大学物理 - 经典力学

Newton's Laws of Motion: Describes the relationship between an object's mass, forces acting on it, and its acceleration.
- First Law: An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
- Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. (F = ma)
- Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Kinematics: Describes motion without considering the forces causing it. Includes concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time.
Dynamics: Deals with the forces that cause motion. Covers concepts like work, energy, power, and momentum.
Work-Energy Theorem: The work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.
Potential Energy: Energy stored in a system due to its configuration.
Conservation of Energy: Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
Rotational Motion: Deals with the motion of objects around an axis. Includes concepts like angular velocity, angular acceleration, torque, moment of inertia.
Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM): A type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. Examples include pendulums and springs.
Central Force Motion: Motion of a particle under a central force (directed towards a fixed point). Examples include planetary motion.

大学物理 - 电磁学

Electric Charges and Fields: Deals with the interactions between electric charges. Concepts include Coulomb's Law, electric field, electric potential, and electric flux.
Gauss's Law: Relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed charge.
Electric Potential and Capacitance: Describes the potential energy per unit charge in an electric field and how capacitors store charge.
Magnetic Fields and Forces: Describes the interactions between magnetic poles and moving charges. Includes concepts like magnetic field lines, magnetic force on a moving charge, and the Biot-Savart law.
Ampere's Law: Relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through it.
Faraday's Law of Induction: Describes how a changing magnetic field can induce an electromotive force (emf) and a current in a circuit.
Electromagnetic Waves: Describes how electric and magnetic fields propagate as waves. Covers concepts like wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
Maxwell's Equations: A set of four equations that describe the entire electromagnetic field.

大学物理 - 热力学

Thermodynamics Laws: Fundamental laws governing heat and work interactions.
- Zeroth Law: If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Change in internal energy = heat added - work done.
- Second Law: The total entropy of an isolated system can only increase over time. Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold object to a hot object.
- Third Law: The entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero temperature is zero.
Thermodynamic Processes: Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric.
Entropy: A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
Heat Engines and Refrigerators: Devices that convert heat into work or work into heat transfer.

大学物理 - 量子力学

Planck's Quantum Hypothesis: Energy is quantized, meaning it can only exist in discrete packets called quanta.
Wave-Particle Duality: Particles exhibit wave-like properties, and waves exhibit particle-like properties.
Schrödinger Equation: A fundamental equation in quantum mechanics that describes the evolution of a quantum system.
Quantum States and Operators: Describes the possible states of a quantum system and how physical quantities are represented.
Atomic Structure and Spectra: Explanation of atomic structure based on quantum mechanics.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: There's a fundamental limit on the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle can be known simultaneously.

大学物理 - 相对论

Special Relativity: Addresses the relationship between space and time for observers moving at constant velocity relative to each other.
- Lorentz Transformations: Relate coordinates and time in different inertial frames of reference.
- Time Dilation and Length Contraction: Changes in time and length for moving objects as observed by a stationary observer.
- Mass-Energy Equivalence (E=mc²): Energy and mass are equivalent and interchangeable.
General Relativity: Expands relativity to include gravity. Describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime caused by mass and energy.