Child Nutrition PDF 2024-2025

10/7/2024 Child Nutrition Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy Lecturer of Maternal and Child Health Education for Early Childhood Faculty...

10/7/2024 Child Nutrition Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy Lecturer of Maternal and Child Health Education for Early Childhood Faculty Alexandria University 2024-2025 1 Introduction Children up to the age of 8 years are undergoing a period of rapid growth in the muscles, body tissues and the development of the brain. Their food and nutritional needs differ markedly from those of babies, older children and adults and as well as growth and development are affected by increasing activity levels and a relatively small stomach capacity. This means that a large range of vital nutrients have to be included within the smaller volumes of food they consume. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 2 2 1  10/7/2024 Introduction An appropriate diet and approach to food issues are important factors in preventing many health and development problems in young children and in their future including obesity, faltering growth and stunting, iron deficiency, specific nutrient deficiencies, dental caries and developmental delay. It is vital to help parents and carers make the most of this important opportunity to influence their child's future health and potential. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 3 3 Introduction In the Child Nutrition course, it is emphasized how an individual should be fed from the mother's womb to an adult. In this context, subjects such as balanced and sufficient nutrition, nutrition in childhood, food hygiene, nutritional deficiencies, and menu preparation are discussed as course content. In this period, when the foundations of healthy lifestyle behavior and personality formation are laid, intertwined with preschool children, it is necessary to know the principles of proper nutrition and to put this information into practice. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 4 4 2  10/7/2024 Introduction Considering that proper nutrition is a way of life, it is important to gain a nutritional habit from infancy. One of the most important issues to be emphasized is that preschool children often take their family members and teachers as role models. In this case, the students of the program are expected to complete this course not only to learn but also to give the right direction to their own lives. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 5 5 Introduction Teachers, who aim for the healthy development of children in their professional lives, have to know nutrition principles, food types, age- appropriate eating habits and even prepare a menu for children based on this knowledge. Subjects such as which nutrient and how much should be taken daily in accordance with the age of the child, how to gain nutritional habits, the importance of nutrition, and alternative food types are explained within the scope of the course. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 6 6 3  10/7/2024 Introduction The nutritional needs of not only healthy children but also sick children are mentioned in the course content. Nutritional information is given in cases where special nutrition is required in relation to nutritional needs and disease status. Approach to children with nutritional problems, eating problems, and diseases that may occur because of unhealthy nutrition are also included in the course content. Considering that some diseases are rather related to nutrition, it is obvious that this course will raise awareness about public health and disease prevention. In particular, the biggest cause of childhood obesity is seen as wrong eating habits. This risk can be minimized by giving children appropriate eating habits. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 7 7 Overall aim of the module The overall module aim is to: ▪ Outline key issues concerning the diets of children. ▪ Evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition interventions to improve child nutrition. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 8 8 4  10/7/2024 Intended learning outcomes (ILOs) Upon successful completion of the module a student will be able to: Define nutritional terms and facts. Determine food elements and groups. Recognize early childhood nutrition guidelines. Be aware of growth patterns in children, weight faltering and obesity and their relationship to nutrition. Plot and interpret a growth chart. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 9 9 Intended learning outcomes (ILOs) Upon successful completion of the module a student will be able to: Assess the appropriate dietary needs. Summarize the key causes of the common nutritional problems. Compose appropriate nutritional advice regarding the feeding of children. Design and critically appraise a range of interventions to address current issues in child nutrition. Plan a menu suitable for nutritional elements. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 10 10 5  10/7/2024 Table of contents Nutrition terminology Importance of Child nutrition Guidelines of child nutrition Assessment of the nutritional status Diseases related to the nutrition Healthy and unhealthy nutritional habits Preventive nutritional programs Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 11 11 Nutrition terminology Chapter (1) 12 6  10/7/2024 Nutrition Nutrition is the science of foods, nutrients and other substances they contain their actions within the body (including ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism and excretion). A broader definition includes the social, economic, cultural, and psychological implications of food and eating. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 13 13 Human nutrition addresses the interplay of nutrition in humans. Preventive nutrition addresses how food intake and nutrients may affect the risk of developing disease such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dementia and cancer, either for populations or for individuals. Public health nutrition targets actions on a population level in order to reduce the nutrition related major non-communicable diseases Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 14 14 7  10/7/2024 Nutritional requirements The amounts of nutrient which are needed for covering the human needs to be healthy depending on sex, age and few other factors. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 15 15 FOOD/NUTRITION-RElATED HISTORY (FH) Includes food and nutrient intake, food and nutrient administration, medication/herbal supplement intake, knowledge/beliefs/attitudes and behavior, food and supply availability, physical activity, nutrition quality of life. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 16 16 8  10/7/2024 Nutritional status: An individual condition of health in relation to digestion and absorption of nutrients. Body mass index (BMI) – Defined as an individual's body mass (in kilograms) divided by height (in metres squared): BMI units = kg/m2. Acute malnutrition in adults is measured by using BMI. Nutritional screening – Individual-level assessment where each person is measured in order to identify and refer those needing further check-ups or such services as supplementary or therapeutic feeding. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 17 17 Adequate diet: is a diet providing all the needed nutrients in the right total amounts. Junk food: Refers to foods that are harmful. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 18 18 9  10/7/2024 Calories The energy released from carbohydrates, proteins and fats can be measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat necessary to raise temperature of 1 gm of water by 1 C. 1000-calorie metric units are known as kilocalories (kcal). Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 19 19 Empty-k calorie foods a popular term used to denote foods contribute energy (from sugars, fat or both) but lack in protein, vitamins and minerals Example:(potato chips and candies). Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 20 20 10  10/7/2024 Metabolism The sum of all chemical reactions that take place in the body which it maintains itself produces energy for its functioning. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 21 21 Foods are products derived from plants or animals that can be taken into the body to yield energy and nutrients for maintenance of life ,for growth and repair tissues. School feeding – Provision of meals or snacks to schoolchildren to improve nutrition and promote school attendance. Supplementation (micronutrient) – Provision of micronutrients via a tablet, capsule, syrup or powder. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 22 22 11  10/7/2024 Diet is the foods and beverages a person eats and drinks. Recommended daily allowance – The average daily dietary intake of nutrients that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (approximately 98 per cent of) healthy individuals in a given population. For calories, the recommended daily allowance is based on the mean for a given population. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 23 23 Nutrients: Chemical substances obtained from foods used in the body to provide energy, structure materials, regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, repair of body's tissues and may also reduce the risks of some diseases. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 24 24 12  10/7/2024 Nutrients divided into two categories: Macronutrients ▪ Are the nutrients which the body needed in large amount such as carbohydrate, protein and fats. ▪ Carbohydrates, protein and fats are the main source of energy for human body. ▪ Are the energy yielding nutrients. Micronutrients Are nutrients needed in lesser amounts such as: Vitamins & minerals. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 25 25 Essential nutrients: Are nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself insufficient quantity to meet physiological needs. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 26 26 13  10/7/2024 Exclusive breastfeeding – An infant receives only breast milk and no other liquids or solids, not even water, except for oral rehydration salts (ORS) or drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or medicines. UNICEF recommends exclusive breastfeeding for infants aged 0-6 months. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 27 27 Complementary feeding – The use of age-appropriate, adequate and safe solid or semi-solid food in addition to breast milk or a breast milk substitute. The process starts when breast milk or infant formula alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of an infant. It is not recommended to provide any solid, semi-solid or soft foods to children less than 6 months of age. The target range for complementary feeding is generally considered to be 6–23 months. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 28 28 14  10/7/2024 Malnutrition Malnutrition has two types: Undernutrition: deficient energy or nutrients. Symptoms of under nutrition (extremely thin, losing muscle tissues, prone to infection and disease, skin rashes, hair loss, bleeding gum and night blindness). Overnutrition: excess energy or nutrient. Symptoms of overnutrition (heart disease, diabetes, yellow skin, rapid heart rate and low blood pressure). Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 29 29 Undernutrition can be defined as “a state resulting from lack of intake or uptake of nutrition that leads to altered body composition (decreased fat free mass) and body cell mass leading to diminished physical and mental function and impaired clinical outcome from disease” Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 30 30 15  10/7/2024 Chronic malnutrition – Chronic malnutrition, also known as ‘stunting’, is a form of growth failure which develops over a long period of time. Inadequate nutrition over long periods of time (including poor maternal nutrition and poor infant and young child feeding practices) and/or repeated infections can lead to stunting. In children, it can be measured using the height-for-age nutritional index. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 31 31 Nutritional index – Different nutritional indices measure different aspects of growth failure (wasting, stunting and underweight) and thus have different uses. The main nutritional indices for children are weight-for-height, MUAC-for-age, sex and height, height-for-age, weight-for-age, all compared to values from a reference population. In emergency situations, weight-for-height (wasting) is commonly used for nutritional assessments Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 32 32 16  10/7/2024 Additives (food): Substances added to food and drink to perform specific functions, e.g., add color, sweeten, or preserve. Allergen: A substance that is normally harmless (e.g., an ingredient in a food) but can cause an adverse (allergic) reaction in a susceptible person. Antioxidant: A compound that inhibits oxidation to prevent undesirable or potentially harmful effects, e.g., vitamin E is used to stop rancidity in fats and oils. Vitamins C, E and carotenes are examples of antioxidants which may help to protect cells and molecules from oxidative damage. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 33 33 Balanced diet: A diet that provides adequate amounts of all the nutrients in appropriate proportions. Basal metabolic rate (BMR): The amount of energy used over a period of time, when the body is at complete rest and in a fasting state. Enrichment – Also known as ‘fortification’, this is the process of adding micronutrients, or restoring those lost during processing, to food products. Examples include the enrichment of wheat flour with vitamin B1, niacin and iron. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 34 34 17  10/7/2024 Nutritional genomics: the science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the interactions between diet and disease. Food security – Access by all people at all times to sufficient, safe and nutritious food needed for a healthy and active life. Food taboos – Foods that are not eaten for cultural or religious reasons. Child Nutrition: Dr. Lamiaa Elrashidy 35 35 18