大学物理 - 经典力学

大学物理 - 经典力学

• Newton's Laws of Motion: Describes the relationship between an object's mass, forces acting on it, and its acceleration.
  • First Law: An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
  • Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. (F = ma)
  • Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Kinematics: Describes motion without considering the forces causing it. Includes concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
• Dynamics: Deals with the forces that cause motion. Covers concepts like work, energy, power, and momentum.
• Work-Energy Theorem: The work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.
• Potential Energy: Energy stored in a system due to its configuration.
• Conservation of Energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
• Rotational Motion: Deals with the motion of objects around an axis. Includes concepts like angular velocity, angular acceleration, torque, moment of inertia.
• Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): A type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. Examples include pendulums and springs.
• Central Force Motion: Motion of a particle under a central force (directed towards a fixed point). Examples include planetary motion.

大学物理 - 电磁学

• Electric Charges and Fields: Deals with the interactions between electric charges. Concepts include Coulomb's Law, electric field, electric potential, and electric flux.
• Gauss's Law: Relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge.
• Electric Potential and Capacitance: Describes the potential energy per unit charge in an electric field and how capacitors store charge.
• Magnetic Fields and Forces: Describes the interactions between magnetic poles and moving charges. Includes concepts like magnetic field lines, magnetic force on a moving charge, and the Biot-Savart law.
• Ampere's Law: Relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through it.
• Faraday's Law of Induction: Describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (emf) and a current in a circuit.
• Electromagnetic Waves: Describes how electric and magnetic fields propagate as waves. Covers concepts like wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
• Maxwell's Equations: A set of four equations that describe the entire electromagnetic field.

大学物理 - 热力学

• Thermodynamics Laws: Fundamental laws governing heat and work interactions.
  • Zeroth Law: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
  • First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Change in internal energy = heat added - work done.
  • Second Law: The total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time. Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold object to a hot object.
  • Third Law: The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero temperature is zero.
• Thermodynamic Processes: Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric.
• Entropy: A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
• Heat Engines and Refrigerators: Devices that convert heat into work or work into heat transfer.

大学物理 - 量子力学

• Planck's Quantum Hypothesis: Energy is quantized, meaning it can only exist in discrete packets called quanta.
• Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit wave-like properties, and waves exhibit particle-like properties.
• Schrödinger Equation: A fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes the evolution of a quantum system.
• Quantum States and Operators: Describes the possible states of a quantum system and how physical quantities are represented.
• Atomic Structure and Spectra: Explanation of atomic structure based on quantum mechanics.
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: There's a fundamental limit on the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle can be known simultaneously.

大学物理 - 相对论

• Special Relativity: Addresses the relationship between space and time for observers moving at constant velocity relative to each other.
  • Lorentz Transformations: Relate coordinates and time in different inertial frames of reference.
  • Time Dilation and Length Contraction: Changes in time and length for moving objects as observed by a stationary observer.
  • Mass-Energy Equivalence (E=mc²): Energy and mass are equivalent and interchangeable.
• General Relativity: Expands relativity to include gravity. Describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy.