Week 1 Systems Principles and Concepts PDF

ICT1104 Systems Design and Engineering Week 1：Systems principles and concepts  Objectives l The principles of systems engineering l What a systems engineer does in practice l How apply the systems engineering lifecycle or methodology l How apply the systems engineeri...

ICT1104 Systems Design and Engineering Week 1：Systems principles and concepts  Objectives l The principles of systems engineering l What a systems engineer does in practice l How apply the systems engineering lifecycle or methodology l How apply the systems engineering tools and modeling to understand the systems elements l How they connect, and how a system can be designed, developed, integrated, tested, deployed, and even retired  What is a system “A system is a set of elements in interaction” (Bertalanffy 1968) “Any set of related parts for which there is sufficient coherence between the parts to make viewing them as a whole useful”(INCOSE, 2015) “An engineered system defines a context containing both technology and social or natural elements, developed for a defined purpose by an engineering life cycle.”(INCOSE, 2015)  What is a system Ø https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKVfAvsZOv8  What is a system A food system through deming’s lens of a production system. Source: Sandra L. Furterer  Components q An engineered system can be made up of § Hardware § Software § Facilities § Policies § Documents § Processes § People § Etc  Types of systems q Types of systems § Product systems § Service and service systems § Enterprise and enterprise systems § System of systems § Open systems § Closed systems § Natural systems § Man-made systems General types of Engineered System of Interest (SoI) (SEBoK original) l Product and product systems: Products undergo design, development, and delivery to end-users,whether for their personal use or for the use of others. Product System – Airplane. Product System Components (ANSI/EIA 632). Sandra L. Furterer course work, Management of Engineering Systems, 2018. l Enterprise and enterprise systems: Enterprise and enterprise systems encompass the delivery of a product or service by one or multiple organizations or individuals. Enterprise System – a Hospital. S. Furterer course work, Management of Engineering Systems, l System of systems (SoS): A system of systems (SoS) is the collection of multiple, independent systems in context as part of a larger, more complex system. System of Systems. S. Furterer course work, Management of Engineering Systems, 2018. l Open systems: A opened system is one that interact with their environment,such as rail system. l Closed systems: A closed system is characterized by its lack of interaction with the surrounding environment.Closed systems do not exist in nature. Open and closed systems|chemical-equilibrium l Natural systems : A natural systems that exist in nature, such as a wetland. l Man-made systems: Including physical systems,conceptual systems, static and dynamic systems. Food, Society, and the Environment: Coupled Human-Natural Systems | GEOG 3: The Future of Food  Definitions Ø Interdisciplinary approach for engineered systems. Ø Facilitates achievement, utilization, and decommissioning. Ø Integrates systems theory principles. Ø Involves scientific, technological, and management methods. Key Elements of Systems Engineering. (SEBoK Original)  Necessity System complexity rises with rapid tech changes and shorter life cycles. Emphasizes understanding interplay of hardware, software, and customer needs. Goal: Achieving greater autonomy and intelligence in systems. Market competition drives fast-tracking of system processes. Many organizations lack essential infrastructure for mature processes. Systems Thinking History Intro To Systems Thinking - History Ø https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-md3RJfC4Q  Systems Thinking Analytical Approach: Systems thinking analyzes complex issues. Interconnected Systems: Views complex issues as interconnected systems. Comprehension of Relationships: Emphasizes understanding component relationships. Holistic Perspective: Avoids isolating components for a holistic view. Complexity Recognition: Acknowledges and avoids oversimplification of complexity.  Systems Thinking Ø https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPW0j2Bo_eY  Systems Thinking Senge's Definition: Senge defines systems thinking as a "discipline for seeing wholes." Interrelationships Over Isolation: It focuses on observing interrelationships, not isolated things. Patterns of Change: Systems thinking discerns patterns of change, not static snapshots. Reference: From Peter Senge's book "The Fifth Discipline" (1990, p. 68).  Systems Principles l Complexity Complexity as Gauge: Complexity gauges understanding of system behavior. Difficulty and Comprehension: Indicates difficulty in comprehending the system. Predicting Outcomes: Complexity is linked to challenges in predicting post- alteration outcomes. l Types of system complexity Structural complexity Dynamic complexity Sociopolitical complexity  Systems Principles l Emergence Emergence Definition: Complete entities show significant properties when attributed to the entirety. Interaction Result: Emergence arises from interactions among individual elements. Integrity Establishment: The principle encompasses the system's entirety and interactions to establish system integrity  Systems Principles l Hierarchy Evolution Facilitation: Complex systems evolve with a hierarchical structure. Element Interplay: Evolution involves interplay among system elements. Decomposition Contribution: Decomposition of elements contributes to complex system evolution. l Boundary Boundary/Membrane Role: Separates system from external environment. Interaction Focus: Focuses interactions within the system. Exchanges Permission: Permits exchanges with external systems.  Systems Principles l System Dynamics (Behavior, System Elements) The behavior of the system elements impacts the way a system operates to perform the desired.functions. What is System Dynamics？ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IenySRdkRu8  Systems Principles l Systems Thinking Systems Thinking Definition: Analyzes behavior patterns and element interconnectedness. Interactions Repercussions: Examines the impact of interactions on different system parts. Objective: Enhances system comprehension by simplifying understanding. Complex systems thinking explained Ø https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=c6-pnxSEZos  Systems Principles State and Behavior: Definition: The system's condition is determined by its attributes at a specific point in time. Function: Functions are tasks or activities aimed at achieving desired outcomes or processes transforming inputs into outputs.  Systems Principles l Abstraction Abstraction focuses us on essential characteristics important to design the system, while ignoring the non-essential information. l System Elements Elements of the system are the parts or functions that make up the system. l Relations A system is characterized by its relations: the interconnections between the elements. l Interactions Interactions provide an understanding of the behavior of a system based on the interactions of the elements.  Systems Principles l View A view allows us to focus on a particular property or behavior of the system to understand a complex system. l Parsimony The principles of parsimony help us to choose the simplest explanation of a phenomenon, the one that requires the fewest assumptions. l Networks The network provides the understanding of the system, through the relationships of the elements and the behavior of the elements. l Dualism Dualism can also mean, division into two parts of the system.  Systems Principles l Holism A system should be considered as a single entity, a whole, not just as a set of parts. l Similarity/Differences Both the similarities and differences in systems should be recognized and accepted for what they are. Avoid forcing one size fits all and avoid treating everything as entirely unique. l Separation of Concerns A larger problem is more effectively solved when decomposed into a set of smaller problems or concerns. l Modularity Unrelated parts of the system should be separated, and related parts of the system should be grouped together.  Systems Principles l Encapsulation (Hide Internal Workings of System) Definition:Involves enclosing items within a container (physical or logical). Software Development:Technique isolating a system function or data set within a module. Module Specifications: Provides specific specifications for the encapsulated module. l Change Change for Growth and Adaptation: Emphasizes that change is essential for growth and adaptation. Advocates for embracing and strategically planning for change as a natural aspect of the order, rather than overlooking, avoiding, or prohibiting it. Systems Principles Systems Principles  Biblography Bertalanffy, L. von. (1968). General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, rev. ed. New York: Braziller. Bertalanffy, L. von. (1972). The History and Status of General Systems Theory. Academy of Management Journal, 15(4), 407–426. https://doi-org.libproxy.udayton.edu/10.2307/255139 Blanchard, B, and Blyler, J. (2016). Systems Engineering Management, 5th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.Checkland, P. B. (1999). Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Deming, W. E., & Orsini, J. N. (2013). The Essential Deming. [electronic resource] : Leadership Principles from the Father of Total Quality Management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Deming, W. E. (1953). Statistical Techniques and International Trade. Journal of Marketing, 17(4), 428–433. https://doi- org.libproxy.udayton.edu/10.2307/1247021 Fellows. (2019). INCOSE Fellows Briefing to INCOSE Board of Directors. January 2019.Hammond, D. (2019). The legacy of Ludwig von Bertalanffy and its relevance for our time. Systems Research & Behavioral Science, 36(3), 301–307. https://doi- org.libproxy.udayton.edu/10.1002/sres.2598 Helmenstine, A. M. Scientific Definition of a Closed System in Thermodynamics. ThoughtCo, Feb. 11, 2020, thoughtco.com/definition-of-closed-system-604929.  Biblography Hitchins, D. (2007). Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons. IEEE. (1990). Standard Glossary of Software Engineering. Washington, DC, USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), IEE 610.12-1990. INCOSE. (2015). Systems Engineering Handbook: A Guide for System Life Cycle Processes and Activities, version 4.0. San Diego, CA, USA: International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), INCOSE-TP-2003-002-03.2.2. Parnas, D. (1972). On the Criteria To Be Used in Decomposing Systems Into Modules, Communications of the ACM, 5:(12) (December 1972) 1053–1058. Senge, P. (1990). Thee Fifth Discipline. New York: Doubleday p. 68. Sheard, S.A. and A. Mostashari. 2009. “Principles of Complex Systems for Systems Engineering“. Systems Engineering, 12(4): 295–311. Osirisnet.net, Tomb of Ancient Egypt. (n.d.). https://www.osirisnet.net/tombes/el_kab/pahery/e_pahery_01.htm, webmaster, Thierry Benderitter. Accessed: 8/11/2021.  Summary l The principles of systems engineering l What is a system l Components of an System Engineering l Types of systems l What is systems thinking l Systems Principles