part (Ovary, Style, Stigma)
  • Ovary contains ovules (female germ cells, eggs.)
  • Stigma is a sticky surface to trap pollen.
• Sepals: Green leaf-like parts that protect the flower in its early stages.
• Petals: Colorful parts of the flower that attract pollinators.

Types of Flowers

• Unisexual Flowers: Contain either stamens or pistils (e.g., papaya, watermelon.)
• Bisexual Flowers: Contain both stamens and pistils (e.g., hibiscus, mustard.)

Steps of Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Pollination: Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
  • Self-Pollination: Pollen to stigma of same flower or another flower of the same plant.
  • Cross-Pollination: Pollen to stigma of another plant.
• Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes.
• Formation of Fruits and Seeds: Developing from the fertilized ovule and ovary.

Reproduction in Human Beings

• Puberty: The age when sexual hormones and gametes begin to be produced, making individuals sexually mature.
• Secondary Sexual Characters: Physical traits that develop during puberty (e.g., hair growth, voice changes).
• Male Reproductive System:
  • Testes: Produce sperms and testosterone.
  • Vas deferens: Delivers sperms to the urethra.
  • Prostate and Seminal Vesicle: Provide nutrients to sperms.
  • Urethra: Common passage for sperms and urine.
  • Sperms: Male reproductive cells with genetic material and a tail for movement.
• Female Reproductive System:
  • Ovaries: Produce eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
  • Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts): Passage for the egg to reach the uterus.
  • Uterus: Site of embryo development and nourishment.
  • Vagina: Receives sperms from the male partner.
  • Cervix: Narrow opening of the uterus into the vagina.

Fertilization and Development of Embryo

• Fertilization: Fusion of egg and sperm in the fallopian tube.
• Placenta: A structure connecting the mother and the embryo that provides nourishment.

Mensuration

• The monthly cycle in females that involves the shedding of the uterine lining if the egg isn't fertilized.

Contraceptive Methods

• Methods to prevent pregnancy.
  • Barrier Methods: Preventing sperm from reaching the egg (e.g., condoms).
  • Chemical Methods: Changing hormonal balance (e.g., oral pills).
  • Surgical Methods: Blocking fallopian tubes or vas deferens (e.g., vasectomy, tubectomy).

ഈ ക്വിസിൽ, ഒരു 10ആം ക്ലാസ് ജീവശാസ്ത്രം വിഷയത്തിലെ негізгі ആശയങ്ങൾ പരിശോധിക്കുന്നു. ജീവന.zzaലങ്ങൾ, തലയക്കൊമ്പിൽ, ശരീരത്തെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള ചിന്തന പ്രകടനങ്ങൾ എന്നിവയെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള പ്രശ്നങ്ങൾ തീർക്കുന്നത് തന്നെയാണ് ലക്ഷ്യം.