Global Marine Recreational Fisheries (BIOL3305) PDF

Global marine recreational fisheries Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Data on recreational fishing Most under-reported and under-monitored sector in fisheries Most countries still have no regular or...

Global marine recreational fisheries Dirk Zeller Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean  Data on recreational fishing Most under-reported and under-monitored sector in fisheries Most countries still have no regular or comprehensive, nation-wide data collection or estimation process, including Australia (WA: boat-based & some shore-based, other states have some efforts… but not comprehensive or complete, not does it cover back to 1950) Know of only two countries in the world that have well-established, long-term, comprehensive recreational fisheries data collection systems… guess?? USA Finland 1/33  USA recreational fishing Starting in 1955: National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation Every 5 to 10 years Collects information on the number of anglers, hunters, and wildlife watchers; how often they participate; and how much they spent on their activities over the previous 12 months Three types of fishing: (1) freshwater, excl. Great Lakes, (2) Great Lakes, and (3) saltwater Total participants, days of participation, number of trips, expenditures and demographic data Thus, good fishing effort and economic data…. But no catch or catch rates U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1955) National Survey of Fishing and Hunting 1955. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Circular 44, Washington, DC 62 p  USA recreational fishing 1960: Salt-Water Angling Survey (Clark 1962) As supplement to National Survey of Fishing and Hunting First national estimates of total recreational catch by species, region, and method of fishing over the previous 12 months Two more Salt-Water Angling Surveys were published in 1965 (Deuel & Clark 1968) and 1970 (Deuel 1973) 1960 all USA mainland: 1,410,952,000 pounds (639,997,061 kg = 639,997 t) 228 pounds per fisher per year (103 kg) Clark JR (1962) The 1960 salt-water angling survey. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Circular 153, 32 p Deuel DG and Clark JR (1968) The 1965 salt-water angling survey. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Resource Publication 67, 51 p Deuel DG (1973) The 1970 salt-water angling survey. U.S. Department of Commerce, 4/33 National Marine Fisheries Service, Current Fisheries Statistics No. 6200, 54 p  USA recreational fishing 1973: Fisheries statistics review of the Salt-Water Angling Surveys (Wheeland 1973) Fraught with inaccuracies and bias due to small sample size and response bias Response bias: the inability of interviewees to answer correctly due to a long recall period (last 12 months) and/or reluctance to admit to small or insignificant catches Surveys resulted in an overestimation of catch by 200-300%, overestimation of average fish weight by 200% Concluded that fishers should not be required to recall fishing trips that occurred more than two months in the past Wheeland HA (1973) Fishery Statistics of the United States 1970. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service Statistical Digest No. 64, Washington, D.C.  USA recreational fishing 1979: National Marine Fisheries Service implemented the Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey (MRFSS) and began two years of preliminary surveys 1981: First MRFSS results with estimates of catch and effort for reported species following the standardization of data collection and estimation methods Recreational data have been collected using two complementary surveys - Telephone surveys of households are conducted every two months to collect information regarding fishing effort, including the number of anglers and fishing trips, and location of fishing - Intercept surveys are conducted at public fishing access points (i.e., boat ramps, piers, beaches, jetties, bridges, marinas etc.) to gather catch data, including the species-specific catch composition, the number of fish caught, and length and weight measurements of fish brought back to shore Catch divided into two categories: - Retained catch, incl. dead discards and bait use - Catch released alive Additional specialized surveys of large pelagic species and for-hire charter boats 6/33  USA recreational fishing 2000: US National Research Council was asked to conduct a review of the MRFSS methods due to concerns that the surveys were not precise, robust, or timely enough to confidently use the data for the purposes of fisheries management These concerns were leading some anglers to refuse to participate in the surveys and to disagreements in proposed management actions Improved survey methodology, renamed the Marine Recreational Information Program (MRIP), was developed and implemented to correct for this bias and increase the accuracy of catch estimates Older MRFSS catch estimates have been recalculated Also independent studies: Coleman et al. (2004), Figueira and Coleman (2010) Most importantly: Recreational catch estimates not included in data USA reports to FAO (at least as of 2015….) Thus “nationally accounted for” but “internationally unreported” data National Research Council (2000) Improving the collection, management, and use of marine fisheries data. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 222 p National Research Council (2006) Review of Recreational Fisheries Survey Methods. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. xiii + 187 p Coleman et al. (2004) Science 305(5692), 1958-1960 Figueira and Coleman (2010) Bulletin of Marine Science 86(3), 499-514  USA recreational fishing: East coast McCrea-Strub A (2015) Reconstruction of total catch by U.S. fisheries in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010. Fisheries Centre Working Paper #2015-79, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 46 p 8/33 USA recreational fishing: East coast McCrea-Strub A (2015) Reconstruction of total catch by U.S. fisheries in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico: 1950-2010. Fisheries Centre Working Paper #2015-79, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 46 p  USA recreational fishing: West coast Zeller et al. (2021) Regional Studies in Marine Science 46: 101897 10/33 USA recreational fishing: Alaska Recreational vs subsistence conundrum Doherty et al. (2015) Reconstruction of marine fisheries catches for Subarctic Alaska, 1950-2010. Fisheries Centre Working Paper #2015-82, UBC, Vancouver. 31 p  USA recreational fishing: Alaska Doherty et al. (2015) Reconstruction of marine fisheries catches for Subarctic Alaska, 1950-2010. Fisheries Centre Working Paper #2015-82, UBC, Vancouver. 31 p 12/33 USA recreational fishing: Alaska Doherty et al. (2015) Reconstruction of marine fisheries catches for Subarctic Alaska, 1950-2010. Fisheries Centre Working Paper #2015-82, UBC, Vancouver. 31 p  USA recreational fishing: Hawaii Zeller et al. (2007) Historic catch reconstruction for coral reef- and bottom-fisheries in the State of Hawaii, 1950-2002. Fisheries Centre Working Paper #2007-06, UBC, Vancouver. 23 p 14/33  Finland: the international reporting exception Recreational marine: ~10% of total marine landings Global reporting anomaly (FAO not aware until we told them….) “Others” in marine recreational catch: Dominated by taxa such as pike, carp, trout. Why? Where is Finland located? Rossing et al. (2010) Baltic Sea fisheries catches for Finland (1950-2007). pp. 85-106 In: Rossing P, Booth S and Zeller D (eds.), Total marine fisheries extractions by country in the Baltic Sea: 1950-present. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 18(1), UBC, Vancouver.  Finland: the international reporting exception What is unique about the Baltic Sea? World’s largest inland brackish sea Baltic Sea average salinity 0.7-0.9% (vs 3.5% open ocean) Gulf of Botnia salinity 0.3% Rossing et al. (2010) Baltic Sea fisheries catches for Finland (1950-2007). pp. 85-106 In: Rossing P, Booth S and Zeller D (eds.), Total marine fisheries extractions by country in the Baltic Sea: 1950-present. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 18(1), UBC, Vancouver. 16/33 Bahamas: the surprise and non-surprise Smith and Zeller (2016) Fishery Bulletin 114(1): 117-131  Bahamas: the surprise and non-surprise Smith and Zeller (2016) Fishery Bulletin 114(1): 117-131 Smith and Zeller (2013) Bahamas catch reconstruction: fisheries trends in a tourism-driven economy (1950-2010). Fisheries Centre Working Paper Series #2013-08, UBC, Vancouver. 28 p 18/33 Bahamas: the surprise and non-surprise Smith and Zeller (2016) Fishery Bulletin 114(1): 117-131 Smith and Zeller (2013) Bahamas catch reconstruction: fisheries trends in a tourism-driven economy (1950-2010). Fisheries Centre Working Paper Series #2013-08, UBC, Vancouver. 28 p  Bahamas: the surprise and non-surprise Recreational: 55% of total catches Shocked surprise vs non-surprise: workshop Smith and Zeller (2016) Fishery Bulletin 114(1): 117-131 Smith and Zeller (2013) Bahamas catch reconstruction: fisheries trends in a tourism-driven economy 20/33 (1950-2010). Fisheries Centre Working Paper Series #2013-08, UBC, Vancouver. 28 p  Australia Recreational fishing is a popular pastime for Australians Historically, there has been a paucity of recreational fishing surveys in Australia, thus there is little documentation of recreational fishing effort and catch prior to the 1970s Also, available surveys were conducted by state fisheries agencies, thus not a nation-wide common, standardised approach with respect to the spatial and chronological scales of these reports and thus, national catch and effort are difficult to assess comparatively The first national recreational survey (Anon. 1984), but caveats due to small sample size Historically, fisheries managers assumed that catches from recreational fisheries were much lower than from commercial fisheries However, with an increase in the number of fishers from 1970 to 1990, and the resulting establishment of more frequent state-wide recreational surveys, it became apparent that recreational catches were higher than previously thought Location- and species-specific, recreational can exceed commercial catches by far White et al. (2020) Marine fisheries catches to 2018 for Australia and associated islands and territories. pp. 160- 178 In: Derrick B, Khalfallah M, Relano V, Zeller D and Pauly D (eds.), Updating to 2018 the 1950-2010 marine catch reconstructions of the Sea Around Us. Part II: The Americas and Asia-Pacific. Fisheries Centre Research Report 28(6), UBC, Vancouver Kleisner et al. (2015) Australia: Reconstructing estimates of total fisheries removal, 1950-2010. Fisheries Centre Working Paper #2015-02, UBC, Vancouver. 26 p Anon. (1984) National survey of participation in recreational fishing. Report (Australian Recreational Fishing Confederation) No. 1, PA Management Consultants. 47 p. 21/33  Australia Management by individual state and territory governments, and is considered to represent a somewhat decently-managed and enforced sector Fishers are often required to adhere to daily bag and possession limits, minimum and/or maximum fish size limits, restrictions on the type, size, and quantity of fishing gear, and seasonal or area fishing closures 2000-2001: The National Recreational and Indigenous Fishing Survey (NRIFS, Henry and Lyle 2003) was the first comprehensive national survey to examine recreational fishing... - Henry and Lyle (2003) The national recreational and indigenous fishing survey. FRDC project No. 99/158, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. 188 p More recently, new surveys and studies… e.g., in WA - Ryan et al. (2022) Boat-based recreational fishing in Western Australia 2020/21. Fisheries Research Report No. 327. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia. 221 p. - Ryan et al. (2019) State wide survey of boat-based recreational fishing in Western Australia 2017/18. Fisheries Research Report No 297. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia. 207 p - Smallwood et al. (2018) Weight-length summaries for Western Australian fish species derived from surveys of recreational fishers at boat ramps. Fisheries Research Report No. 278. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia. 151 p White et al. (2020) Marine fisheries catches to 2018 for Australia and associated islands and territories. pp. 160-178 In: Derrick B, Khalfallah M, Relano V, Zeller D and Pauly D (eds.), Updating to 2018 the 1950-2010 marine catch reconstructions of the Sea Around Us. Part II: The Americas and Asia-Pacific. Fisheries Centre Research Report 28(6), UBC, Vancouver Kleisner et al. (2015) Australia: Reconstructing estimates of total fisheries removal, 1950-2010. 22/33 Fisheries Centre Working Paper #2015-02, UBC, Vancouver. 26 p  Australia 15-16% of total catch 20% of total landed catch Peaked in1980s-90s Declined since White et al. (2020) Marine fisheries catches to 2018 for Australia and associated islands and territories. pp. 160-178 In: Derrick B, Khalfallah M, Relano V, Zeller D and Pauly D (eds.), Updating to 2018 the 1950-2010 marine catch reconstructions of the Sea Around Us. Part II: The Americas and Asia-Pacific. Fisheries Centre Research Report 28(6), UBC, Vancouver Kleisner et al. (2015) Australia: Reconstructing estimates of total fisheries removal, 1950-2010. Fisheries Centre Working Paper #2015-02, UBC, Vancouver. 26 p 23/33  Global recreational catch Reconstructed preliminary estimates of likely marine recreational catches for 1950–2014 Based on independent reconstructions for 125 countries Increased globally from ~ 280,000 t·year-1 to 900,000 t·year-1 in the mid-1980s, stabilized through the 1990s in the low 800,000 t·year-1 Began increasing again thereafter amounting to around 900,000 t·year-1 by 2014 Marine recreational catches thus account for slightly less than 1% of total global marine catches 24/33 Freire et al. (2020) Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 12  Global recreational catch Catch-and-release mortality not accounted for, except for USA Likely adds substantial to actual recreational fishing mortality and impact 25/33 Freire et al. (2020) Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 12  Global recreational catch Some regions have declining recreational catches North America, Europe and Oceania (Australia & NZ) 26/33 Freire et al. (2020) Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 12  Global recreational catch Some regions have increasing recreational catches South America, Asia and Africa Emerging economies North America… declining popularity 27/33 READ: Freire et al. (2020) Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 12  Global recreational catch The increasing contribution of elasmobranchs in recreational catches in some regions is of concern, given the life-history traits and IUCN threat status of many of these taxa 28/33 READ: Freire et al. (2020) Frontiers in Marine Science 7: 12  Recreational shark fishing in Australia Hingley L. (2020) Conservation implications of land-based trophy shark fishing. MSc thesis, University of Western Australia, School of Biological Sciences, Crawley. 53 p. https://www.seaaroundus-io.org/sea-around-us-indian-ocean- 29/33 publications#IO-research-theses-top  Recreational shark fishing in Australia The overall number of sharks caught annually is likely to be much higher than the number reported in national statistics Most disconcertingly, a large proportion of the shark species are classified as Threatened and Near Threatened according to the IUCN Recreational anglers indicated that they almost always practice catch and release when fishing for sharks However, the impact of recreational fishing on shark populations is likely to be significant given the mounting evidence of detrimental post-release impacts on sharks Hammerhead sharks, which are widely recognised to be significantly more vulnerable to physiological stress and mortality resulting from capture, were regularly caught by anglers in this study This is especially alarming given their conservation status: great hammerhead (Critically Endangered); scalloped hammerhead (Critically Endangered); and smooth hammerhead (Vulnerable) Land-based recreational shark fishing represents a large and growing risk to already vulnerable shark populations Hingley L. (2020) Conservation implications of land-based trophy shark fishing. MSc thesis, University of Western Australia, School of Biological Sciences, Crawley. 53 p. https://www.seaaroundus-io.org/sea-around-us-indian-ocean- 30/33 publications#IO-research-theses-top  Sustainable management in recreational fisheries New insights…. Homework: Fowler AM, Dowling NA, Lyle JM, Alós J, Anderson LE, Cooke SJ, Danylchuk AJ, Ferter K, Folpp H, Hutt C, Hyder K, Lew DK, Lowry MB, Lynch TP, Meadows N, Mugerza E, Nedreaas K, Garrone- Neto D, Ochwada-Doyle FA, Potts W, Records D, Steinback S, Strehlow HV, Tracey SR, Travis MD, Tsuboi J-i, Vølstad JH and Chick RC (2023) Toward sustainable harvest strategies for marine fisheries that include recreational fishing. Fish and Fisheries 24: 1003-1019. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12781 31/33  Recreational fishing Even low fishing pressure can be problematic for vulnerable species Catch and release can lead to high post-release mortality… not silver bullet Get well-informed from reliable scientific sources Sea Around Us – Indian Ocean