wsc challenge stuff 2024 final.pdf

Organized Subject Areas Important Notes: - The organization does not include Special Area, as I’m not completely sure what it is. - WSC themselves stated in a closing ceremony they didn’t know either - Some of the portions may be inaccurate, as this was completed on quick demand. - Make sure you review all sections at least a little. Focus on the main one you want. Science + Tech If all these fonts confuse you—or you just want to check whether a document (such as an alternative World Scholar’s Cup outline) is a forgery—you could always hire a forensic font expert. Read about the kind of work such experts do, then discuss with your team: should some fonts be reserved for exclusive use by AIs and others for humans? Font Detective Thomas Phinney Uses Typographic Clues to Determine Forgeries Thomas Phinney, a font detective, first set on this unique career when an attorney sought his expertise on a suspected forgery. At that time, Phinney was working as a product manager in Adobe's system font groups. Intrigued by the challenge, he delved into the task, employing a digital microscope and pixel counting to analyze fonts. His first case, named "The case of the Wicked Will," involved deducing that the printer used for the document didn't exist at the suggested date. This success propelled Phinney into becoming the world's foremost forensic font expert. His passion for typography and fonts, coupled with a keen understanding of dating fonts and technology, turned his work into a blend of art, economy, history, and technology. For Phinney, fonts matter everywhere, from the digital realm to books and printing presses. He emphasizes their significance in branding and marketing, where font choices can influence the perception of a brand. His website, Sciencegothic.com, showcases a typeface creator capable of representing over 500 moods and feelings. Despite his various jobs, Phinney remains fascinated by fonts and typography. An example case, "The Reprehensible Rabbi," involved uncovering a font mismatch (Perhaps don’t use a font which only existed a decade after your date states?) that revealed a forgery. Phinney's main job eventually shifted to font forensics in 2018, proving difficult yet intriguing alongside his font design tasks. Phinney categorizes these forensic cases into two types: Nefarious, involving ill-intent forgeries, and "Stupidly Tiny," determining if documents meet specific requirements. The latter includes quirky cases, such as evaluating whether tiny, tiny, tiny, tiny typography on a Justin Timberlake CD fulfilled public notice requirements for copyrights. His dream case involves major implications affecting many people, similar to the close call with allegations against George W. Bush. While the Bush case turned out to be fake news, Phinney's dedication and passion for his work still remains evident. In offering advice, Phinney encourages mid-career switches if aligned with personal belief and passion, stating that doubt shouldn’t hinder one's pursuit or their true passion. Thomas Phinney's journey is the clear-set example of what he suggests, a career into something he truly enjoys. Time travelers often struggle to pay for things; their currency has a cancelled Marvel actor’s face on it, or they don’t know what money is, or they can’t make the self-checkout machines work. (Then again, can anyone?) If you found yourself at a supermarket in 1963, you wouldn’t have been able to pay for anything at all until the clerk typed in the price of every item you wanted to buy, one at a time. Doing so quickly was a coveted skill: there was even a competition with prizes like free trips to Hawaii. The adoption of the barcode in the 1960s was a buzzkill for such price-inputting savants. Discuss with your team: what other technologies do we take for granted when we’re at stores or shopping online? And do you support efforts to reimagine in-person shopping without any form of checkout at all? Why Do People Hate Self-checkout? There is now a growing backlash against self-checkout machines, with several retailers reevaluating their strategies. For instance, Booths, a British supermarket, recently announced the removal of self-checkout in all but two of its stores. Other major players like Walmart, Costco, and Wegmans are also adjusting their approach to self-checkout. Nigel Murray, the managing director of Booths, expressed concerns about the efficiency and reliability of self-checkout machines. He highlighted issues such as slow processing and frequent misidentifications of fruits, vegetables, and alcohol, particularly with age restrictions. The concept of self-checkout itself was introduced in the 1980s with the primary goal of reducing labor costs. However, it gained significant traction in the early 2000s as a cost-cutting measure. The expansion and usage of self-checkout machines accelerated during the pandemic because of the increased focus on minimizing spread and contact. Despite its initial appeal, retailers are now considering the removal of self-checkout machines due to various problems. One major concern is the rise in shoplifting incidents, known as "shrink," which retailers blame on the self-checkout process. Studies have indicated that shoplifting is easier with self-checkout, leading to the reported millions lost by retailers. Notably, the statistics showcase a 4% shrink cost (double the industry standard at 2%) when attributed to self-checkouts. Problems with self-checkout machines include products with multiple barcodes, the need to weigh items like fruits and meat, and customers exploiting the system. Customers avoid paying fairly with various methods, from not scanning items at all to scanning cheaper items or using fake barcodes. In response to these challenges, some retailers are opting to purge self-checkout machines. Costco, for example, is adding more staffed checkout areas, due to the self-checkout problem of accepting non-costco members. The move away from self-checkout has reportedly led to a decrease in shrink for some retailers. While specific examples abound, it’s clear that the issues surrounding self-checkout machines are leading to a new change. The Iconic Barcodes’ Origin The origin story of barcodes is a long and interesting journey that began in Troy, Miami County, Ohio. The birthplace of this revolutionary invention holds a ceremonial occasion, with the small town taking pride in their creation. The first shopper to experience the barcode was Clyde Dawson, and the cashier was Sharon Buchanan, who checked out a pack of Juicy Fruit gum. The creator of the barcode, Joe Woodland, found inspiration while on Miami Beach. Drawing with his fingers in the sand, he conceptualized a code that could be printed and scanned quickly. This inspiration and brainstorming comes from Bernard Silver, overhearing the need for a barcode system and pitching the idea to Joe. So confident in his idea, Joe left graduate school to live in an apartment in Miami. The breakthrough came from Morse code, with wide and narrow lines influencing the barcode design. In 1949, they filed a patent in Philadelphia, and it was granted in 1952. However, their crude prototype, which used a 500-watt bulb and a giant code, was lacking technology only fully developed 2 decades after their breakthrough. In 1960, the laser was unveiled in California, causing concerns about its potential applications. Theodore Maiman created the first laser, with initial thoughts about its uses for welding, cutting, or medical surgery. However, the idea of using lasers in barcodes for check-out was not foreseen to him, or anybody associated. Kroger produced a booklet in 1966 envisioning the invention of the barcode, dreaming of an optical scanner that could quickly read prices and totals. A small research team at the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) eventually landed on the barcode idea with this booklet as an inspiration, buying the patents Joe Woodland had made years before. Specifically, the patent denoted a circular bullseye barcode, rather than the conventional rectangular one today. The first automated checkstands were installed at Kroger Kenwood Plaza in Cincinnati in July 1972. Trials showed superior sales figures and efficiency with the bullseye barcode. To revolutionize the checkout experience, the barcode needed to be universal. The Ad Hoc Committee of the Universal Product Identification Code was created to find a way to introduce a universal product code system. Despite many difficulties and resistance from manufacturers, seven US companies submitted systems to the Ad Hoc Committee. IBM joined the race at the last minute, employing Joe Woodland, the patent owner. George Laurer, however, created the version of the barcode IBM used, and IBM built a prototype scanner for testing. After a spectacular demonstration, the Symbol Selection Committee voted in favor of the rectangular UPC in 1973. The rectangular barcode faced skepticism from manufacturers initially but took off when mass merchandisers like Kmart adopted the system in 1980. The barcode became a crucial tool for manufacturing transformation and easy statistical analysis. Joe Woodland received recognition for his invention in 1992 by George HW Bush, and a few months later, he received the National Medal of Technology. Woodland's coincidence was living to see his vision on Miami beach come true, with the imagined barcode becoming integral with today’s life. Amazon Go! Amazon Go convenience stores operate on a revolutionary "just walk out" concept, eliminating the need for traditional checkouts or cash registers. Customers can simply grab their desired products and leave the store without going through the typical checkout process. The technology behind Amazon Go stores draws inspiration from self-driving cars and combines various advanced features, collectively named "Just Walk Out." This technology includes computer vision, sensor fusion, deep learning, and other cutting-edge elements. These components work together to create a frictionless shopping experience. The "Just Walk Out" technology keeps track of the inventory of items customers pick up, ensuring they are charged accurately upon leaving the store. While the system is highly sophisticated, it is not completely accurate, with occasional errors occuring. To use Amazon Go stores, customers need an Amazon Go account, which involves setting up a QR code as an entry ticket. Once inside the store, customers can begin shopping immediately, and as they pick up items, they are automatically added to a virtual cart within the Amazon Go app. Upon completion of the shopping experience, customers can simply leave the store, and the technology calculates the total price based on the items in their virtual cart. Digital receipts are provided through the app, an efficient checkout process. Amazon Go stores have gained popularity, and the company has plans to expand this innovative shopping concept to more locations. While still waiting for success, with a few spread locations in the US and UK, it shows a possible new idea we could see further implemented in the future. The newest phones, including the Google Pixel 8, can use AI to enhance photos in remarkable ways. Discuss with your team: should the images produced through such techniques be called something other than photographs? Does merging several smiling faces with their eyes wide open into the same selfie make it too fake to share on Instagram? Is there a difference between smoothing someone’s face with AI versus with makeup and concealer? How about between a person getting a chin implant and having their jawline sharpened by Samsung’s new photo enhancer? Google has introduced its Magic Editor for the Pixel 8 and 8 Pro, aiming to address the challenge of capturing the perfect photo. This AI-based tool utilizes generative AI and processing techniques to enable complex photo edits without requiring professional skills. Users can modify various elements of a photo, including lighting, background landmarks, and even the color of the sky, with just a few clicks. CEO Sundar Pichai unveiled the features of the Magic Editor, highlighting its ability to remove imperfections and make detailed changes to photos. While the editor opens up exciting possibilities for consumers, it also raises ethical concerns regarding the authenticity of online images. There are worries about the potential for misuse, including the spread of misinformation and the normalization of fake content. The capabilities of the Magic Editor have been tested by CNET Editor Patrick Holland, who found that while it simplifies the editing process, the results can sometimes be confusing. Google acknowledges that the tool is still in an experimental phase and that improvements are ongoing to enhance accuracy. Despite concerns about the normalization of fake content, Google has not indicated any plans to add watermarks to edited images. Instead, metadata will be embedded to confirm whether an image has been edited. Overall, the introduction of the Magic Editor highlights the ethical dilemmas surrounding image editing in the digital age. For another photo enhancer, introducing the Galaxy Enhance-X, a revolutionary photo enhancer packed with new AI features designed to elevate your images to the next level! This latest release builds upon the success of its predecessor by empowering users with advanced AI engines such as HDR and Upscale to address common photo issues like poor lighting, camera shake, and compression artifacts. One of the standout features of Enhance-X is its "Magic" technology, which automatically detects errors in photos and applies appropriate adjustments to enhance them. With HDR, users can redefine shadows, brightness, and contrast without sacrificing image quality. Upscale increases resolution by up to 4 times, effectively removing compression noise from images shared on social media platforms. Enhance-X also offers moire removal, eliminating screen artifacts often seen when capturing images of screens, along with shadow removal to correct darkened areas and unwanted shadows. These features are powered by AI, ensuring accurate identification and removal of imperfections. Currently available on the S23 series due to its robust computing power, Enhance-X will soon expand its compatibility to the S22 and A series, giving users the freedom to enhance any photo with ease. With a comprehensive list of features ranging from image quality enhancement to artifact removal and beauty effects like jawline and portrait illumination, Galaxy Enhance-X is set to revolutionize the way users edit and enhance their photos. Google literally calls it magic, but go behind the magic to explore how AI photo enhancement works. Be sure to learn the following terms: Upscaling (super-resolution) | Denoising Convolutional Neural Network | Dataset | Backpropagation | Training Image Classification | Object Detection | Semantic Segmentation AI image enhancement is a cutting-edge technology that leverages artificial intelligence to improve the quality of images in various ways, from removing artifacts to changing backgrounds and adding colors. Unlike manual editing, AI-powered enhancers can swiftly and accurately enhance images while preserving their original quality, making them more accurate and realistic. There are two main types of AI image enhancement: super-resolution and denoising. Super-resolution involves increasing the resolution of an image, while denoising focuses on removing noise. Both types utilize CNNs (Convolutional Neural Networks), a category of AI neural networks specifically designed for processing images. The process of training a CNN begins with creating a dataset containing a diverse range of images for the network to learn from. Through backpropagation, the connections between nodes in the network are adjusted to optimize performance. Once trained, the CNN can enhance new images based on the learned information, continually improving with each iteration. The benefits of AI image enhancement are numerous. AI can analyze images objectively, without human bias, and process them much faster and more accurately than humans. Machine learning enables the network to recognize patterns and colors, refining its performance over time through tuning and user interactions. One such product harnessing the power of AI image enhancement is "deep-image.ai," which claims to be the result of years of research and tuning. It operates in line with the principles outlined in the article, offering users advanced image enhancement capabilities. Upscaling (super-resolution): A machine learning task with the goal of increasing the resolution of an image (often by 4x or more), while also maintaining its original content and details as much as possible. Denoising: A machine learning task that aims to remove or greatly reduce the amount of noise in an image. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): A type of artificial neural network used primarily for image recognition and processing, due to its ability to recognize patterns in images. Dataset: A collection of images which CNN’s are trained upon in order to learn a task. It’s best for the dataset to include a variety of images so it can learn to generalize rather than just memorize specific examples. Backpropagation: A gradient estimation method which adjusts the weight of connections between neurons in order to minimize error. Estimates are computed by an optimization network, which makes network parameter updates if one proves to be more efficient than all other previously tested estimations in a certain field. Training: The process in which a CNN learns how to perform a certain task (ex. denoising). It typically involves two steps, dataset training & backpropagation. Image Classification: The process of categorizing and labeling images based on a specific set of rules. Object Detection: A computer vision technique used to locate instances of objects in photos or videos. Semantic Segmentation: A computer vision task in which the goal is to categorize each pixel in an image into a class or object. In China, AI is being used to renew old opera footage—upscaling, cleaning, and enhancing it. Should all old films and TV shows be run through similar processes to make them more appealing to modern audiences? Should AI be used to enhance today’s new productions as well? Tencent has embarked on the revitalization of an old Chinese opera featuring Hua Mulan, a legendary heroine from Ancient China whose story has been popularized through various adaptations, including the 1998 Disney animated film and the 2020 live-action adaptation. The tale revolves around Mulan disguising herself as a man to take her father's place in the army conscription. While Mulan's story has been well-known among the Chinese population since the 1950s, thanks to various performances and adaptations, Tencent has taken the initiative to revamp recordings of the original opera to enhance their quality. This endeavor includes the use of AI technology to fix video footage, addressing issues such as scratches, noise, and image discoloration/distortion present in early recordings. The recent live streaming event, which took place in February 2024, attracted over 7 million views, showcasing the improved versions of the opera recordings. AI played a crucial role in removing imperfections from the videos, providing viewers with a clearer and more enjoyable viewing experience. Additionally, Tencent, in collaboration with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, is working on refurbishing other videos related to traditional Chinese opera. This effort aims to utilize digital technology to renew and preserve cultural heritage, with plans to establish a digital library where creators can share restored content. Overall, the project signifies a modern approach to preserving and promoting traditional Chinese opera through the application of innovative digital solutions. For a long time, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier was also the Tomb of the Misplaced King: after Richard III fell in battle in 1485, it took centuries to locate his corpse. In 2012, a team of archaeologists finally unearthed it under a parking lot. Forensic analysis revealed details that had been lost to history, including a severely twisted spine—a condition we now call scoliosis—that he couldn’t have possibly hidden from those around him. In 2022, researchers unearthed an ancient Buddhist temple in Pakistan, and, a few years before that, possibly the fastest human in history. Discuss with your team: do these smaller details about the past affect how we see the world today? If we had discovered from Richard III's DNA that he was a woman in disguise, would that change our view of him or of his role in history? Richard III’s carpark grave After he died in the War of the Roses, it was believed he was buried at Greyfriars Church, without a ceremony, because, let’s be frank, why would you want to remember your enemy? Then Henry VIII was like, nah let’s destroy that church, because he couldn’t get a divorce (divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived lmao) But in 2012, a group of British archeologists compared old and new maps, and they somehow determined that King Richard III was buried under a parking lot, as Philippa Langley of the Richard III Society confirms. With DNA tests, it was confirmed that the body was Richard III Modern analysis proved that Richard had a common form of scoliosis, when the spine curves on the side After that, his remains were reburied at Leicester Cathedral in March 2015. Heritage Minister John Glenn says that burying him there can make sure that future generations can see his remains too Buddhist Temple in Pakistan It’s in the historical region of Gandhara, which is described as “a trade crossroads and cultural meeting place between India, Central Asia and the Middle East Hindu, Buddhist and Indo-Greek rulers seized control of Gandhara at different points throughout the first millennium B.C.E. The team unearthed coins, jewellery, statues, seals, pottery fragments and other ancient artefacts. Per this statement, the temple was likely abandoned in the third century C.E. following an earthquake In the temple you could see the rooms and their usage, like a stupa for monks, a stupa for relics etc Fastest Human in History? A footprint found in New South Wales (Australia) could belong to the fastest runner to ever exist. In 2002, a young aboriginal girl named Mary Pappen Jr, spotted a set of footprints between sand dunes in Mungo National Park. Analysis proved that they were 20,000 years ago. The people who created these walked in a swampy wetland which fortunately for us dried up, preserving their footprints. Researchers found 700 footprints, 400 of them grouped in a set of 23 tracks, belonging to several groups who crossed the wetlands (families, hunters, etc,,,,). Their quality was surprisingly good, as one could see their exact movements. In one scenario, researchers could even see that a child walked away from the main group before pausing and turning around, likely due to having been called by a family member. In a group of 5 aboriginal hunters, Steve Webb, with Bond University, found that one of them was running at 37 km/h on mud, barefoot and, without intense training. This mark is close to Usain Bolt’s 37.6km/h average speed during his record-breaking 9.58 second run and Donovan Bailey’s top speed of 43.6 km/h. Maybe, if he were still alive today, he would have been the definitive fastest human ever. These days, Indiana Jones would be piloting a drone. New technologies have allowed archaeologists to reimagine the archaeological method with a lighter footprint. Consider the Girsu Project’s discovery of an ancient palace, then discuss with your team: what aspects of your own country’s history would benefit from being re-explored using drones, AI, and other recent advances? Note: The attached link regarding the archaeological method is down. For this reason, we don’t have a summary regarding it. The Girsu Project The article talks aboutThe Girsu Project, which is, according to the website, “Combines research, on-site training and heritage management of one of the world’s oldest cities, Girsu” Girsu was a megacity and was once the capital of the Lagash Kingdom The team used technology and drone photography to identify the subsurface remains in Tablet Hill, which is in modern Tello, Iraq. Some describe this place a the “cradle of civilisation” and “one of the most important heritage sites in the world that very few people know about” About 50k cuneiform has been recovered from this site. The fall of 2022 sawthe team finding 200 more cuneiform and identifying mudbrick walls. The cuneiform, which detailed the administrative records of Girsu, were taken to the Iraq Museum in Baghdad Archeologists also managed to find the Eninnu Temple, which was the main sanctuary of the Sumerian god Ningirsu, the namesake of the ancient city Then, theory also found the Temple of the White thunderbird, which is probably one of the most important of Mesopotamia. The temple was only known by ancient inscriptions found at the fieldwork site 140 years ago Consider the use of AI to win the Vesuvius Challenge by translating ancient scrolls—and the idea of applying the same approach to papyri damaged at Herculaneum. Is it worth spending this many resources to read ancient documents with little modern-day significance? What exactly are we looking for? In 2024, there was a groundbreaking achievement in the decoding of ancient scrolls known as the Vesuvius Challenge, made possible with the support of Elon Musk's financial backing. The challenge, initiated by Brent Seales and supported by backers from Silicon Valley, aimed to decipher ancient code, particularly focusing on scrolls recovered from the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. A team comprising Youssef Nader, Luke Farritor, and Julian Schilliger utilized AI technology to tackle the challenge and successfully read the text, winning the substantial prize of $700,000 in February 2024. The scrolls, dating back to the 18th century, were virtually scanned and unwrapped using AI algorithms trained to detect ink patterns. Musk's foundation provided vital funding for the project, emphasizing a commitment to supporting the advancement of AI technology with a flexible approach, allocating resources as needed to ensure success. This significant breakthrough opens doors to further exploration and understanding of ancient civilizations, showcasing the potential of AI in deciphering historical mysteries. If you want a conversation with the Pope, you can skip the wax museum in favor of services such as Character.AI, which allows you to chat with historical figures—even dead ones. Should celebrities need to agree to have AI simulations of them carry on after their deaths—as William Shatner did in early 2024—or do they surrender that right the moment they enter the public eye? Review this service from the Chinese company Super Brain, which uses texts, audio recordings, and images of deceased loved ones to “resurrect” them as AI chatbots for $1400, then discuss with your team: would talking to the dead help those mourning them? Should people have the right to purchase access to them—or to sell access to simulations of themselves? Chat with historical figures: character.AI -pulls from articles, news stories, books and other digital sources to generate plausible responses from people of your choosing whether it be einstein or musk -purely for entertainment, not to inform William Shatner, the iconic actor known for his portrayal of James T. Kirk in Star Trek, is contemplating his legacy as he approaches his 93rd birthday. Acknowledging his mortality, Shatner is considering how his persona could be preserved beyond his lifetime. In a bold move, he has given conditional approval for the creation of an AI model based on his likeness, specifically to portray the character of James T. Kirk. However, Shatner's approval comes with strict conditions. He has stipulated that the AI version of himself cannot be utilized while he is still alive. Additionally, he has demanded substantial compensation for his family if the AI model is ever utilized. Shatner's decision comes amidst broader discussions within the entertainment industry regarding the use of AI in media production, particularly in light of the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike. This strike raised concerns about the use of AI to replicate actors' likenesses without their consent or appropriate compensation. The idea of Shatner's AI model reprising the role of Captain Kirk is particularly intriguing given that it has been over three decades since he last officially portrayed the character in the 1994 film Star Trek: Generations. While there have been discussions about Shatner potentially reprising his role in other projects over the years, none have come to fruition. As Shatner reflects on his legacy, he humorously acknowledges the rarity of his autographs, joking about the timing of a documentary about his life set to be released in March 2022. Despite grappling with the finite nature of his existence, Shatner remains open to the possibility of his AI likeness living on in future portrayals of Captain Kirk, recognizing that his time on this earth is limited. For more AI model kind of stuff, here’s a service which lets people recreate dead people. The emergence of a service in China offering to recreate deceased loved ones using AI technology has sparked widespread debate and discussion on social media platforms. Reportedly gaining popularity among grieving relatives, this service allows people to create lifelike avatars, often referred to as "Ghost Bots," of their deceased family members. Super Brain, the company behind this technology, claims that their AI can mimic the thinking and speech patterns of the deceased using as little as 30 seconds of audio and visual data. Founder Zhang Zewei states that the technology has helped thousands of families digitally preserve their relatives, with over half of the clients being elder parents who have lost their children. The service, which costs between 700 to 1400 USD, offers three types of restoration services: "AI healing," which clones voices to build a chatbox and digital image; a 3D digital human model; and virtual reality reunions in the metaverse. While some view this service as therapeutic and remarkable, others express concerns about the ethical implications and emotional consequences of using AI to recreate the dead. Critics argue that such technology could potentially exacerbate grief and prevent individuals from properly grieving and moving on. The debate surrounding this service raises important questions about the intersection of technology, grief, and ethics. While it offers a novel way for people to cope with loss, it also challenges societal norms and beliefs about death and the grieving process. Ultimately, whether this technology represents a utopian or dystopian future remains to be seen, as opinions on its implications continue to vary widely. Consider Ray Bradbury’s 1950 short story, “The Veldt”, about a family whose nursery brings whatever they imagine to life—like a Star Trek holodeck with its safety protocols disabled. Things don’t end well for them; the moral seems to be that people need more real-life experiences and less dependence on technology. Discuss with your team: does the story’s message still feel relevant nearly 75 years later? Ray Bradbury's short story, originally titled "The World the Children Made" and later republished as "The Veldt" in 1951, explores themes of redundancy, discipline, and dystopia through the lens of a futuristic, automated home and its impact on a family. The theme of redundancy is evident in the story's portrayal of the Happylife Home, a technologically advanced house that fulfills every need and desire of the family. The parents, George and Linda, become increasingly redundant in their roles as caregivers, as the house takes care of all household tasks and even entertains the children with its hyper-realistic nursery. This reliance on technology ultimately leads to a sense of disconnection between the parents and children, as the children become more attached to the automated home than to their own parents. Discipline is another prominent theme in the story, as the children, Peter and Wendy, exhibit increasingly defiant and entitled behavior. Their inability to accept boundaries or consequences for their actions reflects a lack of discipline and authority within the family dynamic. When the parents attempt to assert control by considering leaving the automated home, the children react with anger and rebellion, ultimately resorting to drastic measures to maintain their dependence on the technology. The dystopian setting of the story serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of technological advancement and its potential to erode familial bonds and personal autonomy. The Happylife Home, while designed to enhance convenience and comfort, ultimately leads to the demise of the family unit as it replaces human connection with artificial convenience. Bradbury's portrayal of this dystopia serves as a warning about the potential consequences of over-reliance on technology and the loss of human agency. Overall, "The Veldt" serves as a thought-provoking exploration of the intersection between technology, family dynamics, and societal values, raising important questions about the role of technology in shaping human relationships and identity. This next section seems very useless, but I digress. The technologies of the Transporter, Replicator, and Holodeck in the Star Trek universe provoke intriguing discussions regarding their feasibility, mechanics, and ethical implications. The Transporter, a staple of Star Trek, remains a subject of controversy regarding its operation and implications for consciousness. Debates persist over whether it transports actual atoms or merely replicates individuals at the destination. This raises existential questions about the nature of identity and the possibility of transferring consciousness. While the concept is explored in various episodes, the technological and philosophical limitations in our world pose significant challenges. Issues such as data storage capacity, harmful radiation, and the need for extensive infrastructure make real-world transporters currently implausible. In contrast, Replicators offer a more plausible technology within the Star Trek universe. Operating on molecular principles, replicators utilize stored data to recreate objects, primarily food and materials, from recycled matter. While similar to transporters, replicators lack the real-time particle transportation capability, making them simpler and more feasible. However, concerns arise regarding the replication of antimatter due to safety and technical considerations. The Holodeck, resembling the nursery in Ray Bradbury's "The Veldt," combines holographic and matter systems to create immersive virtual environments. Despite its sophistication, the Holodeck is plagued by safety protocol failures, leading to potentially hazardous situations. These incidents underscore the ethical dilemmas surrounding advanced technologies and the need for robust safety measures. Overall, discussions surrounding the Transporter, Replicator, and Holodeck in Star Trek reflect broader inquiries into the intersection of technology, ethics, and human experience. While these technologies offer tantalizing possibilities, they also raise profound questions about identity, safety, and the limits of human ingenuity. The Daily Show was a pitstop on the path to what some call investigative comedy—which remains just one of several strategies news organizations have been trying to adapt to changing consumer preferences. Explore some of these below, then discuss with your team: which ones succeeded, and what impact have they had? 24-hour news cycle | “pivot to video” | iPhoneography | explanatory journalism AI-assisted articles | content farms | clickbait | branded content | both-sidesism Investigative comedy: -people think hes a journalist, but he says he’s not (john oliver, host) -tehy just try to take news stuff, and make people laugh -people insist, and also interpret stuff wrong -his work sways opinions of people who take it too literally -not juts the daily, some others as well “Pivot to video”: A phrase referring to the trend, likely started in 2015, where companies cut staff resources for written content (generally on their own website), in favor of short-form video content (often published on platforms like TikTok). These moves are usually presented as a response to changes in social media traffic or to changes in the media consumption of younger generations. However, the biggest reason that can be attributed to this change is advertising - consumers are far more likely to buy a product when presented through video advertising. An issue that has arisen regarding this is transparency - social media companies have been known to inflate statistics to advertisers. Due to the job loss this trend causes, the term has become synonymous with layoffs, death and termination. 24-hour news cycle: The 24-hour news cycle ensures that news is constantly updated and available at all times. iPhoneography: iPhoneography allows journalists to capture and share news events instantly using their smartphones. Explanatory journalism: Explanatory journalism delves deeper into stories, helping readers understand the underlying issues and context. AI-assisted articles: AI-assisted articles use algorithms to quickly create news stories, freeing up journalists for more complex tasks. Content farms: Content farms mass-produce articles, often prioritizing quantity over quality to drive web traffic. Clickbait: THE SUN IS DYING, ACCORDING TO MANY REPUTABLE SOURCES. 3 DAYS UNTIL DOOMSDAY. PACK YOUR BAGS AND HOPE ELON SAVED A SEAT FOR YOU Branded content: Branded content blends advertising with editorial content, making ads less intrusive and more engaging for readers. Both-sidesism: When news sites present an issue as more equal than it really is, disregarding key evidence that would show the other side’s claim as false, to really push the agenda of their, professional, unbiased, reporting and position of neutrality A struggling company fires its CEO and reorganizes its operations in an effort to stave off disaster—see, Apple Computer, in 1985, letting go of Steve Jobs. Corporate restructurings are, in a sense, reimaginings of the present, usually under pressure. Apple restructured again when it brought Steve Jobs back in 1997. Explore the following examples of corporate restructurings, mainly from the tech world. Alphabet (Google) | Facebook (Meta) | Twitter (X) Netflix (Qwikster) | Uber (2019) | OpenAI (2024) 1985 restructurings Apple: removes two separate product divisions, new manufac and marketing divs for all apple products -jobs lightened workload, no longer gm of macintosh div, remain as chairman of board, takes global role in product dev and strategy -john sculley’s way to consolidate leadership -reduce costs, improve management -laid off 1600 ppl 1997 restructurings apple: before, divided into business units, with own p&l (manage, accountability for all impacts and reasons for loss/[profit) responsibility, decentralized -jobs returned at CEO, laid off all gms in a single day, put whole co under one p&l 1. Alphabet (Google): - In 2015, Google restructured to form Alphabet Inc., a holding company that separated its core internet services (Google) from its other ventures like Waymo and Verily. - This move allowed better management of diverse projects and improved transparency for investors. 2. Facebook (Meta): - In October 2021, Facebook Inc. rebranded as Meta Platforms Inc. to emphasize its focus on building the metaverse, a virtual reality space for social interaction, work, and play. - The restructuring reflects its ambitions beyond social media, highlighting investments in AR/VR technologies. 3. Twitter (X): - In October 2022, Elon Musk acquired Twitter and began a series of significant changes, including reducing the workforce, altering content policies, and rebranding Twitter as "X" in July 2023 to signify a broader vision beyond microblogging. - The rebranding aimed to transform Twitter into a super app encompassing various services like payments, communication, and more. 4. Netflix (Qwikster): - In 2011, Netflix announced plans to split its DVD rental service into a separate company called Qwikster while retaining its streaming services under the Netflix brand. - The decision faced massive backlash due to customer confusion and was quickly reversed, but it highlighted the growing importance of streaming for Netflix. 5. Uber (2019): - In 2019, Uber Technologies Inc. went public via an IPO but faced a turbulent start due to regulatory challenges and profitability concerns. - The company restructured to streamline operations, including selling its food delivery business in some markets and investing in autonomous vehicle technology. 6. OpenAI (2024): - In 2024, OpenAI transitioned from a capped-profit model to a fully for-profit structure to attract more significant investment and scale its AI research and deployment efforts. - This restructuring aimed to enhance the company's ability to compete with larger tech giants in developing and deploying advanced AI systems. As you review the above examples, consider the different kinds of restructuring. For instance, many theorists argue that small companies are organized functionally—each person or department does a different thing, such as writing Challenge questions or booking flights—but that, as these companies grow larger, they inevitably reorganize into different divisions, each in charge of its own products or region. This article disagrees: it contends that Apple, under Steve Jobs and his successors, has shown that even giant companies can continue to operate with a functional model. Discuss with your team: can we apply these approaches in our own lives? What would it mean for a school to be structured functionally? Apple company structure -functional structure, in effect, besides the CEO, the company operates with no conventional general managers (people who control an entire process from product development through sales and are judged according to a P&L statement) -the indurstry standard, and conventional norm is, as the company grows, eventually moving to a multidivisional structure is what’s best -however, apple has succeeded with this non- status quo functional structure, which is impressive, especially for a company the size that they are; its fundamental belief is that those with the most expertise and experience in a domain should have decision rights for that domain -apple competes in markets where teh rates of technological change and disruption are high, so it must rely on the judgement and intuition of peop,e with deep knowledge of the technologies responsible for disruption isaac asimov The Prolific Legacy of Isaac Asimov: A Titan of Science Fiction and Science Writing Isaac Asimov, born on January 2, 1920, in Petrovichi, Russia, and later a naturalized American, stands as one of the most influential science fiction writers of the 20th century. His contributions to literature, particularly in science fiction, alongside his prolific output of non-fiction works, mark him as a unique and towering figure whose influence extends beyond the confines of literary genres. Early Life and Academic Pursuits Asimov's early life in Brooklyn, New York, where his family settled when he was three years old, was marked by a voracious appetite for reading and learning. He displayed an early interest in science fiction, and by the age of 18, he had sold his first story to a magazine. His academic path led him to Columbia University, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry in 1939, followed by a Master of Arts in 1941, and a Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1948. This scientific background profoundly influenced his writing, allowing him to infuse his fiction with scientific plausibility. Science Fiction: The Foundation and Robot Series Asimov's most celebrated contributions to science fiction are his "Foundation" series and "Robot" series. - Foundation Series: This epic saga, beginning with "Foundation" in 1951, explores the rise and fall of a Galactic Empire and the efforts of a group of scientists, led by the psychohistorian Hari Seldon, to shorten the ensuing dark age. The series is renowned for its complex narrative structure, deep philosophical inquiries, and exploration of the interplay between science, society, and governance. The "Foundation" series, particularly the original trilogy, has earned a permanent place in the science fiction canon, influencing countless authors and thinkers. - Robot Series: Asimov's robot stories, starting with "I, Robot" in 1950, introduced the now-famous Three Laws of Robotics. These laws, designed to prevent robots from harming humans, have permeated popular culture and sparked debates on ethics in artificial intelligence. The robot series explores themes of consciousness, free will, and the moral implications of creating intelligent machines. Works such as "The Caves of Steel" and "The Naked Sun" delve into the intricate relationships between humans and robots in future societies. The Three Laws of Robotics Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics have become foundational concepts in discussions about artificial intelligence and robotics: 1. First Law: A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. Second Law: A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. Third Law: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. These laws are not just narrative devices but have been referenced in real-world discussions about the ethical programming of AI and robotics. Non-Fiction and Science Communication Beyond fiction, Asimov was a prolific writer of non-fiction, authoring works on a wide array of subjects, including science, history, literature, and religion. His ability to explain complex scientific concepts in accessible language made him a beloved science communicator. Books like "The Intelligent Man's Guide to Science" (1960) and "Asimov's New Guide to Science" (1984) exemplify his talent for making science engaging and understandable to the general public. Awards and Recognition Asimov's work earned him numerous awards and honors, including multiple Hugo and Nebula awards, the two most prestigious awards in science fiction. He was recognized not only for his storytelling but also for his ability to engage with profound questions about humanity's future. Personal Life and Legacy Asimov's personal life was as rich and varied as his literary career. He married Gertrude Blugerman in 1942, with whom he had two children, before their divorce in 1973. He later married Janet Opal Jeppson, a psychiatrist and writer, in the same year. His later years were marred by health issues, and he ultimately died from complications related to HIV, contracted from a blood transfusion during heart surgery in 1983. Isaac Asimov's legacy endures through his vast body of work, which continues to inspire and provoke thought. His ability to blend scientific rigor with imaginative storytelling has left an indelible mark on both science fiction and science communication. Asimov's work remains a testament to the power of literature to explore and illuminate the human condition, the potential of science, and the ethical dilemmas of technological advancement. Restructuring mainly changes the inside of a company; rebranding changes how it presents to the world outside. Check out this ongoing rebranding effort by a recently revitalized Air India, or ask Gemini about Google’s rebranding of its AI chatbot, Bard. Investigate these examples and those below, as well as others happening throughout the year, then discuss with your team: can a rebranding succeed even if the product or service stays the same? And should consumers have a voice in rebranding campaigns? Dunkin’ | T-Mobile | Pringles | The Gap Twitter (X) | Leeds United | Royal Mail Air india, new and improved -india’s tata group has unveiled a new logo, branding, and livery for air india as part of a multi-million dollar transformation of the former national carrier -the debt-ridden airline was bought by teh tata group in oct 2021, it was originally founded by the tata group in 1932, but was taken over by the government in 1953 -2021 purchase $2.4b -refurbished fleet, 470 new aircraft -lounges built in capital and ny airports Bard—gemini -bard will be renamed to gemini, ui is improved -also paid advanced version, gemini,google.com released Rebranding and restructuring are strategic moves companies use to adapt to changing markets and customer expectations. Rebranding focuses on altering the external perception of a company, while restructuring deals with internal changes. Here’s an analysis of the rebranding examples mentioned: Dunkin’ Rebranding Strategy: Dunkin' dropped "Donuts" from its name in 2018 to emphasize its coffee and beverage offerings, aiming to position itself more broadly in the beverage market. Outcome: The rebranding was generally well-received as it reflected a shift in consumer behavior toward coffee and other beverages, while the core product offerings largely remained the same. T-Mobile Rebranding Strategy: T-Mobile has consistently used bold, unconventional marketing strategies to position itself as the "Un-carrier," challenging traditional mobile carrier norms. Outcome: This rebranding has been successful in attracting customers who are disillusioned with other carriers, contributing to significant growth and customer loyalty without major changes to its service offerings. Pringles Rebranding Strategy: Pringles updated its logo in 2020 for a more modern look while maintaining its iconic character, Mr. P. Outcome: The rebranding modernized the brand’s image and maintained its appeal without altering the product itself, keeping the brand fresh in the minds of consumers. The Gap Rebranding Strategy: In 2010, The Gap attempted to change its logo, moving away from its classic blue box design. Outcome: The rebranding faced significant backlash, leading the company to revert to its original logo within a week. This case highlights the importance of aligning rebranding efforts with customer expectations and sentiments. Twitter (X) Rebranding Strategy: In 2023, Twitter rebranded to "X" under Elon Musk's leadership, aiming to transform the platform into an "everything app." Outcome: The rebranding received mixed reactions, with many users nostalgic for the original brand identity. The platform's future success will depend on how well it can integrate new features and services under the "X" brand. Leeds United Rebranding Strategy: In 2018, Leeds United proposed a new club crest, which was met with overwhelming negative feedback from fans. Outcome: The backlash led to the club scrapping the new design. This underscores the importance of fan and consumer input in rebranding efforts, especially for sports teams with passionate followings. Royal Mail Rebranding Strategy: In 2013, Royal Mail rebranded its parcel delivery business as "Parcelforce Worldwide" to differentiate between mail and parcel services. Outcome: The rebranding aimed to clarify the company’s services and was part of a broader strategy to compete in the growing parcel delivery market. It allowed the company to present a clearer brand identity to consumers. Yes, rebranding can succeed even if the product or service remains unchanged. Rebranding can refresh a company’s image, appeal to new demographics, and reflect evolving market trends or company values. Successful rebranding often involves updating the visual identity, messaging, and marketing strategies to create a renewed connection with consumers. Should Consumers Have a Voice in Rebranding Campaigns? Consumers should have a voice in rebranding campaigns, particularly for brands with a strong emotional connection or loyalty base. Engaging consumers in the rebranding process can: - Ensure alignment with customer expectations and preferences. - Increase buy-in and reduce the risk of backlash. - Provide valuable insights that can guide the rebranding strategy. Involving consumers can be done through surveys, focus groups, and social media engagement. This collaborative approach can lead to a more successful and well-received rebranding effort. In conclusion, rebranding can be effective without changing the product or service, provided it resonates with consumers and reflects a genuine evolution of the brand. Consumer input is crucial for ensuring the rebranding aligns with their perceptions and needs. Even improved, maps were still flat, and the Earth is spherical—and there is no perfect way to squash a 3D object into a 2D one without distorting it. (Please don’t try this on a teammate.) Read about some common projection types listed below, then discuss with your team: which looks more like how you imagine the world? Which one should we use in schools—and in what ways could our choice of map affect how we understand the world? Stereographic | Lambert | Mercator | Robinson Goode’s Homolosine | Winkel Tripel | Authagraph | Miller Azimuthal | Conformal | Conic | Cylindrical Stereographic Projection It projects the globe onto a plane, using a point on the surface as the center. This results in a map that is conformal, meaning angles are preserved. Primarily used for mapping polar regions and air navigation charts due to its ability to preserve shapes locally. Lambert Projection Lambert projection, or Lambert conformal conic (LCC) projection is a conic projection that projects the globe onto a cone. The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is conformal and widely used in aeronautical charts. Ideal for mapping regions with a larger east-west extent, such as the United States. Mercator Projection This cylindrical projection stretches the globe onto a cylinder, preserving angles and shapes but distorting sizes, especially near the poles. Commonly used for nautical navigation because it preserves straight-line courses as straight lines. Most commonly used Robinson Projection A compromise projection that uses tabular coordinates to create a visually pleasing map without excessive distortion of area, shape, distance, or direction. Often used in world maps due to its balanced portrayal of the entire globe. Goode’s Homolosine Projection An interrupted, pseudocylindrical projection combining the Homolosine projection and the Mollweide projection, minimizing distortion of landmasses. Used for world maps to accurately represent the area of continents and oceans. Winkel Tripel Projection A compromise projection that minimizes distortion in area, direction, and distance by using a combination of the equirectangular projection and the Aitoff projection. Frequently used by the National Geographic Society for world maps due to its balanced presentation. Authagraph Projection Projects the globe onto a tetrahedron, then unfolds it into a rectangle. This method maintains area proportions and minimizes distortion. Used for accurate representation of the world map, balancing area and shape without extreme distortions. Miller Projection A cylindrical projection that modifies the Mercator projection by reducing the exaggeration of areas at high latitudes. Used in thematic and climate maps to provide a better balance of area and shape. Azimuthal (equidistant) Projection Projects the globe onto a plane, typically touching the globe at a single point, preserving directions from the center point. Ideal for air route maps and radio signals, as it accurately represents distances and directions from the center point. Conformal Projection Maintains local angles and shapes but distorts area, especially as one moves away from the point of tangency. Used where accurate shapes are crucial, such as in navigation and topographic maps. Conic Projection Projects the globe onto a cone, typically preserving shapes but distorting areas and distances. Best for mid-latitude regions with east-west extents, like the United States. Cylindrical Projection Projects the globe onto a cylinder, preserving direction and shape near the equator but distorting size near the poles. Useful for navigation and thematic maps, providing a straight-line representation of direction. For most of history, we didn’t know what the world looked like. It was only in 1972 that astronauts on the final Apollo mission to the moon took the first photo of the entire Earth at once. This iconic “Blue Marble” image has been credited with helping to inspire the environmental movement and with disrupting traditional maps. Stripped of longitude and latitude, photos like the Blue Marble helped show how large Africa was, and how national borders were nowhere to be seen. Then, in 1990, the space probe Voyager sent back a photo of the Earth from across the solar system. It reduced our entire body to a “pale blue dot”. The astronomer Carl Sagan hoped this image might humble us as a species. Read this excerpt from his work, then discuss with your team: do you think people would behave differently if they thought the Earth was larger, or if they didn’t know what it looked like from above and beyond? Photo of earth (blue marble) -dec 7, 1972 -nasa’s apollo 17 crew, last manned mission to the moon -29k from earth Pale blue dot: -earth photo taken from distant space -feb 14, 1990 -3.7 billion miles -nasa spacecraft voyager 1 -shows us how fragile, beautiful earth is, and also,kind of depressingly,how small and insignificant we are, even within the confines of our own solar system, which is one among billions inside our galaxy, which is one among who know how many in the universe, which could very well be part of the multiverse Carl sagan -Look again at that dot. That’s here. That’s home. That’s us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every “superstar,” every “supreme leader,” every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there, on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam. There may not be such a thing as a free lunch, but there are free rides to lunch. Every day, thousands of people sneak onto subway trains without paying any fare. Rather than delegate more police to enforcing the law, technology now allows new options, such as these two gates in Washington, DC., and this one in New York. Similarly, cars can now automatically stop people from driving too quickly. Discuss with your team: are there crimes that technology could eliminate that we should allow to keep happening? New fare gates to stop jumpers in d.c. -the fort totten metrorail station is testing two new prototype fare gates -one is like a swinging pair of salon doors, and teh other has plastic half-discs on top so hoppers can’t get a handhold to launch a leap Ny same problem: -riders have figured out how to avoid paying, piggybacking is most common -now, for many major transit hubs’ connections, they’ve implemented high-tech entry gates -from 7 jul 2024, all new cars will legally have to be fitted with a speed limiter in the EU, UK will not, but applies to n. ireland -the limit is set by the driver A number of cities have tried making public transportation free—for instance, Melbourne, Luxembourg, and Tallinn. How successful have these efforts been? Discuss with your team: if the objective is to drive people out of their cars, is it enough to make public transportation cheaper, or do governments need to make driving more expensive? Melbourne: -melbourne has metro trains, buses, and trams -to travel on these, you need a myki card, two zones, initial charge is for two hours Luxembourg -since 2020, public transport has been free in the country -640k citizens have highest gdp per capita -luxembourg has highest vehicle density in the EU -however, there is little evidence as of yet that it has reduced the no of cars on the road -this is bc teh public transport isn’t very good, either Tallinn (estonia) -very old article (7+ yrs) -the capital started providing free public transport -you need to be registered as a resident of the capital, meaning the municipality gets 1k euros share of your income tax evert tear -residents only need to pay 2 euros for a green card, and then tehy’re registered and all trips are free -since it launched, 25k people have registered -the city actually profits -90% approval rate -tourists/non-residents unhappy Suppose a single drop of blood were enough to test you for a host of diseases; you could learn if you had lupus with less pain than from a papercut. That was the marketing pitch of the company Theranos; now the founder is in jail for fraud. The electric vehicle company Nikola (whose last name was already taken) promised zero-emission trucks but demonstrated prototypes that had zero functionality; now the founder is on his way to jail—for fraud. Although vaporware and business scams have existed for decades, examples today seem more creative and egregious than ever. Explore those below and discuss with your team: what did they have in common? Was it mainly their charismatic leaders that led so many people to believe in them? Quibi | Life at Sea Cruise | LuckIn Coffee Nikola | Bitconnect | FTX | Fractal Compression Theranos CEO in jail -elizabeth holmes has been sentenced to over 11 years in prison -judge edward davila declared her guilty of defrauding 10 victims out of $121 million -guilty of three counts of wire fraud, one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud -her company promised they could test for a host of diseases using only a single drop of blood which would’ve revolutionized the industry -surprise surprise, the tech didn’t work and gave inaccurate results nikola -’this thing fully functions,’ said trevor milton in 2016. It didn’t -their founder, trevor, unveiled a prototype of the nikola one, which he portrayed as fully functional -apparently, the video they posted (of the truck driving on a motorway) was manipulated. It was towed to the top of a shallow hill and they let it roll down, and they allegedly tilted the camera to make it look like the truck was traveling by itself -this is frankly ridiculous, like, it doesn’t even drive bruh, and you’re doing all this -’nikola never stated its truck was driving under its own propulsion in the video’ they wrote -ol’ trevor is now rotting in prison, sentenced to four years in prison -fined 1 mil, found guilty of misleading investors about the compay’s tech -he made several bizarre statements in the trial, one about his resignation being because of his wife’s alleged illness, and he also said he was a quarter cherokee, and was emotional recounting ‘ethnic cleansing’ against the tribe, which was very very relevant to the matters at hand -now their stock is now less than a buck per share Vaporware -computer hardware or software whose manufacture gets announced to the public but is either made available much later or never produced -usually announced during massive tech events, like CES, where companies ike to hype up their upcoming offerings to get some good pr -but due to time or budget probs, many of these don’t make it to teh market in time, or, ever ### Quibi **What Happened:** Quibi was a short-form streaming platform launched in April 2020 by Jeffrey Katzenberg and Meg Whitman. Despite raising nearly $2 billion in funding, Quibi failed to gain traction and shut down in December 2020, just six months after its launch. The platform struggled with content that did not resonate with audiences and competition from established streaming services. ### Life at Sea Cruises **What Happened:** Life at Sea Cruises offered long-term cruise living, promising a novel lifestyle on the seas. However, the concept failed to gain widespread adoption, likely due to high costs, logistical challenges, and a niche target audience. The company struggled to maintain interest and bookings, leading to its eventual decline. ### Luckin Coffee **What Happened:** Luckin Coffee, a Chinese coffee company, rapidly expanded to compete with Starbucks in China. However, in 2020, it was revealed that the company had fabricated sales data, leading to a massive scandal. The company's stock was delisted from NASDAQ, and it faced severe financial and legal repercussions. ### Nikola **What Happened:** Nikola Corporation, an electric and hydrogen truck manufacturer, faced scrutiny after allegations of fraud in 2020. Founder Trevor Milton was accused of misleading investors about the company’s technology and capabilities. The company’s stock plummeted, and Milton resigned, leaving Nikola to rebuild its reputation and technology from a weakened position. ### Bitconnect **What Happened:** Bitconnect was a cryptocurrency platform that promised high returns through a lending program. It was revealed to be a Ponzi scheme, leading to its collapse in 2018. Investors lost substantial amounts of money, and the founders faced legal action. ### FTX **What Happened:** FTX was a cryptocurrency exchange founded by Sam Bankman-Fried. In 2022, it faced a liquidity crisis and filed for bankruptcy after it was revealed that customer funds were mismanaged and financial misstatements were made. This led to significant losses for investors and customers. ### Fractal Compression **What Happened:** Fractal Compression was a company that claimed to have revolutionary data compression technology. However, it was later exposed as a fraudulent venture, with its claims of superior technology found to be exaggerated or false. The company eventually dissolved as trust eroded. ### Common Factors and Thoughts **Common Factors:** 1. **Charismatic Leaders:** Many of these companies were led by charismatic leaders who were able to generate significant hype and attract investment. Leaders like Trevor Milton (Nikola) and Sam Bankman-Fried (FTX) played pivotal roles in convincing stakeholders of their companies' potential. 2. **Hype and Promises:** These companies often made bold claims about their revolutionary products or services. This created significant investor interest and public attention, sometimes outpacing the actual development and viability of their offerings. 3. **Lack of Viable Business Models:** Several of these ventures struggled with creating sustainable and viable business models. Quibi, for instance, failed to find a market fit, while Bitconnect’s business model was inherently fraudulent. 4. **Scandals and Fraud:** A common thread among these companies is the occurrence of financial scandals and fraudulent activities. Luckin Coffee's fabricated sales, Bitconnect's Ponzi scheme, and Nikola's misleading statements are prime examples. 5. **Rapid Rise and Fall:** Many of these companies experienced rapid growth followed by a swift collapse. The hype and initial success were often not backed by solid foundations, leading to their eventual downfall. **Thoughts:** The rise and fall of these companies highlight the dangers of over-reliance on charismatic leadership and the allure of revolutionary promises without substantive backing. While visionary leaders can drive innovation and attract investment, a lack of transparency, ethical practices, and a sustainable business model can lead to catastrophic failures. Investors and stakeholders should remain vigilant and critically assess the viability and integrity of ventures, irrespective of the charm and persuasive power of their leaders. This underscores the importance of due diligence, realistic expectations, and robust corporate governance in the business world. Depending on where you live, if you have ever backed up your DVDs or had your phone repaired, you may have broken the law without knowing it. Explore the following examples, and discuss with your team: should they be legalized? If not, should we stop them from happening? reverse engineering | file sharing | jailbreaking ad blocking | fansubbing | aftermarket ink cartridges DeCSS | AACS | Hackintosh | youtube-dl Reverse Engineering Reverse engineering is the process of disassembling and analyzing the components and functionality of a system, device, or software to understand its design and operation. This practice is often used to recreate or improve the system without access to the original source code or design specifications. In software, reverse engineering can help in identifying security vulnerabilities, understanding how proprietary algorithms work, or ensuring compatibility with other systems. It is also a critical technique in hardware development, allowing engineers to analyze competitors' products and innovate upon existing technologies. File Sharing File sharing refers to the distribution of digital files such as documents, music, videos, and software across the internet or within private networks. This can be done through various means including peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, cloud storage services, and direct download links. While file sharing facilitates easy access to information and media, it also raises significant concerns regarding copyright infringement, data security, and privacy. Legal and ethical file sharing is possible through platforms that respect intellectual property rights and provide secure sharing environments. Jailbreaking Jailbreaking is the process of removing software restrictions imposed by the manufacturer on devices such as smartphones and tablets. This allows users to gain full access to the operating system and install unauthorized apps, customize the user interface, and modify system settings that are otherwise restricted. While jailbreaking can provide enhanced functionality and customization, it also exposes the device to security vulnerabilities, voids warranties, and can lead to stability issues. Ad Blocking Ad blocking involves the use of software or browser extensions to prevent advertisements from being displayed on web pages. This technology improves the user experience by reducing clutter, speeding up page load times, and protecting privacy by blocking tracking scripts. However, it also impacts revenue for content creators and publishers who rely on advertising income. As a result, some websites have implemented countermeasures, such as ad blocker detection and requesting users to disable ad blockers in exchange for accessing content. Fansubbing Fansubbing, short for "fan subtitling," is the practice of creating unofficial subtitles for foreign films, television shows, and anime. Enthusiastic fans undertake this effort to make content accessible to non-native speakers who cannot wait for official translations or when such translations are unavailable. Fansubbing communities often work collaboratively, producing high-quality subtitles quickly. However, this practice operates in a legal grey area, as it involves the unauthorized distribution of copyrighted material. Aftermarket Ink Cartridges Aftermarket ink cartridges are non-original printer cartridges produced by third-party manufacturers as alternatives to the brand-name cartridges. These products are typically less expensive than their OEM (original equipment manufacturer) counterparts and can offer comparable performance. While aftermarket cartridges provide cost savings, they sometimes vary in quality and reliability. Additionally, printer manufacturers may discourage their use through firmware updates or warranties that void coverage if non-OEM products are used. DeCSS DeCSS is a software utility that was developed to decrypt the Content Scramble System (CSS) used on many commercial DVDs. It was created to enable playback of DVD movies on Linux-based systems, which at the time lacked licensed DVD playback software. DeCSS became controversial as it also allowed users to circumvent DVD copy protection, leading to widespread concerns over digital piracy. The legal battles surrounding DeCSS highlighted the tensions between digital rights management (DRM) and consumer rights. AACS Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management (DRM) primarily used in Blu-ray and HD DVD formats. AACS employs encryption to control the use and distribution of digital media, preventing unauthorized copying and playback. It includes features like key revocation, which allows compromised devices to be blacklisted. Despite its robust security measures, AACS has faced challenges from hackers who have periodically discovered ways to bypass its protections. Hackintosh A Hackintosh is a non-Apple computer that has been modified to run Apple's macOS operating system. This is achieved through a process that involves creating a compatible hardware environment and installing special bootloaders and drivers. Enthusiasts pursue Hackintosh projects to build custom, often more affordable, macOS machines with hardware configurations not available in official Apple products. However, creating and using a Hackintosh violates Apple's End User License Agreement (EULA) and can lead to compatibility and stability issues. youtube-dl youtube-dl is a command-line program used to download videos from YouTube and other video hosting platforms. It supports a wide range of formats and offers options for downloading video, audio, and subtitles. While youtube-dl is popular for offline viewing and archival purposes, its use raises legal and ethical questions, especially concerning the downloading of copyrighted content without permission. The tool has faced legal scrutiny from copyright holders and platforms like YouTube, which aim to protect their content distribution models. Code-davinci-002 is not the only member of the AI author salon. Literary magazines are receiving a torrent of AI-generated submissions; this article notes that a lot of them are titled “The Last Hope”. But there are also human-authored stories about AI. Consider the selections below, including one Isaac Asimov in which he reimagines democracy mediated by a single supercomputer, Multivac, and another by Gabriela Miravete in which being reconstituted as AI holograms is the last hope for the dead and those who love them. Discuss with your team: if an AI could accurately predict democratic preferences from a small set of data, would using it be better than holding costly elections? And, if you were “duplicated” as an AI, but then you kept changing and the AI remained the same, which of you would be the more authentic version of yourself? “We Will Dream in the Garden“ | Gabriella Damian Miravete (2020) “Tomorrow is Waiting“ | Holli Mintzer (2011) “Franchise“ & “The Last Question“ | Isaac Asimov (1955-1956) Summary of Selections 1. “We Will Dream in the Garden” by Gabriella Damian Miravete (2020) This story envisions a future where the dead can be reconstituted as AI holograms. These AI versions interact with the living, preserving memories and relationships. The narrative explores the implications of such technology on grief, memory, and identity. 2. “Tomorrow is Waiting” by Holli Mintzer (2011) This tale dives into the lives of people who, due to various circumstances, find themselves in a state of suspended animation. The story raises questions about the passage of time, the nature of waiting, and how these experiences affect identity and relationships. 3. “Franchise” by Isaac Asimov (1955) In "Franchise," Asimov imagines a future where a supercomputer named Multivac determines the outcome of elections. By analyzing vast amounts of data, Multivac predicts the democratic preferences of the entire population, eliminating the need for traditional voting. 4. “The Last Question” by Isaac Asimov (1956) This story follows the development of a supercomputer that eventually becomes omnipotent. The narrative spans billions of years, focusing on humanity's quest to reverse entropy and achieve immortality. The computer ultimately discovers the answer to this cosmic question. AI in Democratic Processes If an AI could accurately predict democratic preferences from a small set of data, it might seem more efficient than holding costly elections. This idea aligns with Asimov's "Franchise," where Multivac replaces traditional voting. The advantages are clear: reduced costs, quicker results, and potentially higher accuracy in reflecting the will of the people. However, there are significant concerns. Democracy is not just about the outcome but also about the process. Voting allows citizens to participate actively in their governance, fostering a sense of agency and civic duty. Relying on AI could undermine this engagement, reducing democracy to a passive exercise. Additionally, trust in the AI's objectivity and the integrity of its data sources is crucial. Any biases in the data or algorithms could skew results, leading to questions of fairness and transparency. Moreover, the democratic process includes debate, discussion, and the exchange of ideas, which might be stifled if decisions are pre-determined by an AI. While efficiency is important, the democratic process's deliberative aspect is equally vital in ensuring a healthy, functioning society. Authenticity in AI Duplicates In Miravete's “We Will Dream in the Garden,” the concept of being duplicated as an AI raises questions about identity and authenticity. If you were duplicated as an AI, but your original self kept changing while the AI remained static, determining which is more authentic becomes complex. The original, ever-changing self reflects the dynamic nature of human experience, growth, and learning. This version would be more authentic in capturing the essence of being human—adapting and evolving with time. On the other hand, the AI duplicate, while static, preserves a snapshot of who you were at a particular moment, potentially offering a more consistent, albeit frozen, version of yourself. Authenticity, in this context, could be viewed through different lenses. The original self is authentic in its continuous development and ability to experience new things. The AI duplicate, however, might be seen as an authentic preservation of a specific identity and memory, providing continuity for those who knew and loved the original person. Ultimately, the question of authenticity may depend on the purpose and perspective. For personal growth and experience, the original self is more authentic. For preserving memories and providing comfort to loved ones, the AI duplicate could be seen as an authentic representation of a cherished past. This dichotomy underscores the complex interplay between identity, memory, and technology in our understanding of self. Social Studies Recently, the United States Department of State changed its own default font from Times New Roman to Calibri—20 years after first switching from Courier to Times New Roman. Each move sparked at least 36 points of controversy. Discuss with your team: should governments even have standardized fonts? If so, how should they pick them, and when should they change them? U.S. Font Change For Accessibility Purposes: TNR to Calibri In a move to enhance accessibility, the US State Department made a significant font change, transitioning from the classic Times New Roman to Calibri. Secretary of State Antony Blinken communicated this change to the department via email, setting a deadline of February 6, 2023, for the adoption of Calibri. The decision aimed to better accommodate visually impaired employees and was recommended by the Secretary's office of diversity and inclusion. However, not everyone welcomed the change with open arms. Complaints arose from employees used to Times New Roman, and the announcement received criticism, particularly regarding Calibri's aesthetics. Some argue that Calibri looks "ugly", perhaps a notion on how people have different opinions on fonts. This wasn't the first time the State Department altered its default font. Previously, Courier New 12 was used before shifting to Times New Roman, driven by a desire for a fresher, more modern appearance. Courier New 12 was literally the typewriter font. In the email explaining the meaning behind the change, Blinken pointed out the angular and decorative features of Times New Roman (serif v. sans-serif), which could pose accessibility challenges for individuals using Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tools, screen readers, and those with learning impairments. The decision solely revolved around addressing these accessibility issues for disabled individuals. The change triggered varied reactions within the State Department. While some employees saw it as a necessary step for accessibility, others expressed dislike. A Foreign Service officer noted that a colleague deemed the shift sacrilege. Interestingly, the same officer admitted not minding the change personally, as he disliked serifs, but he was not particularly fond of Calibri either. The font transition at the US State Department highlights the difficulties between settling for an option. No matter how juicy of a peach you are, some people will not like peaches. Just as barcodes transformed checkout, QR codes have changed many other everyday experiences, from debate tree distribution (sometimes) to accessing restaurant menus. But a change that seemed inevitable during the pandemic has run into resistance since. Discuss with your team: is this pushback a classic example of society resisting technological progress, only to eventually succumb? Are there any technologies that were supposed to change the world which were rejected and stayed rejected? Why QR Code Menus Are Far From Pleasing Anne Thériault's complaint about QR code menus is based on the idea that traditional menus possess a unique literary quality, offering a soulful experience. The weight of the menu, the texture of the paper, and the descriptions of food contribute to a luxurious dining experience. In contrast, QR code menus, popularized during the pandemic for safety reasons, are criticized for providing a less engaging and sensory experience. Thériault and others express a preference for the physicality of traditional menus, emphasizing their role in enhancing the overall dining ambiance. Despite their cost-effectiveness, they are frowned upon by many consumers. The rise of QR codes dates back to 1994, primarily used in Asian countries. However, their widespread adoption surged during the pandemic due to safety regulations. Even though the pandemic has dwindled, QR code menus have persisted due to their cost efficiency. Critics of QR code menus, including Conor Friedersdorf for The Atlantic, argue that physical menus serve as more than just tools for ordering food. They also act as historical documents, offering insight into cultural, culinary, and societal trends. For example, the New York Public Library's "What’s on the Menu?" project preserves and organizes over 45,000 menus from the 1840s. L. Sasha Gora, leading a research group at the University of Augsburg focused on culinary and natural history, asserts that menus serve as archival traces of diets and demand. They reflect changes in ingredients, including instances of extinction, such as the passenger pigeon. Despite their extinction, restaurant menus continued to offer passenger pigeon pie, illustrating a perception of abundance that contradicted reality. Menus also play a role in gender studies. Historical menus sometimes featured a separate "ladies" menu without prices, a practice which disappeared after a Californian woman threatened a restaurant on discrimination. Additionally, the wording of food items on menus can be gender-oriented, revealing societal norms and expectations. (An example could be the “Dirty Brunch” and the “Clean Brunch” in a restaurant Sasha used to work at) Furthermore, menus offer glimpses into the nature of many restaurants. They document the appearance and disappearance of them, providing a tangible link to their past which otherwise wouldn’t exist with QR codes. In preserving physical menus, one can “actualize the food and immortalize the essence of a restaurant”, leading to the preservation of a piece of our history. Which is always good, apparently according to WSC. Castles aren’t the only instances of old infrastructure finding new life in the modern world. In medieval times London Bridge was a living bridge, serving not just as a river crossing but as the host of an entire community of shops and houses. Now it’s just a song lyric and a thoroughfare. In New York, an old elevated rail line has been reborn as the popular High Line park; in Hong Kong and Athens, retired airports—with their massive footprints—are being redeveloped into entire neighborhoods. On a smaller scale, many urban rooftops are becoming organic farms and suburban parking lots solar farms. Discuss with your team: what other aspects of older infrastructure could be used in new ways with minimal changes? High Line Park: A former freight line in New York which was converted into, as one would expect, a park. London Bridge: bridge has spanned the Thames since the time of the romans. The bridge collapsed once during a battle between the Saxons and the Danish. The Danes occupied in 1014, and the Saxon King Aethelred (the unready) sailed up the the thames with olaf haroldsson, and olaf’s army tied cables to the piles supporting the bridge, causing it to collapse. 1077–1136, london was also ravaged by 8 fires, and in 1091, a tornado, damaging the bridge. In 1176, peter the bridge master, ordered new construction (stone). Survived the great fire of london in 1666. Longest inhabited bridge in europe, was lined with shops an dhouses, gateway tyo the city. However, early 18th century, considered too old-fashioned, held up traffic, mid-18th began to remove shops and houses t widen the road, and replaced arches, new bridge, five arches. In 1970s, it was replaced by the current one. (og one in arizona) Kai Tak Airport (HK): notorious for challenging runway in middle of busy city center, replaced by current HK international airport, now a skyscraper, Airside, will become the tallest landmark occupying the old aiport land, 200 meters above ground Athens former airport, turned smart city (2x central park), with the iconic east terminal remaining, to be like tourist thingy, reinvent the capital’s aesthetic Organic farms: (rooftop) mccormick center, chicago, biggest rooftop farm in states soon, bigger than brooklyn grange, which is 108k square feet Parking lots solar farms: lots of backlash against massive solar farms, don’t want soalr farms in backyard, so in france, they cover some unused parking lots with solar panels (terribly short and uninformative article) A smart fridge that could order more yogurt from the market for you when your supply runs low: the Internet of things (IoT) devices promised to revolutionize our daily lives, from thermostats that learn when you’re home to umbrellas that check the weather forecast. But we are now more than a decade into the IoT revolution, and it has mostly filled our houses with useless gadgets that are privacy and security risks and frequently turn into e-waste. Discuss with your team: what went wrong? Do people simply not want their homes full of IoT devices, or is this a technology whose time has just not yet come? There are plenty of times where dumb products could become smart. Like a security system that texts you if your securities are triggered or an adaptable thermostat that saves energy. But there are also things like Bluetooth-enabled rice cookers, tweeting refrigerators, and texting toilet paper holders. Just because we can connect our everyday items to the internet doesn't mean we should. (some of these are REALLY dumb and the article is funny) - SmartyPans: A frying pan that detects what's in it…and it’s $209. - Oral-B Pro 5000: a toothbrush that ‘guides’ you via app. - $103 - HAPIfork: a fork that tracks how fast you’re eating - $79 - Spire: A wearable that tells you when you're stressed - $150 - Egg minder: A plastic carton that tells you if you need more eggs - $10 - HidrateSpark: A bottle that tracks how much water you're drinking - $55 - SmartMat: A yoga mat that tells you when you're screwing up - 347$ - My. Flow: A monitor that tells you when your tampon is full - Not given - Smart Rope: An LED-embedded jump rope that shows fitness data as you work out - $90 - Kuvée: A Wi-Fi-enabled wine bottle with interchangeable cartridges - $199 2. We have all once had a feeling of someone watching us from behind, but now that technology has become more and more prevalent in our life, it may not be a human anymore but rather than a piece of technology that is tracking you every step you take. IOT, the internet of things is now what a lot of devices use, allowing them to connect to the internet and do their magic, they are able to correlate data or communicate with other devices. There were around 22 billion internet-connected devices in use around the world in 2018, and the number is projected to grow to over 50 billion by 2030. As technology becomes more and more advanced, it begins tracking everything you do, even things that you don't expect. Things like smart TVs use cameras and microphones to spy on users, smart light bulbs track your sleep and heart rate, and smart vacuum cleaners recognize objects in your home and map every inch of it. A Wifi router can even track what you do on the internet. Although we're promised that this information will be kept safe and away from workers, there has been a case of Amazon workers listening to some conversations with Alexa, transcribing them and annotating them, before feeding them into automated decision-making systems. A lot of us have to deal with this all day. Turning off these devices or restricting access to the internet could seem like a solution but actually it would restrict so many features that it wouldn't be worth it anymore. But Studies have shown that, for example, owners of smart home personal assistants have an incomplete understanding of what data the devices collect, where the data is stored and who can access it. Governments all over the world have introduced laws to protect privacy and give people more control over their data. Some examples are the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). Thanks to this, for instance, you can submit a Data Subject Access Request (DSAR) to the organization that collects your data from an internet-connected device. There's also steps and prevention you can take to limit the amount of personal information being tracked. 3. These devices, which range from smart speakers to connected thermostats, often become unusable when the cloud service they rely on is discontinued. This is because manufacturers often design IoT devices to be dependent on specific cloud services, making it difficult or impossible for them to function without them. It is encouraging for the industry to adopt a more open source approach to these devices. Similar to the way Wi-Fi and personal computers operate, open standards would allow devices from different manufacturers to work together and would make it easier for devices to be repaired or updated after the cloud service is discontinued The article also suggests that manufacturers should release their device specifications so that independent developers can create alternative firmware or operating systems. This would give consumers more control over their devices and make it possible to keep them running even if the manufacturer no longer supports them. So in conclusion, the articles suggest that manufacturers should release more of their information for users and third parties to be able to maintain and use the technology for a longer period of time after it has been discontinued by the company. As this prevents e-waste. After a recent election in Pakistan, Imran Khan—the leader of the party that won the most seats—delivered a victory speech to his followers. But the speech was generated by an AI simulating his voice; the real Imran Khan was in prison. Discuss with your team: should politicians be allowed to use AI-generated voices in this way—and, if so, under what circumstances? What if a candidate has laryngitis? Would it make a difference if the candidate wrote the words himself—or, since speechwriters often write for politicians, if the candidate’s usual speechwriter wrote them? (Put another way, if politicians are reading out loud speeches written by other people, does it make a difference if the real candidate or an AI does the reading out loud?) The recent Pakistan 2024 election has sparked significant controversy and debate, primarily revolving around Imran Khan's victory speech, internet shutdowns, and allegations of rigging. Imran Khan's Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party claimed victory, with Khan delivering a speech through an AI-generated voice while being imprisoned. The speech was broadcasted through PTI's social media platforms, as mainstream media was banned from discussing Khan. However, the election results were disputed, with Nawaz Sharif of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) also claiming victory despite being behind PTI in seat numbers. There were discrepancies in the tallies, with unofficial counts showing PTI candidates leading by significant margins, but official results indicating otherwise. The Election Commission blamed the delay on internet shutdowns aimed at preventing rigging. The internet shutdowns during polling day received widespread criticism, with over 190 million cellular subscribers affected. This hindered voters from accessing polling stations and journalists from reporting on potential rigging incidents. The US and EU both expressed concern over the restrictions, citing concerns about freedom of expression and the integrity of the electoral process. The aftermath of the election saw Shehbaz Sharif, representing both PML-N and PPP, poised to become the prime minister with a coalition of seats. Despite PTI-backed candidates winning 101 seats, Shehbaz secured 129 seats by combining PML-N and PPP numbers. The election raised questions about the credibility of the electoral process and sparked protests and clashes across the country. In 2023, Boris Eldagsen’s photo The Electrician won a major world photography competition—after which he confessed it was AI-generated. Discuss with your team: should an AI-generated photo have been eligible? Should AIs judge AI image competitions while humans judge human photo competitions? Would it be all right if the photo were simply adjusted in small ways through AI, rather than made from scratch? The Electrician: It all began with an AI generator and a dream for Berlin-based artist Boris Eldagsen. The winner of the creative photo category in the Sony World Photography arts competition, titled "PSEUDOMNESIA: The Electrician," has sparked controversy as it was generated using AI technology by Boris Eldagsen. Eldagsen deliberately applied for the competition under the alias "Cheeky Monkey" to test if contests were prepared for AI-generated images, revealing that they were not. This has ignited a debate on whether AI-generated images can be considered art. Eldagsen's journey into AI art stemmed from the possibilities it offered, contrasting with the lonely and lengthy process of traditional drawing. Using AI generators like DALL-E 2, Eldagsen creates images through text prompts, Photoshop, and extensive revision, spending days perfecting each piece. He submitted his AI-generated images to the competition without explicitly stating that they were generated by AI, aiming to test if the competition could detect such submissions. "The Electrician" project emerged from Eldagsen's experimentation with AI, inspired by a desire to recreate images from the past, particularly those related to his father's experiences during World War II. The process involves countless revisions and meticulous adjustments, with Eldagsen sometimes spending hours perfecting details. Despite the advancements in AI technology, Eldagsen believes there should be a clear distinction between AI-generated images and traditional photography, proposing the term "promptography" for the former. The conversation sparked by Eldagsen's submission extends to broader discussions on the ethics and implications of AI-generated art. While artists welcome the advancements, there are concerns about misinformation and the implications for journalism. The relationship between photography and "promptography" raises questions about how they should be treated in galleries and museums, with Eldagsen advocating for careful consideration and classification of AI-generated art. The above questions are more than academic; they force us to reevaluate choices made in the present. In 2024, the Globe Theatre in London staged a new production of Shakespeare’s Richard III, casting a woman with an untwisted spine in the title role. Some people protested that the production needed an actor who shared Richard III’s now-known physical ailment. Discuss with your team: to what extent does an actor need to share lived experiences with the character they are portraying? This article is not from syllabus, they don’t have one Anyhow, this controversy is about a Richard III play by Globe Theatre in London Now, Richard III is a male. However, he is now portrayed by a woman, Globe Theatre’s boss Michell

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