Wildlife Quiz Bowl Review Material PDF

REVIEW MATERIAL FOR BIODIVERSITY/WILDLIFE QUIZ BOWL DEFINITION OF TERMS Ecology –the study of the relationships and interactions between living organisms and their environment Ecosystem – a group of interdependent organisms and...

REVIEW MATERIAL FOR BIODIVERSITY/WILDLIFE QUIZ BOWL DEFINITION OF TERMS Ecology –the study of the relationships and interactions between living organisms and their environment Ecosystem – a group of interdependent organisms and their environment that they live in Biodiversity – variability among living organisms Biodiversity hotspots–a small geographic area with an exceptional concentration of species, especially endemic species (those found nowhere else) Conservation - the preservation, management, and care of natural resources Extinct – having no members of the species or family in existence Extant – population of species that are still in existence Population – group of individual of a single species inhabiting a specific area Population Density–the number of individuals in a population per unit area Population Dynamics – the ways in which population expand and decrease and the reason for these changes occur Biosphere – portions of the earth that support life Community – association of interacting species in a particular area Climax community – a community that occurs late in succession whose population remains stable until disrupted by disturbance Ecotone – transition from one type of ecosystem to another Eco-tourism – an alternative form of tourism which is encouraged as protected areas and ecologically sensitive areas Biomes – the zones of the earth’s vegetation and climate which are characterized by certain types of plants and animals found in each Habitat – the natural conditions and environment in which a plants or animal lives; the place where a plant or animal gets all the things it needs to survive such as food, water and space for having and raising offspring Niche – the role of an organism within its natural environment that determines its relations with other organisms and ensures its survival Species – group of organisms that are alike in structure and functions, are capable of breeding with another, and have descended from common ancestry Species Diversity–variation of species within a region Ecosystem Diversity–variation of habitat that occurs within a region Genetic Diversity–variation of genes within a species Species richness–the number of species in a community or collection Species evenness - relative abundance of in a community or collection Carrying capacity (K) – the maximum population of species that a particular ecosystem can sustain Curator – head of museum or other collection Autotroph – an organism that can synthesize organic molecules using inorganic molecules and energy from either sunlight (photosynthetic autotroph) or from inorganic molecule, such as hydrogen sulfide (chemosynthetic autotroph); self-feeding Heterotroph – an organism that uses organic molecules both as a source of carbon and as a source of energy Detritivore – organism that feeds on nonliving organic matter (detritus), usually on the remain of plant Decomposition – breakdown of organic matter accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide and other inorganic compounds Biomass – the amount or mass of organic matter in an ecosystem Omnivore – animal that eats anything, usually including both plant and animal matter Carnivore – animal that eat other animals; flesh –eating animal; usually predator Herbivore – animal that only eats plant. Interspecific competition- competition between individuals of different species Intraspecific competition- competition between individuals of the same species Mycorrhizae – association between a fungus and plant roots Lichen – association of fungus and alga Epipyhte– a plant, such as orchid, that grows on the surface of another plant but is not parasitic Bryophyte – group of plant that lacks xylem and phloem; nonvascular e.g. mosses Angiosperm – flowering-bearing; Gymnosperms – cone-bearing Migration - to move from one habitat or another in response to seasonal and food supply changes Emigration – one-way outward movement; Immigration – one-way inward movement Natality rate – birth rate; number of individual produced in a population Mortality – death rate Ecological succession – orderly change of the ecosystem from the original stage to a mature or stable community Endemic–describes a species of organism that is confined to a particular geographic region such as an island or river basin Frugivore–fruit-eating; Sanguivore–blood drinking (e.g. vampire bats); Insectivore – insect-eating; Granivore– seed- ating; Piscivore– fish-eating; Nectarivore– nectar-drinking Fauna – animal life; Flora – plant life Arboreal – those that live in trees; Terrestrial – those that live on the ground; Fossorial– those that live underground Aquatic – those that live in or near water Ornithology – study of Birds; Ichthyology – study of fishes; Herpetology – study of amphibians and reptiles Phycology - study of algae; Mycology – study of fungi Taxonomy – science that deals with classification, identifications and naming of organisms. Sustainable development – economic development which satisfies the needs of humanity and at the same time protects the interest of future generation. Hibernate – to be in a dormant state resembling sleep over the winter while living off reserves of body fat, with a decrease in body temperature and pulse rate and slower metabolism Estivation - to be in a dormant state resembling sleep over the summer Homeotherm– the ability for an organism to maintain a constant body temperature (“warm-blooded”) e.g. mammals and birds; endotherm Poikilotherm–organism whose body temperature varies directly with the environmental temperature; “cold-blooded” e.g. reptiles, amphibians; fishes ectotherm Nocturnal - sleep during the day and are active at night e.g. bats, tarsiers; Diurnal - active during the day and sleep at night Crepuscular – mostly active at dawn and dusk Fecundity – number of eggs/seeds produced by an organism Hermaphrodite – an individual of producing both sperm/pollen and egg/ova Inbreeding –mating between close relatives Pherohormone - chemical substance release by some animals for communication with other members of their species Adaptations - the physical and behavioral changes which allows organisms to survive and reproduce in their habitats Abiotic - used to describe the non-living parts of an organism’s environment (physical and chemical) Biota – all the organisms of a given area Calcar - small piece of cartilage or bone extending from the ankle of some bats, used in addition to the tail to control the tail membrane Camps - groups of fruit bats roosting in treetops Chiroptera - in taxonomy, the Order of bats; Greek for “hand-wing” Aves - in taxonomy, the Class of birds Aril – fleshy covering of some seeds that attracts birds and other vertebrates Primate - in taxonomy, the order of tarsier/monkey Doppler Effect – the way sound frequency changes as an object comes closer and as it moves away Echolocation – an ability specific to bats or dolphins that use sound for navigation and hunting; a kind of sonar Guano - waste products of bats (feces) Hibernaculas - the place where animals hibernate such as a cave or a hollow tree Keystone species - an organism that is vital to the health of a food web Mega-Chiroptera - the Sub-order of bats which include fruit, nectar, and pollen eating bats, normally with wingspans of up to 1.8 m Metabolism - a series of chemical interactions taking place in living organisms that provide the energy and nutrients needed to maintain life Micro-Chiroptera - the Sub-order of bats which include bats with wingspans of 15 cm to 0.3 m and have a wide variety of diet (insects, fish, small animals, blood-drinking, etc.) Natural selection - the process by which environmental conditions allow the survival of individuals with a favorable characteristic to reproduce and pass on that favorable characteristic to the next generation Roost - resting area of bats Torpor - the ability to slow down the body’s metabolism and lower body temperature to conserve energy during periods of inactivity or low food supply (i.e. hibernation) Tragus - piece of flesh in the ear of echolocating bats, believed to help to locate obstacles or prey in a vertical plane (above or below the bat) Trophic Level – an energy level in the food pyramid referring to organisms that are producers, consumers (primary through tertiary typically) and decomposers from which only 10% of energy is transferred from food to the organism that consumes it patagium– wing membrane of the bat fawn – young of visayan spotted deer; pup – young of bat; nestling – young of bird; fry – young of fish ; calf – young of whale; infant – young of primate (e.g. tarsier) Nose leafs - a piece of fleshy skin found on the nose of some bats used to magnify echolocation Evolution – a process that results in the change of a population over time through the inheritance of traits over many generations Homologous Structures – organisms having body parts that are similar in structures but different in functions (e.g. whale’s flipper, bird’s wing, human arm, and alligator’s forelimb) Analogous Structures – those that have similar functions but different anatomical structures (e.g. whale’s flipper and shark’s fin) Vestigial Structures – are body parts found in some organisms that have no function at all (e.g. hidden hoses( remnant of thigh and leg bone) of snake) Exotic/Invasive – introduced from one place or region; non-native species that spreads rapidly and out competed preys on and otherwise reduced or eliminate population of native species Extinct No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. Extinct in the wild Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized population well outside its previous range. Critically The species is in imminent risk of extinction in the wild. Endangered Endangered The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. Vulnerable The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. The species does not meet any of the criteria that would categorize it as risking extinction but it is likely to do so Near Threatened in the future. Least Concern There are no current identifiable risks to the species. Data Deficient There is inadequate information to make an assessment of the risks to this species. Acclimation – physiological adjustment to change in a particular environmental factor Camouflage/Warning Coloration – the often brightly colored marking of animals possessing chemical defenses. The coloration provides a caution to their predators. Mimicry – an adaptation where the animal mimics which is harmful to their predator and avoid being eaten Batesian mimicry – evolution of non-noxiuos species to resemble a poisonous species e.g. harmless beetle resembles a scorpion Mullerian mimicry–co-mimicry among several species of noxious organismse.g two poisonous that resembles each other Physical/chemical combat – some animals are equipped with spines and hard covering (shells0 to make it difficult for predators to eat them El Nińo – the sea surface temperature in the eastern Pacific region is higher than the average and barometric pressure is lower La Nińa - the sea surface temperature in the eastern Pacific region is lower than the average and barometric pressure is higher Muro-ami – a fishing method where the fishes are driven out of coral reef by pounding the corals with a heavy weight Eutrophication – the process by which a body of water becomes rich in dissolved nutrients from fertilizers or sewage, thereby encouraging the growth and decomposition of oxygen-depleting plant life and resulting in harm to other organisms Siltation - is the pollution of water by fine particulate terrestrialclastic material, with a particle size dominated by silt or clay. It refers both to the increased concentration of suspended sediments, and to the increased accumulation (temporary or permanent) of fine sediments on bottoms where they are undesirable. Siltation is most often caused by soil erosion or sediment spill. Mangrove - a type of forest growing along tidal mudflats (shore) and along shallow water coastal areas extending inland along rivers, streams and their tributaries where the water is generally brackish Pneumatophores – specialized root structures of mangroves which stick out of the soil acting as breathing tubes Propagules – buoyant seeds of mangrove Upwelling – movement of deeper ocean water to the surface Poach – to catch wild animals or fish illegally on public land or while trespassing on private land brackish – mixture of fresh and saltwater (estuary) estuary– section of river meeting the sea Benthic – bottom of the body of water; seafloor Pelagic–marine life zone or organisms above the bottom epipelagic zone – warm, well-lighted surface of the ocean mesopepelagic zone – middle depth zone of the ocean, extending from about 200 to 1000 m abyssal zone – azone of the ocean epts.. between 4000 to 6000 m hadal zone –the deepest part of the ocean, below about 600m Coral bleaching - occurs when water temperatures rise, stressing and even starving plants and other organisms which thrive in and feed coral ecosystems; when corals die, they turn white Allelopathy – the release into the environment by one plant of a substance that inhibits the germination or growth of other potential competitor plants of the same or another species. Republic Act 9147 otherwise known as the Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 Bioprospecting- means the research, collection and utilization of biological and genetic resources for purposes of applying the knowledge derived therefrom solely for commercial purposes; By-product or derivatives - refers to any part taken or substance extracted from wildlife, in raw or processed form, which include stuffed animals and herbarium specimens; Captive-breeding/culture or propagation - is the process of producing individuals under controlled conditions or with human interventions; Collection or collecting - is the act of gathering or harvesting wildlife, its by-products or derivatives; Conservation - means preservation and sustainable utilization of wildlife, and or maintenance, restoration and enhancement of the habitat; Critically endangered species - refers to a species of subspecies that is facing extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future; Economically important species - means species which have actual or potential value in trade or utilization for commercial purpose; Endangered species - refers to species or subspecies that is not critically endangered but whose survival in the wild is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating; Endemic species - means species or subspecies which is naturally occurring and found only within specific areas in the country; Exotic species - means species or subspecies which do not naturally occur in the country; Export permit - refers to a permit authorizing an individual to bring out wildlife from the Philippines to any other country; Gratuitous permit- means permit issued to any individual or entity engaged in noncommercial scientific or educational undertaking to collect wildlife; Habitat - means a place or environment where a species or subspecies naturally occur or has naturally established its population; Import permit - refers to a permit authorizing an individual to bring in wildlife from another country; Indigenous wildlife - means species or subspecies of wildlife naturally occurring or has naturally established population in the country; Introduction- means bringing species into the wild that is outside its natural habitat; Re-export permit - refers to a permit authorizing an individual to bring out of the country a previously imported wildlife; Threatened species - a general term to denote species or subspecies considered as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable or other accepted categories of wildlife whose population is at risk of extinction; Trade- means the act of engaging in the exchange, exportation or importation, purchase or sale of wildlife, their derivatives or by products, locally or internationally; Traditional use - means utilization of wildlife by indigenous people in accordance with written or unwritten rules, usage, customs and practices traditionally observed, accepted and recognized by them; Transport permit - means a permit issued authorizing an individual to bring wildlife from one place to another within the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines; Vulnerable species - refers to species or subspecies that is not critically endangered nor endangered but is under threat from adverse factors throughout their range and is likely to move to the endangered category in the near future; Wildlife- means wild forms and varieties of flora and fauna, in all developmental stages, including those which are in captivity or are being bred or propagated; Wildlife collector’s permit- means a permit to take or collect from the wild certain species and quantities of wildlife for commercial purposes; and Wildlife farm/culture permit- means a permit to develop, operate and maintain a wildlife breeding farm for conservation, trade and/or scientific purposes. Bio-ecology- refers to the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment; Biological resources - refers to genetic resources, organisms or parts thereof, populations or any other biotic component of ecosystems with actual or potential use or value for humanity, including but not limited to, all biological specimens such as plants, seeds, tissues and other propagation materials, animals, live or preserved, whether whole or in part; Biosafety - refers to the need to protect human, plant and animal health or life and the environment from the possible adverse effects of the products of modern biotechnology and potentially harmful exotic species; Botanical garden - refers to an establishment where a collection of wild flora is maintained for recreational, educational, research, conservation or scientific purposes; Burning - refers to any act of igniting or causing to ignite any material, deliberately or otherwise, inside a critical habitat, if such fire has or may potentially cause any damage to the factors and elements of the critical habitat upon which the survival of the threatened species depend, based on the assessment establishing the habitat as critical; By-products - refers to any part taken from wildlife species such as meat, hides, antlers, feathers, leather, fur, internal organs, bones, roots, trunks, barks, petioles, leaf fibers, branches, leaves, stems, flowers, scales, scutes, shells, coral parts, carapace and the like, or whole dead body of wildlife in its preserved/stuffed state, including compounds indirectly produced in a bio-chemical process or cycle; Critical habitats - refers to areas outside protected areas under Republic Act 7586 that are known habitats of threatened species and designated as such based on scientific data taking into consideration species endemicity and/or richness, presence of man-made pressures/threats to the survival of wildlife living in the area, among others; Derivative - refers to a substance/material extracted or taken from wildlife such as but not limited to blood, saliva, oils, resins, genes, gums, honey, cocoon, fur, tannin, urine, serum, spores, pollen and the like; a compound directly or indirectly produced from wildlife and/or products produced from wildlife and wildlife products; Domesticated species - refers to animals that have been in association with mankind for a long time, bred for a special purpose and have no genetically similar form in the wild; Dumping - refers to the act of depositing any material inside the critical habitat without any intention of retrieval or future use which may potentially cause any damage to the factors and elements of the critical habitat upon which the survival of the threatened species depend, based on the assessment establishing the habitat as critical; Field release - means the use of regulated material outside the physical confinement found in a laboratory, a contained greenhouse, a fermenter or other contained structure; Field testing - means any intentional introduction into the environment of a regulated article for purposes of research and development and for which no specific physical containment measures are used to limit the contact of the regulated article with, and to provide for a high level of safety for, the general population and the environment. Field testing may be conducted in a single site or in multiple sites; Genetically engineered organisms - means organisms which underwent any process of genetic modification; Genetic material - refers to any material of plant, animal, containing functional units of heredity; Genetic resources - refers to the genetic material of actual or potential value; Hunting - refers to collection of wild fauna for food and/or recreational purposes with the use of weapons such as guns, bow and arrow, spear and the like; Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICC) or Indigenous Peoples (IPs) - refer to a group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from majority of Filipinos. ICCs/IPs shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains; Local Transport Permit - refers to the permit authorizing an individual or entity to bring, carry or ship wildlife, by-products or derivatives acquired from legal sources from the point of origin to the final destination within the country; Logging - refers to any felling of tree within a designated critical habitat; Mineral - refers to any naturally occurring inorganic substance in solid, liquid, gas or any intermediate state excluding energy materials such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, radioactive materials and geothermal energy; NCBP- refers to the National Committee on Biosafety of the Philippines, created under EO No. 430 dated October 15, 1990 and tasked, among others, to formulate national policies and guidelines on biosafety; PAMB - refers to the Protected Area Management Board, a decision making body created by RA 7586 which exercises jurisdiction over a protected area within its area of responsibility; Propagated species- refers to plants which have been cultured by man or produced through human intervention; Re-introduction - refers to the attempt of re-establishing the population of a species or subspecies of wildlife in a location where it has historically occurred but is now extinct; Restocking - refers to the process of replenishing an existing population of wildlife with additional individuals of the same species or subspecies within its range; Significant risks- means that the biosafety risk associated with the release of the genetically-engineered organism is greater than that posed by its conventional counterpart; Wetland - refers to areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static, flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six (6) meters; Wildlife- refers to wild forms and varieties/strains of flora and fauna, in all developmental stages, such as but not limited to eggs, pupae, seedlings including those which are in captivity or are being bred or propagated; flora and fauna or those not covered by any legally- accepted document stating that same is a product of registered captive-breeding/propagation shall be presumed to be in wild form; Wildlife Rescue Center - refers to a repository of confiscated, donated, retrieved, turned-over or abandoned wildlife species; an establishment where sick, injured, confiscated wildlife are temporarily kept and rehabilitated prior to their release to their natural habitat or implementation of other modes of disposition as may be authorized under existing guidelines; Zoo/zoological park - refers to the establishment where a collection of wild fauna is maintained for recreational, educational, research, conservation or scientific purposes. RA 9072 (National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act) Cave - any naturally occurring void, cavity, recess or system of interconnected passages beneath the surface of the earth or within a cliff or ledge and which is large enough to permit an individual to enter, whether or not the entrance, located either in private or public land, is naturally formed or man-made. It shall include any natural pit, sinkhole or other feature, which is an extension of the entrance. The term also includes cave resources therein, but not any vug, mine tunnel, aqueduct or other man-made excavation. Cave resources - includes any material or substance occurring naturally in caves, such as animal life, plant life, including paleontological and archaelogical deposits, cultural artifacts or products of human activities, sediments, minerals, speleogems and speleothems Speleogem - means relief features on the walls, ceilings and floor of any cave or lava tube which are part of the surrounding bedrock, including but not limited to anastomoses, scallops,meander niches, petromorphs and rock pendants in solution caves and similar features unique to volcanic caves. Speleothem - means any natural mineral formation or deposit occurring in a cave or lava tube, including but not limited to any stalactite, stalagmite, helictite, cave flower, flowstone, concretion, drapery, rimstone or formation of clay or mud. Significant Cave - refers to a cave which contains materials possesses features that have archaeological, cultural, ecological, historical or scientific value as determined by the DENR in coordination with the scientific community and the academe Stalactite - conical pillar hanging in cave Stalagmite - conical pillar rising from cave floor RA 7942 (The Philippine Mining Act of 1995) Ancestral lands - refers to all lands exclusively and actually possessed, occupied, or utilized by indigenous cultural communities by themselves or through their ancestors in accordance with their customs and traditions since time immemorial, and as may be defined and delineated by law. Block or "meridional block" - an area bounded by one-half (1/2) minute of latitude and one-half (1/2) minute of longitude, containing approximately eighty-one hectares (81 has). Carrying capacity- refers to the capacity of natural and human environments to accommodate and absorb change without experiencing conditions of instabilityand attendant degradation. Contiguous zone refers to water, sea bottom and substratum measured twenty-four nautical miles (24n.m.) seaward from the base line of the Philippine archipelago Contract - are land or body of water delineated for purposes of exploration, development, or utilization of the minerals found therein Exclusive economic zone - means the water, sea bottom and subsurface measured from the baseline of the Philippine archipelago up to two hundred nautical miles (200 n.m.) offshore. Mine wastes and tailings -shall mean soil and rock materials from surface or underground mining and milling operations with no economic value to thegenerator of the same. Minerals - refers to all naturally occurring inorganic substance in solid, gas, liquid, or any intermediate state excluding energy materials such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, radioactive materials, and geothermal energy. Mineral Resource - means any concentration of minerals/rocks with potential economic value. Mining area - means a portion of the contract area identified by the contractor for purposes of development, mining, utilization, and sites for supportfacilities or in the immediate vicinity of the mining operations Offshore - the water, sea bottom, and subsurface from the shore or coastline reckoned from the mean low tide level up to the two hundred nauticalmiles (200 n.m.) exclusive economic zone including the archipelagic sea and contiguous zone. Onshore - the landward side from the mean tide elevation, including submerged lands in lakes,rivers and creeks. Ore - a naturally occurring substance or material from which a mineral or element can be mined and/or processed for profit. RA 7586 (The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992) NIPAS Act National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) -is theclassification and administration of all designated protected areas to maintainessential ecological processes and life-support systems, to preserve geneticdiversity, to ensure sustainable use of resources found therein, and tomaintain their natural conditions to the greatest extent possible; Protected area - refers to identified portions of land and water setaside by reason of their unique physical and biological significance, managedto enhance biological diversity and protected against destructive humanexploitation; a site where humans are restricted or prohibited and where conservation of biodiversity as the primary goal Buffer zones - are identified areas outside the boundaries of andimmediately adjacent to designated protected areas thatneed special development control in order to avoid or minimize harm to theprotected area; Indigenous cultural community - refers to a group of peoplesharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, and who have, since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized a territory; Natural park - refers to a forest reservation essentially of natural wilderness character which has been withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or any form of exploitation except in conformity with approved management plan and set aside as such exclusively to conserve the area or preserve the scenery, the natural and historic objects, wild animals and plants therein and to provide enjoyment of these features in such areas: Natural monument - is a relatively small area focused on protection of small features to protect or preserve nationally significant natural features on account of their special interest or unique characteristics; Natural biotic area- is an area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modern technology at their pace; Natural park - is a relatively large area not materially altered by human activity where extractive resource uses are not allowed and maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational and recreational use; Wildlife sanctuary -comprises an area which assures the natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical features of the environment where these may require specific human manipulation for the perpetuation. RA 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999) Emission - means any air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or unwanted sound from a known source which is passed into the atmosphere; Greenhouse gases" mean those gases that can potentially or can reasonably be expected to induce global warming, which include carbon dioxide, methane, oxides of nitrogen, chorofluorocarbons, and the like; Mobile source - means any vehicle propelled by or through combustion of carbon-based or other fuel, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods; Motor vehicle- mean any vehicle propelled by a gasoline or diesel engine or by any other than human or animal power, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods in a public highway or street open to public use; Octane Rating or the Anti-Knock Index (AKI) - means the rating of the antiknock characteristics of a grade or type of automotive gasoline as determined by dividing by two (2) the sum of the Research Octane Number (RON), plus the Motor Octane Number (MON); the octane requirement, with respect to automotive gasoline for use in a motor vehicle or a class thereof, whether imported, manufactured, or assembled by a manufacturer, shall refer to the minimum octane rating of such automotive gasoline which such manufacturer recommends for the efficient operation of such motor vehicle, or a substantial portion of such class, without knocking; Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) - mean those substances that significantly deplete or otherwise modify the ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in adverse effects on human health and the environment such as, but not limited to, chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and the like; Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - mean the organic compounds that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. These compounds resist photolytic, chemical and biological degradation, which shall include but not be limited to dioxin, furan, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, such as aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, toxaphere and chlordane; RA 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990) Hazardous substances - are substances which present either: short-term acute hazards such as acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption, corrosivity or other skin or eye contact hazard or the risk of fire or explosion; or 2) Long-term environmental hazards, including chronic toxicity upon repeated exposure, carcinogenicity (which may in some cases result from acute exposure but with a long latent period, resistance to detoxification process such as biodegradation, the potential to pollute underground or surface waters, or aesthetically objectionable properties such as offensive odors. Hazardous wastes - are hereby defined as substances that are without any safe commercial, industrial, agricultural or economic usage and are shipped, transported or brought from the country of origin for dumping or disposal into or in transit through any part of the territory of the Philippines. Nuclear wastes are hazardous wastes made radioactive by exposure to the radiation incidental to the production or utilization of nuclear fuels but do not include nuclear fuel, or radioisotopes which have reached the final stage of fabrication so as to be usable for any scientific, medical, agricultural, commercial, or industrial purpose. Environment and Natural Resources Laws of the Philippines Resource Management Law RA 9072 (National Caves and Cave Resources Management and Protection Act) RA 9147 (Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act or Philippine Wildlife Act) RA 7942 (The Philippine Mining Act of 1995) RA 8550 (The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998) The Chainsaw Act RA 7586 (The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992) NIPAS Act RA 8371 (The Indigenous People’s Right Act of 1997) PD 1586 (The Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System - EIA)  RA 9275 (Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004) RA 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999) RA 9003(Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000) RA 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990) P.D. 1152 (Philippine Environment Code) RA 3915 (National Park Law) P.D. 705 or Forestry Law RA 9512 – Environmental Awareness Month; Declaration of Wildlife Month TRIVIA QUESTIONS Sec. Proceso Alcala - DA Secretary; Sec. Ramon Paje - DENR Secretary Lisa Paguntalan – Director of Field Operations, Philippine Biodiversity Foundation, Inc. Teddy BoyInfante – Current Negros Forest and Ecological Foundation, Inc (NFEFI) President James Sawyer (UK) - 2012 Negros Interior Biodiversity Expedition (NIBE) leader (March 24-April 19, 2012) Robert Harland – NFEFI Trustee; Dr. Joanne Justo – NFEFI Curator Philippines – has the most numerous Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in Southeast Asia SlenderBushy-tailed Cloud Rat (Phloeomyspallidus) - the largest endemic rat in the Philippines Lesser Bamboo Bat – smallest bat in the world Large Flying Fox (Pteropusvampyrus) - The largest bat in the world Dugong (Dugong dugon) - the only vegetarian marine mammal in the world that feeds almost exclusively on seagrass; Palawan Mouse Deer (Tragulusnapu) - the smallest deer in the Philippines Sinarapan/Philippine goby fish (Mistichthysluzonensis) - the smallest food fish in the world Pandaka pygmea – smallest freshwater fish in the world Pygmy Forest Frog (Platymantispygmaeus) - the smallest frog in the Philippines; the home range of these nocturnal and land-dwelling animals is confined in the lowland forests of the Northern Sierra Madre Mountains in Isabela and Kalinga-Apayao provinces. Philippine Eagle(Pithecophagajefferyi)– the second largest eagle in the world; The Philippine Eagle is endemic to the Philippines and can be found on four major islands: eastern Luzon, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao. The largest number of eagles reside on Mindanao; critically endangered Giant Clam (Tridacnagigas) - the largest and heaviest mollusk in the world Monitor lizard (Varanusmabitang) from Panay – the only second monitor species known in the world to specialize on a fruit diet. Philippine flat-headed frog (Barbourulabusuangensis, VU) - one of the world's most primitive frog species. Flying frog (Rhacophoruspardalis) - in Aurora National Park, Luzon has special adaptations for gliding, including extra flaps of skin and webbing between fingers and toes to generate lift during glides. Whale shark (Rhincodontypus) – largest fish in the world Lolong - the country’s biggest crocodile in captivity is a male saltwater crocodile(Crocodylusporosus)caught from Magsagangsang Creek in Brgy. Nueva Era in Bunawan, Agusan del Sur last September 3, 2011, measuring 21 feet long, 3.5 feet wide, and weighing 1,075 kilos; vulnerable Philippine crocodile (Crocodylusmindorensis, CR) - considered the most threatened crocodilian in the world; freshwater; critically endangered Tamaraw (Bubalusmindorensis, CR), a dwarf water buffalo that lives only on Mindoro Island; the largest and most impressive of the native mammals in the Philippines; is recognizable by its “V” form horn and usually smaller than the carabao; critically endagered Carabao(Bubalusbubalis)-National Animal (or Land Animal) Bangus(Chanoschanos) - National Fish Mango(Mangiferaindica)- National Fruit Narra (Pterocarpusindicus) - National tree Sampaguita - National flower Philippine eagle - National bird Draco rizali(flying dragon), Apogoniorizali(small beetle)andRhacaphorusrizali(rare frog) – organisms discovered by Dr. Jose Rizal end of March – observance of Earth Hour 2007 – first observance of Earth hour in Sydney, Australia (2.2 M participated) March 22 – World Water Day April 22 – International Earth Day March 23, 2013 – observance of Earth Hour 2013 March 29, 2014 - observance of Earth Hour 2014 May 22, 2012 –International day of Biodiversity (Marine Biodiversity) September 16 – International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer or World’s Ozone Layer Day September – Ozone Protection Month in the Philippines 1986 – Foundation of NFEFI July, 2009 –first breeding of thevisayan spotted deer in NFEFI (Name: MJ) April 23, 1999 –first breeding of Visayan tarictic hornbill in NFEFI (Name: Ed) August 21, 2003 - first breeding of Philippine saifan lizard in NFEFI (Name: Baganihan) November 17, 2005 – first breeding of Philippine eagle owl inNFEFI (Name: Bubo) April, 2010–first Neg Occ. environmental congress on climate change Feather Park, Inc (Kabankalan City) –NFEFI partner in conservation breeding of Visayan Bleeding Heart Pigeon Marko – name of Visayan warty pig adopted by Mar Roxas and Korina Sanchez (2010) November – wildlife month for Negros Occidental Fourth week of June - Environment Week in the province (Negros Occidental SangguniangPanlalawigan Ordinance 152) Lowland forest – most threatened habitat in the Philippines April 22, 2012 - International Earth Day Feb 2, 2012 - World Wetland DAY October - Tamaraw Month (Presidential Proclamation No. 273); World Wildlife Month Upper Calimban-Imbang watershed - provides clean drinking water to Bacolod Cuernos de Negros range - southeastern mountain range of Negros Island Mt. Kanlaon - the highest peak on Negros Island Mt. Kanlaon Natural Park - first proclaimed as a natural park by virtue of Proclamation 721 on 8 August 1934, and revised by Proclamation No. 1005 on 8 May 1997 Northern Negros Natural Park - declared formerly as (North Negros Forest Reserve) as protected area for birds by Administrative Act No. 789 on 28 April 1935; was declared as a Natural Park by the National Integrated Protected Areas System last August, 2005; a 80,454.5 has.natural park lies in the Northern portion of Negros Island. It has a forest cover of 16,687 has. and is the home to many endemic and endangered species Sagay Marine Reserve (SMR) - a 32,000 hectare marine reserve located in Sagay City Danjugan Island Marine Reserve - a small island of 43 hectares, located in BrgyBulata, Cauayan. This smalll island boasts a rich biodiversity and displays 7 individual habitat types; caves, mangroves, seagrass beds, coral reefs, beaches, limestone and the open sea; 70 bird species; both residents and migrants to the island including a pair of White breasted Sea Eagles and Tabon Scrub Fowls; Endangered and threatened species such as the Giant Manta Ray, Napoleon Wrasse and Whale Sharks have been observed around the islands reefs. Mt. Talinis-Twin Lakes (MTTL) Forest Reserve - one of the most important but critically endangered ecosystems in the Philippines; is also known popularly as the Southern Negros Forest Reserve Cebu Cinnamon Tree – endemic species that can be found in Cebu, ranking among the world’s rarest trees Waling-waling – Queen of the Philippine Orchids; endangered Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring – focus on the destructive consequence of pesticide DDT Penicillin – antibiotic produced by Penicilliumnotatum (mold) Bakawan (Rhizophoraapiculata) - most common mangrove in the Philippines Rainforest – considered as world’s pharmacy Natural selection –proposed by Charles Darwin Philippines - ranked second in the highest number of endemic vertebrates Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaellabrevirostris) –found in the coastal water of Pulupundan Habitat loss – the main cause of species extinction Philippine hawk Owl – Ninoxphilippensis; low risk Philippine Eagle Owl - Bubo philippensis; vulnerable Platymantis spp.–the young this frog undergo direct development, bypassing the tadpole stage Philippine bulbul – Hypsipetesphilippinus Philippine Eagle - Pithecophagajefferyi; critically endangered Flame-breasted Fruit Dove– found only in Luzon Tamaraw - Bubalusmindorensis; endemic in Mindoro; largest Philippine mammal; current population is 30 -200; critically endangered Philippine tarsier –Tarsiussyrichta; endemic in Bohol, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao; endangered Philippine Brown Deer– not found in Cebu, Mindoro, Masbate, Western Visayas and Palawan; vulnerable Philippine Sailfin Lizard – Hydrosurusamboinensis; local name: ibid Dugong – Dugong dugon Green Sea Turtle - Cheloniamydas Palawan bearded pig – Susahoenobarbus Philippine deer – Rusamarianna Maori or Humphead Wrasse, the Mameng (Cheilinusundulatus) - is one of the world’s most valuable live food fish, occasionally turning up in seafood restaurants, markets and even exotic pet retail center; endangered Apo Reef - the Jewel of Mindoro Coral triangle - the centre of Earth’s marine diversity; includes 6 countries: Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste Hawksbill Sea Turtles (Eretmochelysimbricata) Phosphorite- a type of rock formed from fossilized bird droppings, used for agricultural fertilizer Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) – saved by an 8-year old student (WWF-Philippines) LeatherbackSea Turtle- the largest sea turtle in the Philippines The Asian leopard cat (Felisbengalensis) is one such species, and is the only true cat in the Philippines Slender-tailed cloud rats (Phloeomyspallidus) are the largest "rats" in the world The Philippine flying lemur (Cynocephalus volans), a species widespread on the southern islands that once made up the Ice-Age island of Greater Mindanao. These creatures are not lemurs but distantly related to bats, and they do not fly. Golden-crowned flying foxes (Acerodonjubatus) are probably the heaviest bats in the world Coral reefs – rainforest of the sea; corals are considered as animals. Sea grasses are plants and not algae or seaweeds. 2013 – International Year of the Polar Bear Polar Bear – biggest bear in the World Sun Bear – smallest bear in the World cub– young of bear pudu– smallest deer in the world Moose - biggest deer in the world blue whale – largest mammal on earth shrew – smallest mammal on Earth Green Anaconda - world’s largest snake Leptotyphlopscarlae – world’s smallest snake Seagrasses – flowering plants of the sea Facts NFEFI is home to 120 endangered animals and birds. Today, forests cover only four per cent of the Negros Island. 150 years ago, forests covered 95 per cent of the Island. From 70% forest cover in the 1900s, only 6-8% of the Philippine forest remains A typical insectivore bat will catch and eat up to1,000 small insects in an hour (a nursing mother bat could catch up to 4,000 insects a night) Ozone, a naturally occurring greenhouse gas (GHG) is made up of three atoms of oxygen (O3); protects humans and other life forms on earth by shielding us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays, particularly UV-B. The hole is located over the Antarctic region at the earth’s South Pole, then measuring around 25 million square kilometers, or more than 80 times bigger than the Philippines. Five speciesof bleeding heart are found in the Philippines: Luzon bleeding-heart pigeon Gallicolumbaluzonica, Mindoro bleeding-heart pigeon G. platenae, Mindanao bleeding-heart pigeon G. criniger, Sulu bleeding-heart pigeon G. menageiand Negros bleeding-heart pigeon G. keayi So far, there are only six sites in the Philippines declared as Wetlands of International Importance and these are the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Santuary in Mindanao, Naujan Lake National Park in Oriental Mindoro, Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary in Cebu, Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Palawan, and the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park in Sulu Sea, Las Piñas- Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) Pag-asa (Philippine eagle) - conceived through artificial insemination and was laid in November 1991 by captive Philippine Eagle Diola using mate Junior’s semen. BirdLife International estimates there are only 300 Bleeding Heart Pigeons left in Negros Columbia, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Indonesia – the highest bird diversity in the world. NEWLY-DISCOVERED SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINES Philippine Hanging Parrot (Loriculusphilippensis)  newly-discovered hanging parrot form Camiguin island (2004) Cebu hawk owl, Ninoxrumseyi and Camiguin hawk owl, N. leventisi -two newly-discovered Philippine hawk owl Platymantisreddorum and Platymantissodhi- two recently discovered species of frog inNacolod, Southern Leyte - Branchiostegussaitoi - the new species of Tilefish discovered in Batangas Nepenthes attenboroughii- recently discovered new species of pitcher plant (flesh-eating plant) on the verdant face of Mount Victoria in the Philippines  The plant lures in the rats with the promise of sweet nectar. When the rat leans into the plant to drink the saccharine liquid, it slips on the pitcher's waxy interior, and gets stuck in the gooey sap. Once it is trapped, acid-like digestive enzymes break down the still- living rodent; About 40 new species of ants have been recently discovered in the Philippines at Mt. Isarog Natural Park, a protected area in Camarines Sur. Seven new species of mammals have just been discovered at Luzon Island in the Philippines Northern Sierra Madre Forest monitor lizard (Varanusbitatawa)  a large, arboreal, frugivorouslizard of the genusVaranus.The lizard is a staple food of the Aeta and Ilongot indigenous people of the Philippines who call it Butikaw  closely related to the Komodo dragon of Indonesia. It was confirmed as a new species in April 2010 by biologists from the University of Kansas  The lizard's known range is currently limited to the Sierra Madre Forest, in the northeastern coast of the island of Luzon, Philippines. Insulamonpalawanense - one of the four newly discovered crab species, which is bright purple in color, in Palawan 10 New Philippine Bird Record 1. Calayan Rail (Galliralluscalayanensis) a flightless bird of the rail, moorhen, and coot family (Rallidae) that inhabits Calayan Island in the Philippines Though well-known to natives of the island as the "piding", it was first observed by ornithologist Carmela Española in May 2004 and the discovery officially announced on August 16, 2004. endangered 2. Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) – Cavite, 2006 3. Orange-flanked Robin (Lusciniacyanura) – Calayan, 2004 4. Willow Wabler (Phylloscupostrochilus) – Bataan, 2006 5. European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) – Palawan, 2007 6. Pin-tiled Parrot Finch (Erythuraprasina) – Palawan, 2007 7. Eurasian Spoonbill (Platalealeucordia) – Palawan, 2007 8. Long-billed Dowitcher (Limnodrumusscolopaceus)– Pamapanga, 2008 9. American Wigler (Anasamericana) – Pampanga, 2008 10. Black browned Wabler (Acrocephalusbistrigiopus) – GENERAL INFORMATION Agathisphilippinensis (Almaciga or Dayungon)  a species of Agathis native to the Philippines, Sulawesi and Halmahera, where it occurs in upland tropical rainforest at 450-2,200 m altitude, rarely as low as 250 m in northern Luzon.  It is a large coniferousevergreentree growing up to 65m tall with smooth, grey coloredbark Visayan leopard Cat (Prionailurusbengalensisrabori)-vulnerable; found in West Visayas faunal region Negros Shrew (Crociduranegrina)  awhite-toothed shrew found only on the island of Negros in the Philippines; locally called the katsuri; listed as endangered species due to habitat loss and a restricted range. Negros Cave Frog (Platymantisspelaeaus)  a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines; Recorded only on Negros Island. All 27 specimens were taken from 2 caves in Barrio Tiyabanan and barrio Actin on Basay, Negros Oriental; one of the two cave-dwelling species of Platymanthis in the Philippines Philippine Naked-backed Fruit Bat or Philippine bare-backed fruit bat (Dobsomiachapmani)  critically endangered; a megabat that lives on Negros Island and two small populations live on Cebu Island in the Philippines; was thought to be extinct in the Philippines, has recently been rediscovered, on the islands of Cebu in 2001 and Negros in 2003 Golden-crowned flying Fox (Acerodonjubatus)  endangered; The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight; found in Mambucal Negros Fruit Dove (Ptilinopusarcanus)  is a species of bird in the Columbidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. In fact, there have been no confirmed sightings of it since 1953 in Mt Kanlao-n Natural Park; it may or may not be extinct. Negros Stripped Babbler (Zosterornisnigrorum)  endangered; is a species of bird in the Zosteropidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines; Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss White-eared Brown Dove (Phapitreronleucotis)  is a species of bird in the Columbidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines. Palawan Bearded Pig (Susahoenobarbus)  vulnerable  a species of pig endemic to the Philippines, where they can only be found on the archipelago of islands formed by Balabac, Palawan and the Calamian Islands. Philippine hawk-Owl (Ninoxphilippensis)  least concern  a species of owl in the Strigidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines.  There are seven known species in the Philippines  two species were recently discovered: Cebu hawk owl, Ninoxrumseyi and Camiguin hawk owl, N. leventisi. Red-vented Cockatoo (Cacatuahaematuropygia)/Philippine Cockatoo or Kalangay  acritically endangered species of cockatoo that is endemic to the Philippines. It is roughly the size and shape of the Tanimbar Corella, but is easily distinguished by the red feathers around the vent. Rafflessiaspeciosa  aparasitic plant species of the genus Rafflesia. It is endemic to the Philippineisland of Panay. R. speciosa is the third Rafflesia species documented to exist in the Philippines, after R. manillana and R. schadenbergiana.  discovered in the mountains of Sibalom Natural Park (particularly Mount Porras) in Antique, Panay Rafflesialobata  is a parasitic plant species of the genus Rafflesia. It is endemic to the Philippineisland of Panay, particularly the mountains of Antique and Iloiloprovinces Whale Shark (Rhincodontypus)- butanding; balidan; vulnerable; a slow-moving filter feedingshark and the largest extant fish species in the world; largest living non-mammalian vertebrate; found in tropical and warm oceans and lives in the open sea with a lifespan of about 70 years; found in Southern Leyte. Donsol, Sorsogon, Pasacao and Batangas in the Philippines; On 7 March 2009, marine scientists in the Philippines discovered what is believed to be the smallest living specimen of the whale shark. The young shark, measuring only 38 centimetres (15 in), was found with its tail tied to a stake at a beach in Pilar, Philippines, Green Sea turtle (Cheloniamydas)  endangered; common name derives from the usually green fat found beneath their carapace (upper shell); is mostly herbivorous. The adults commonly inhabit shallow lagoons, feeding mostly on various species of seagrasses  island for turtle protection in the Philippines; Apo Reef, Turtle Island, Sarangani Bay Philippine forest turtle, the Philippine pond turtle (Siebenrockiellaleytensis)  aspecies of freshwater turtleendemic to the Philippines. It is classified as critically endangered  It is known as, the Palawan turtle, Laughing Terrapinor Leyte pond turtle.  Despite the latter common name, it does not occur in the island of Leyte but is instead native to the Palawan island group Philippine duck (Anasluzonica) - vulnerable; the only endemic water bird in the Philippines Philippine mouse-deer (Tragulusnigricans)  also known as the Balabac chevrotain or pilandok (in Filipino), is a small, nocturnalruminant, which is endemic to Balabac and nearby smaller islands (Bugsuc and Ramos) south-west of Palawan in the Philippines. Philippine crocodile (Crocodylusmindorensis)  also known as the Mindoro crocodile or the Philippine freshwater crocodile, is one of two species of crocodile that are found in the Philippines, the other is the larger Indo-Pacific crocodile or saltwater crocodile (Crocodylusporosus).  The Philippine crocodile, the speciesendemic only to the country, became data deficient to critically endangered in 2008 from exploitation and unsustainable fishing methods  The Philippine crocodile is only found on the islands of the Philippines Greater Luzon included Luzon, Catanduanes, Marinduque, Polillo, and several small islands. Greater Mindanao included Mindanao, Basilan, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, and adjacent small islands. Greater Palawan included Palawan, Balabac, Busuanga, Culion, Cuyo, and adjacent small islands. Greater Negros-Panay (West Visayas) included Negros, Panay, Cebu, Ticao Island, Guimaras and Masbate. Greater Sulu included the most of the Sulu Archipelago, from TawiTawi to Jolo. Important Bird Areas (IBAs), 5 from Negros Island IBA Code Site Name Country PH060 Northwest Panay Peninsula Natural Park Philippines PH061 Central Panay mountains Philippines PH062 North Negros Natural Park Philippines PH063 Mount Kanla-on Natural Park Philippines PH064 Ban-ban Philippines PH065 Southwestern Negros Philippines PH066 Cuernos de Negros (Mt.Talinis) Philippines Negros IBA - Hino-baan, Mt. Talinis, Mt. Kanlaon, NNNP (Mt. Silay and Mt. Mandalagan Area) Organizations/Events Negros Forest and Ecological Foundation, Inc. - is a nonprofit organization that aims to stop illegal logging in some of the areas of Negros Occidental. To attain its vision and mission, it launches different projects that will help save forests and wildlife in the province. The Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources (Haribon Foundation) - a membership organization dedicated to the conservation of Philippinebiodiversity especially the Philippine eagle. Katala Foundation, Inc. (KF) - a non-profit, non-stock and non-governmental organization and is active in protecting and conserving wildlife, particularly the critically endangeredPhilippine cockatoo or Red-vented cockatoo. Palawan Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center (PWRCC) – is established to prevent the further decline of these two species of crocodiles. Earth Hour - a worldwide event organized by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and held towards the end of March annually, encouraging households and businesses to turn off their non-essential lights for one hour to raise awareness about the need to take action on climate change. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) - s a recognized international authority that assigns a particular level of threat for every declared threatened species; identified three species that are classified as “threatened” – critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable Greenpeace - independent global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behavior, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) - an internationalnon-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment (founded On April 29, 1961); world's largest independent conservation organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around 1,300 conservation and environmental projects. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) - an international treaty, developed in 1973, to regulate trade in certain wildlife species. Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau – the national agency designated as CITES Management Authority for terrestrial wildlife in the Philippines. Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines (WCSP) - a professional organization of wildlife researchers, managers, scientists, and conservationists; founded 1993 Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Foundation, Inc (PBCFI) – logo: Giant-tailed cloud rat Philippine Environment and Management Office (PEMO) Important Bird Area (IBA) Kyoto Protocol - an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety – to contribute to ensuring an adequate level of protection in the field of the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on trans-boundary movements Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer – international negotiation which aims to the phase CFC production (September 16, 1987, Montreal Canada); The Philippines became a signatory in 1991 Some Threatened Animals in Negros Visayan Spotted Deer - Rusaalfredi; local name; usa; endangered; life span 10 – 12 years; found in Panay and Negros; extinct in Cebu and Masbate Visayan Warty Pig - Suscebifrons; critically endangered; extinct in Cebu, Giumaras and Masbate Visayan writhed hornbill - Aceroswaldeni; local name: kalaw; critically endangered Negrosbleeding heart pigeon- Gallicolumbakeayi; local name:baditan or balud; critically endangered; reported only in Patag-Silay Area; discovered by W.E. Keayi; its ideal habitat is the forest floor Philippine Bare-backed fruit bat - Dobsoniachapmani; critically endagered Visayan tarictic hornbill - Penelopidaspanini; local name: tularik; endangered Visayan leopard cat - Prionailurusbengalensisrabori; vulnerable; nocturnal Palm Civet - Paradoxurus hermaphrodites; local name: Musang, Milo or Alamid Malay civet - Viverratangalunga; local name: Singgarong or Alamid Philippine tube-nosed fruit bat - Nyctimenerabori; endangered; restricted to Negros, Cebu and Sibuyan and might also occur in Panay; in April 2001, one individual was mist-netted in Mambucal Resort Short-nosed fruit bat- Cynopterusbrachyotis Negros fruit dove(Ptilinopusarcanus) – found only in Mt. Kanlaon National Park; never been recorded following its discovery in 1953 Negros Flame-Temple Babler (Pasycotraphaspecoisa) – seen in Minoyan and Patag; endangered Forest Reserve in Negros Occidental Northern Negros Natural Park, Mt Kanlao-on National Park and Soutwestern Negros Forest Forest Reserve in Negros Oriental Souteastern Negros Forest, Sta. Catalina Forest and Twin-Lakes Balinsasayao and Mt. Talinis(Cuernos de Negros range) Critically endangered birds in Negros Occidental Visayan writhed hornbill and Negros bleeding heart pigeon (Gallicolumbakeayi) Endagered Birds in Negros Occidental Negros striped babler (Mt. Talinisrange only) - Stachyrisnigrorum, Flame templedbabler andVisayan tarictic hornbill Vulnerable bird in Negros Occidental white-throated jungle flycatcher, green-faced parrot finch, blackbelted-flower pecker, ashy-breasted flycatcher, white-winged cuckooshrike and rufouslored kingfisher Critically endangered and endemic mammals in Negros Occidental Visayan Warty Pig - Suscebifronsnegrinusand Philippine bare-backed fruit bat Three bird species considered new records for Negros Island Javan Pond Heron Ardeolaspeciosa, Red Turtle-dove Streptopeliatranquebaricaand Northern Pintail Anasacuta Bird species not found in the last 50 years Philippine Cockatoo and Nicobar Pigeon Bats Found in Mambukal Resort Giant Golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodonjubatus), Island flying fox (Pteropushypomelanus) and large flying fox (Pteropusvampyrus) Some Threatened Plants in Negros Dao - Dracontomelondao; endangered Tangili - Agathisphilipinenses; endangered Red Lauan - Shoreanegrosensis; vulnerable White Lauan - Shoreacontorta; vulnerable MEMBERS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM Tracheophyta Atracheophyta A. Seedless Vascular Seedless and nonvascular - moss (bryophyte), liverwort and hornwort B. Seed-bearing Vascular  - Angiosperm (seed enclosed within a fruit; flower-bearing; either dicot or monocot) - Gymnosperm (naked seed; cone-bearing; pine trees, almaciga) Endangered Plants in the Philippines tree fern (Cyathea spp.) almaciga (Agathisphilippinensis) belladonna (Pancolatus spp.) jade vine (Strongylodonmacrobotrys) "tayabak"-local name philippine date palm (Phoenix hanceana) kanyon or luplupak (Liliumphilippininensis) waling-waling (Euanthesanderiana)- found in Mt.apo (Queen of Philippine orchids) bungang-ipot (Areca ipot) philippinecamia (Hedychiumphilippinensi) aka philippine garland or white ginger cebu cinnamon (Cinnamomumcebuense) Tropical Rainforests  are characterized in two words: warm and wet. Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 °C (64 °F) during all months of the year.Average annual rainfall is no less than 168 cm (66 in) and can exceed 1,000 cm (390 in) although it typically lies between 175 cm (69 in) and 200 cm (79 in). Layer of rainforest Emergent layer (125 ft), Canopy Layer (95 ft), Understory layer (55 ft), Forest Floor (15 ft) Emergent layer The emergent layer contains a small number of very large trees called emergents, which grow above the general canopy, reaching heights of 45–55 m, although on occasion a few species will grow to 70–80 m tall.They need to be able to withstand the hot temperatures and strong winds that occur above the canopy in some areas. Eagles, butterflies, bats and certain monkeys inhabit this layer. Canopy layer The canopy layer contains the majority of the largest trees, typically 30–45 m tall. The densest areas of biodiversity are found in the forest canopy, a more or less continuous cover of foliage formed by adjacent treetops. The canopy, by some estimates, is home to 50 percent of all plant species, suggesting that perhaps half of all life on Earth could be found there. Epiphytic plants attach to trunks and branches, and obtain water and minerals from rain and debris that collects on the supporting plants. The fauna is similar to that found in the emergent layer, but more diverse. A quarter of all insect species are believed to exist in the rainforest canopy. Understorey/Understory layer The understorey/understory layer lies between the canopy and the forest floor. The understorey/understory is home to a number of birds, snakes and lizards, as well as predators such as jaguars, boa constrictors and leopards. The leaves are much larger at this level. Insect life is also abundant. Many seedlings that will grow to the canopy level are present in the understorey/understory. Only about 5% of the sunlight shining on the rainforest canopy reaches the understorey/understory. This layer can be called a shrub layer, although the shrub layer may also be considered a separate layer. Forest floor The forest floor, the bottom-most layer, receives only 2% of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region. Away from riverbanks, swamps and clearings, where dense undergrowth is found, the forest floor is relatively clear of vegetation because of the low sunlight penetration. It also contains decaying plant and animal matter, which disappears quickly, because the warm, humid conditions promote rapid decay. Many forms of fungi growing here help decay the animal and plant waste. Types of Forests in the Philippines 1. Dipterocarp forest - covers the largest forest areas in the Philippines. It is situated from the coastal flats going up to approximately 800 meters in the altitude. The dipterocarp forest is the biggest source of lumber supply in the country. 2. Fine forest - usually developed in the country’s high plateau regions. This is in the altitude ranging from seven to eight meters above the sea level. 3. Mangrove forest - has trees that have special root formations. The fruits and the seeds of the mangrove trees can survive; can germinate and can float in the seawater. This type of forest is tidal and it can be found along the clayed seashore as well as in the tidal zones in the river estuaries. 4. Beach forest can be found along the beach; this kind of forest forms a narrow strip along the sandy coast of the beach. 5. Mossy forest - can be found along the mountains in about 1200 altitude high. Most of the mountainous areas have moist climate in which mossy forest mostly developed. Prepared by: Mr. Russell N. Gorre Master Teacher I