Female Repro

A patient diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer exhibits red, swollen breast tissue and dimpled skin. Which of the following additional findings would most strongly support this diagnosis?

A post-menopausal woman presents with vaginal bleeding and is subsequently diagnosed with cervical cancer. Imaging reveals bilateral hydronephrosis. What is the underlying mechanism causing the hydronephrosis in this patient?

What is the most likely cause of skin retractions observed in a patient diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma?

A woman with a family history of breast and ovarian cancer is tested and found to have a BRCA1 mutation. What is the primary function of the protein produced by the normal BRCA1 gene?

A patient is diagnosed with a Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor. Which of the following hormonal profiles would be most consistent with this diagnosis?

Which of the following represents the most significant risk factor for the development of ovarian cancer?

Platinum-based compounds, like cisplatin and carboplatin, are often used in the treatment of certain cancers. What is the primary mechanism by which these drugs exert their cytotoxic effect?

What is the most common location for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?

A post-menopausal woman presents with a unilateral breast lump. A biopsy reveals dilated lactiferous ducts with lipid and debris accumulation. Which condition is most likely?

Histological examination of a breast biopsy shows a large dilated space lined by glandular epithelium surrounded by dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate filled with lipid-laden macrophages. Which condition is suggested by these findings?

HPV infection is the primary cause of cervical cancer. What mechanism best explains HPV's role in the development of cervical dysplasia and cancer?

A patient presents with hirsutism and irregular menstrual periods. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause?

Combined oral contraceptive pills are a common treatment for PCOS as they suppress LH. Why does suppressing LH help treat PCOS?

A woman presents with a yellow-gray vaginal discharge and a pH > 4.5, and clue cells are identified on microscopy. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cause of her symptoms?

Which of the following is the mechanism of action of azole antifungals in treating Candida vulvovaginitis?

What causes the decrease in blood flow and uterine cells going through apoptosis during progesterone withdrawal in the menstrual cycle?

What is the primary change observed in the endometrium during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A young woman experiences irregular menstrual cycles in the first few years after menarche. What is the most likely underlying cause of these cycles?

A patient is undergoing catheter access to the uterine artery from the femoral artery. What is the correct order of arteries that the catheter will pass through?

Clomiphene is used as a selective estrogen receptor modulator in some patients. What is the mechanism of action of clomiphene?

A researcher is investigating the efficacy of a new drug targeting HER2 receptors in breast cancer cells. Which characteristic of HER2 makes it a suitable target for cancer therapy?

A patient presents with a vaginal discharge characterized as thin, off-white, and associated with a fishy odor, but no signs of inflammation are noted during examination. Further testing reveals a pH greater than 4.5 and the presence of clue cells. Which of the following virulence factors is most likely contributing to the adherence and biofilm formation in this patient's condition?

A patient undergoing treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer with trastuzumab develops significant cardiotoxicity. What is the most likely mechanism by which trastuzumab contributes to this adverse effect?

A 30-year-old female presents with a chief complaint of vulvar pruritus and a thick, white vaginal discharge. She reports recent antibiotic use for a respiratory infection. Microscopy of the vaginal discharge is most likely to reveal which of the following?

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, endometrial glands exhibit characteristic changes to support implantation. Which molecular mechanism is primarily responsible for inducing the structural and functional maturation of these glands?

A medical student is learning to perform a pudendal nerve block to alleviate perineal pain during childbirth. Which anatomical landmark is critical for accurately locating the pudendal nerve during this procedure?

What is the most likely mechanism of action of letrozole regarding its use as a medication?

In a patient undergoing treatment with raloxifene for osteoporosis prevention, which of the following mechanisms best explains the drug's agonistic effect on bone tissue?

A researcher is studying the lymphatic drainage patterns of the ovaries in the context of ovarian cancer metastasis. Through which lymphatic vessels does initial spread of ovarian cancer cells most commonly occur?

A 35-year-old woman, G2P2, presents with secondary infertility. An HSG is performed, revealing bilateral tubal occlusion at the isthmus. Which of the following is the LEAST likely etiology and diagnostic test?

A 26-year-old female presents to her physician reporting amenorrhea for the past 6 months. She reports a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). What is the most likely pathophysiology for her presentation?

A 29-year-old reports spotting after vaginal intercourse, yellow discharge and dysuria, and a friable cervix. Which of the following tests should be ordered to determine the most likely cause?

A researcher is investigating the effects of a novel contraceptive IUD that releases a specific compound. Which attribute would make it the most reliable form of birth control?

A 62-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of a bulge in her anterior vaginal wall. Which of the following represents the most precise diagnosis for her presentation?

A 42-year-old woman with heavy menstrual bleeding undergoes endometrial biopsy. Histopathology confirms the presence of endometrial tissue within the myometrium. Which of the following mechanisms most likely contributes to the patient's menorrhagia?

A 24-year-old presents to her physician reporting a 3 month history of painful periods and dysmenorrhea. Which of the following represents the most likely diagnosis?

A patient is diagnosed with HER2-positive breast cancer and is started on trastuzumab. What cellular mechanism is most directly inhibited by trastuzumab binding to HER2?

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, which cellular feature is most characteristic of the endometrial glands?

What anatomical structure serves as the primary directional guide for administering a pudendal nerve block?

Through which anatomical structure is the pudendal nerve block administered?

Leiomyomas, also known as fibroids, arise from which specific tissue within the uterus?

What cellular process primarily accounts for the development of leiomyomas (fibroids) in the uterus?

What palpatory finding confirms the correct location for administering a pudendal nerve block?

What change in gland morphology is characteristic of the endometrial lining during the secretory phase of a typical menstrual cycle?

Which cellular event is the primary driver behind the development of leiomyomas?