平面简谐波及其表达式
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平面简谐波的波动表达式中,表示平衡位置处质元的振动方程是哪个?

  • y = A cos(ω(t - x/u) + φ)
  • y = A sin(ωt + φ)
  • y = A sin(ω(t - x/u) + φ)
  • y = A cos(ωt + φ) (correct)
  • 在波函数中,当x固定而t变化时,表示的是什么物理概念?

  • 质元的速度随时间变化
  • 质元的加速度随空间变化
  • 整个波的传播情况
  • 在某一点的质元的瞬时位移 (correct)
  • 在波动能量的传播中,单位时间内通过某一截面的能量所表示的公式是?

  • P = w u ΔS (correct)
  • P = ρ A ω Δt
  • P = ρ A² ω
  • P = wu Δt S
  • 波动能量的平均能量密度公式是?

    <p>w = 1/2 ρ Aω²</p> Signup and view all the answers

    波动能量中,动能与势能的关系是怎样的?

    <p>两者不同步,且总能不守恒</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在波动传播中,何者不是波动能量的传播过程表现的方式?

    <p>波的振动频率变化</p> Signup and view all the answers

    下列关于波速u的叙述中,哪一项是正确的?

    <p>波速与振幅无关</p> Signup and view all the answers

    对于某一特定波形,若t=0时的波形图已知,如何求出该平面简谐波函数?

    <p>通过已知的波形图获取相位</p> Signup and view all the answers

    什么情况下,波函数中x和t均可变时,表示的现象是什么?

    <p>波的传播状态</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在简谐振动中,振动的周期 $T$ 和振动的固有属性之间的关系是什么?

    <p>$T = 2eta rac{m}{k}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    对于单摆,当振幅很小时,可以认为其振动是什么类型的?

    <p>简谐振动</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在简谐振动方程 $x = A ext{cos}( ext{w}t + ext{φ})$中,$A$代表什么?

    <p>振幅</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在弹簧振子的简谐运动中,恢复力$F$与位移$x$的关系是什么?

    <p>$F = -kx$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    单摆的振动周期$T$由什么决定?

    <p>摆长$l$和重力加速度$g$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    简谐振动中,如果振动的初相是$ ext{φ}$,并且初始位置$x_0 = - rac{mg}{k}$,那么振幅$A$的值为多少?

    <p>$ rac{mg}{k}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    当弹簧振子静止时,图中$mg$与$kx_0$的关系是?

    <p>$mg = kx_0$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    惠更斯原理中,波阵面上的每一点可以被看作什么?

    <p>新的波源</p> Signup and view all the answers

    波的衍射现象是什么?

    <p>波改变传播方向并绕过障碍物</p> Signup and view all the answers

    产生波的衍射的条件是什么?

    <p>波长比障碍物小得多</p> Signup and view all the answers

    波的反射定律中,入射角和反射角之间的关系是什么?

    <p>入射角等于反射角</p> Signup and view all the answers

    波在不同媒质的界面传播时会发生什么现象?

    <p>波同时产生反射波和折射波</p> Signup and view all the answers

    半波损失是在什么情况下产生的?

    <p>波从波疏媒质入射到波密媒质</p> Signup and view all the answers

    如果波源的频率为2 Hz,波长为1.4m,波速应该是多少?

    <p>2.8 m/s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    入射波与反射波在界面上相遇时,会产生什么现象?

    <p>干涉</p> Signup and view all the answers

    反射波在媒质界面反射时发生什么样的相位突变?

    <p>突变为1/2波长</p> Signup and view all the answers

    反射波和入射波的波动方程一般会涉及哪些信息?

    <p>频率、波速、波长和振幅</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在距离波源5米和10米处,波的强度有哪些不同?

    <p>强度在5米处大于10米处</p> Signup and view all the answers

    波的能量密度在波源5米处和10米处分别为多少?

    <p>5米处大于10米处</p> Signup and view all the answers

    驻波是通过哪些波的叠加形成的?

    <p>同频率且相位差恒定的反向传播波</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在驻波中,动能和势能如何变化?

    <p>动能和势能之间在波节和波腹之间迁移</p> Signup and view all the answers

    强度叠加的条件不包括以下哪一项?

    <p>波长相同</p> Signup and view all the answers

    驻波下各质点的位移与时间的关系是怎样的?

    <p>质点的位移与时间有周期性关系</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在波动过程中,功率和振幅之间的关系是什么?

    <p>功率与振幅的平方成正比</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在两列波相遇时,其位移如何表现?

    <p>等于两列波的位移相加</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在波的干涉中,相干条件的第一条是什么?

    <p>频率相同</p> Signup and view all the answers

    如果两个波相遇并有相位差$ rac{ heta}{2}$,那么它的干涉结果是什么?

    <p>可能相互加强或减弱</p> Signup and view all the answers

    如何计算波的能量密度?

    <p>通过强度和介质性质结合</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在驻波中,哪个位置动能密度最大?

    <p>波腹</p> Signup and view all the answers

    振动的方向和频率相同的波动称为?

    <p>相干波</p> Signup and view all the answers

    干涉的结果取决于哪个因素?

    <p>相位和振幅</p> Signup and view all the answers

    当波源与接收器相对于媒质均为静止时,接收频率与波源频率的关系是什么?

    <p>接收频率等于波源频率</p> Signup and view all the answers

    若接收器以速度 $v_R$ 向波源运动,接收频率的计算公式为哪个?

    <p>$\frac{u + v_R}{u}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    若波源以速度 $v_S$ 朝接收器方向运动,接收频率的表达式是?

    <p>$\frac{u + v_S}{u}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    警报器发射频率为 1000Hz,运动速度为 10m/s 时,观察者直接听到的声音频率是多少?

    <p>970.6Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    当警报器发出的声波被固定物体反射时,观察者接收到的频率为?

    <p>1031.3Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    拍频的定义是什么?

    <p>两个频率的差</p> Signup and view all the answers

    如果波源和接收器分别以速度 $v_R$ 和 $v_S$ 相对于媒质运动,接收频率如何表示?

    <p>$\frac{u + v_R}{u - v_S}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    超音速飞行的物体会导致什么现象?

    <p>形成激波</p> Signup and view all the answers

    合成相互垂直的简谐振动后,合振动的表达式中振幅 $A$ 可以计算为?

    <p>$A = A_1 + A_2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在欠阻尼振动中,物体的振动表现出何种特点?

    <p>振幅不断衰减</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在阻尼振动的公式 $x = A_0 e^{-βt} cos(ωt + φ_0)$ 中,$A(t)$ 表示什么?

    <p>瞬时振幅</p> Signup and view all the answers

    共振现象发生的条件是什么?

    <p>驱动力频率等于系统固有频率</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在受迫振动的条件下,系统的振幅$A$是如何计算的?

    <p>$A = rac{F_0}{(ω_0^2 - ω^2) + 4β^2 ω^2}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在过阻尼状态的振动中,物体的运动特点是什么?

    <p>物体逐渐停止在平衡位置</p> Signup and view all the answers

    对阻尼振动受迫的公式中,$F_r = -γv$表示什么?

    <p>阻力</p> Signup and view all the answers

    物体在共振时,会发生怎样的变化?

    <p>振幅增加到最大</p> Signup and view all the answers

    当两个简谐振动的相位差为 $0$ 时,这两个振动的合振幅是致最大的,为什么?

    <p>因为它们具有相同的方向和幅度</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在临界阻尼状态下,质点的运动轨迹呈现出什么特征?

    <p>不再作来回振动</p> Signup and view all the answers

    振动的频率与哪些因素无关?

    <p>波的传播介质</p> Signup and view all the answers

    作曲中如果多个频率相近的音符同时发出会发生什么现象?

    <p>增强共鸣</p> Signup and view all the answers

    在谐振过程中,系统的输出幅度是受什么影响的?

    <p>驱动力的频率</p> Signup and view all the answers

    为了达到最佳的合振动效果,三个简谐振动的相位差应该是什么?

    <p>$0$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 4: Oscillation and Waves

    • This chapter covers the fundamental concepts of oscillation and wave.
    • It is divided into two parts: oscillation and wave fundamentals.

    Section 1: Fundamentals of Oscillation

    • §4-1 Description of Simple Harmonic Motion: Simple harmonic motion is defined as the repetitive back-and-forth movement of an object around a central equilibrium position. Key characteristics involve restoring forces proportional to displacement.

    • §4-2 Dynamic Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion: This section examines the dynamic properties of simple harmonic motion, including period, frequency, amplitude, and phase.

    • §4-3 Combination of Simple Harmonic Motions: This section details the combination of simple harmonic motions with the same frequency, using both algebraic and vector methods.

    • *§4-4 Damped Oscillation, Forced Oscillation, Resonance: This section explores the effects of damping and external forces on oscillatory systems, including resonance phenomena.

    Section 2: Fundamentals of Waves

    • §4-5 Production and Propagation of Waves: This section outlines the conditions necessary for wave generation and how waves propagate through a medium.

    • §4-6 Wave Expression: Describes the mathematical representation of waves, focusing on how the displacement of a particle in the medium varies with time and position.

    • §4-7 Wave Energy: Explains the energy associated with wave propagation.

    • §4-8 Wave Interference and Standing Waves: This section analyzes how waves interact when they overlap, discussing wave interference and the formation of standing waves.

    • §4-9 Huygens Principle, Wave Diffraction, Wave Reflection and Refraction: This section covers the Huygens principle and the phenomena of wave diffraction, reflection, and refraction.

    • *§4-10 Doppler Effect: This section outlines the Doppler effect—the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source.

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    Description

    本测验涵盖了平面简谐波的基本概念及相关方程。考察内容包括振动方程、波速、能量传播等重要物理概念。参与测试,了解简谐波的特性与公式。

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