GEOG2001: Digital Geographies Lecture 2, 2024 PDF

GEOG2001: Digital Geographies: Geospatial Data & Analysis Lecture 2, Semester 2, 2024 St. Lucia Campus 29/07/2024 Acknowledgement of Country The University of Queensland (UQ) acknowledges the Traditional Owners, the Turrbal and Jagera peoples, and their custodians...

GEOG2001: Digital Geographies: Geospatial Data & Analysis Lecture 2, Semester 2, 2024 St. Lucia Campus 29/07/2024 Acknowledgement of Country The University of Queensland (UQ) acknowledges the Traditional Owners, the Turrbal and Jagera peoples, and their custodianship of the lands on which we meet. We pay our respects to their Ancestors and descendants, present and emerging, who continue cultural and spiritual connections to Country. We recognise their valuable contributions to Australian and global society. 2 Geographies of Everyday Mobility Why should we care about everyday mobility? Key concepts Geospatial knowledge Mobility data + Cases around the world Conclusion 3 1.47 billion 0.24 billion km 9.6 million 41Mt 11 million 4 Economic Impact ▪ Macroeconomic: Transport is linked to the total output of an economy, through direct employment, as well as supporting economic activities of other sectors (passengers and freights) ▪ Microeconomic: Transport links producers, consumers, and the distribution of goods and services. Transport is directly associated with household expenditure. FHWA (2012) Exploring the Relationship between Travel Demand and Economic Growth, Fig 1. ‘Total Auto and Truck VMT (trillions) and GDP (trillions of $2005), 1936-2011’ 5 Environmental Impact ▪ Transport accounts for a significant share of global carbon emission (17% - 25%, according to different studies/analyses). ▪ Road vehicles (cars, trucks, buses, and motorbikes) account for nearly ¾ of all carbon emission from transport (BBC, 2020). 6 Social Impact ▪ Transport equity: The distribution of transport benefit and cost (economic, environmental, social, etc.) must follow the principles of fairness and justice. ▪ Horizontal and vertical equity: Horizontal equity means people of similar needs and ability are treated similarly. Vertical equity means the more disadvantaged people should receive favourable treatment. Bloomberg CityLab (2016). “Japan keeps this train station running for just one regular passenger” 7 Classifying human mobility by time & space Frequency Low High Local Residential mobility – Everyday mobility house moving Scale Long distance Circulation migration Regional 8  Everyday mobility High Routine, habitual frequency Varieties of activities Access Multimodal Proximity Move Means Flexibility Infrastructure to support ment to multiple modes Highly mobile meet end … Ability Infrastr to ucture Local Proximity move coverage Multimodal Resou Time rces Infrastructure suitable for constr multiple functionalities aint Activity centres 9  Characterise everyday mobility Time budget “A time budget is a record, presented orally or on paper, of what a person has done during the course of a stated period of time. It usually covers a 24-hour day or multiples thereof. The record is taken down with precision and detail, identifying what people have done with explicit reference to exact amounts of time. It is usually presented chronologically through the day, beginning with the time that a person gets up in the morning.” Michelson (1973) Time assigned to Time assigned to non- Budget assigned to travel activities travel activities goods consumption Time use diary  Characterise everyday mobility Time use (allocation) Four types of time: Paid work (contract time) Household/family care (committed time) Personal time Free time (travel) Robinson & Godbey (1997) Robinson & Godbey (1997, ‘Time for Life: The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time’, Chapter 1, Fig. 3)  Australians’ time use (during the pandemic) The Time Use Survey (TUS), 2020 – 2021 Four types of time: Necessary activities (personal time) Contracted activities (contract time) Committed activities (committed time) Free time activities (free time) Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2022). How Australians Use Their Time: Key findings on how people use their time in Australia. Figure 1.1.  What does time use reveal? Juster & Stafford (1991, ‘The Allocation of Time: Empirical Findings, Behavioral Models, and Problems of Measurement’, J Econ Lit)  Characterise everyday mobility Space-time Space-time Hägerstrand’s budget constraints time geography Space-time budget instruments extend Time geography views activities as occurring only time-use instruments by incorporating at specific locations for limited time periods. information on the spatial coordinates of Constraints that limit the ability of individuals to locations where activities take place. travel and participate in activities include: Hoeben et al. (2014) 1. Capability constraints: the person’s capabilities for trading time for space in movement (e.g., access to public transport) 2. Coupling constraints: the need to couple with others at particular locations for a given duration 3. Authority constraints: the ability of public or private authorities to restrict physical presence from some locations in space and time  Contextualise time geography Space-time path Individual path: Follow the Bundle: When individual The time space: Past, sequence of movements in the paths are located at the same now, and future space-time continuum place and time Ellegård (2019, ‘Time geography in the global context’, Ch1, ‘The roots and diffusion of time-geography’, Fig.1.1. a – c )  Contextualise time geography Space-time path “Individual paths convey information about the individual’s activity space and the influence of fixed activities that comprise the anchor points of day-to-day existence. Collections of paths convey information on emergent space-time patterns and structures, such as bundles, projects, and space-time activity systems.” Miller (2004, ‘A measurement theory for time geography’) Miller (2004, ‘A measurement theory for time geography’, Geographical Analysis)  Contextualise time geography Space-time path  Contextualise time geography Space-time prism prism: It characterises the future space of opportunities for an individual. It is determined by the maximum speed of movement Ellegård (2019, ‘Time geography in the global context’, Ch1, ‘The roots and diffusion of time-geography’, Fig.1.1. d – e )  Contextualise time geography Space-time prism Space-time prisms denoting different modes of transport Usefulness of time geography Okamoto & Arai (2019, ‘Time geography in the global context’, Ch2, ‘Time-geography in Japan’) Journey to work: Essence of everyday mobility Ye & Ma (2019, ‘Australian city workers’ average commute has blown out to 66 minutes a day. How does yours compare?’, The Conversation) 22 Journey to work: Essence of everyday mobility A total of 30% of the 1 million people who are employed in Greater Brisbane work in Inner City. The figure on the left shows the largest daily commuting flows to the inner city from South, North, and West. Cooper & Corcoran (2018, ‘Journey to Work in Australia’, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Fig 5.) 23 JTW Interactive Map 24  30 Minute Accessibility to Job When normalised by population size, it is clear that Australian cities share similar car accessibility (to job) to American cities. Wu & Levinson (2021, ‘Towards the 30-minute city — how Australians’ commutes compare with cities overseas’, The Conversation) 25  30 Minute Accessibility to Job European and Chinese cities have comparably better public transport accessibility (to job) than Australian cities and American cities. Wu & Levinson (2021, ‘Towards the 30-minute city — how Australians’ commutes compare with cities overseas’, The Conversation) 26  30 Minute Accessibility to Job Again, in terms of active travel (cycling in this case), Chinese and European cities have much better bike accessibility (to job) than Australian and American cities. Wu & Levinson (2021, ‘Towards the 30-minute city — how Australians’ commutes compare with cities overseas’, The Conversation) 27  Implications of JTW Cause Implications Household characteristics (car Economic implications (value ownership, dependents in the of time for all commutes, household, income, etc.) economic cost of congestion, Land use characteristics etc.) (homogenous/mixed use, Environmental implications distance between residential (fossil fuel consumption, and employment centres, etc.) pollutant and GHG emissions, Transport network ecological land conservation, characteristics (car-centric or etc.) multimodal, public transport Social implications (gaps of level of service, cycling trails, accessibility, dissatisfactory etc.) public transport services in low- Employment characteristics income areas, rural/urban (telecommuting, incentive to gaps, etc.) public transport, etc.) 28  Mobility data sources Time Census data Residential Intra-urban Inter-regional Years mobility International mobility Urban-rural Travel survey data 12 months Months Administrative records 4 weeks Weeks Other retrospective 7 days Administrative records surveys Days 224 hours Real time data (GPS tracker, transaction (e.g., GO Hours Card), facility usage (ATMs), social media) Space Local Regional National Global 29  “Data +” (enrichment) Weather data Crime data Explaining Mobility human spatial Health data behaviour & data its outcomes Economic data Environmental data Transportation data … 30 Case 1: Mobility data + weather data Gebhart & Noland (2014) The impact of weather conditions on bikeshare trips in Washington, DC, Fig 1. ‘Number of trips per day versus average temperature each day’ 31  Case 2: The ABC of Mobility Prieto-Curiel, R., & Ospina, J. P. (2024). The ABC of mobility. Environment International, 185, 108541–108541. 32 Conclusion: The future of everyday mobility Australian Bureau of Statistics (2024). “Working from home remains popular but less than in 2021.” Conclusion: The future of everyday mobility Roundtable: Geographies of everyday mobility ❑ Moderator: Yassin Nooradini Shahabadi (PhD candidate, Urban design and planning) ❑ Discussants: Nelly Chong Hsin Yu Ho William Morrison Jiasheng Shi Frank Zou  In your opinion or experience, what could have caused an increasing commuting time in Australian’s major cities? What are the more sustainable mobility models in other parts of the world that Australia could learn from? In our own city/region, how could we start building a culture of active travel? A few words to describe how geography or your discipline of study can help?  Now the floor is open. Please share your thoughts and questions!  Reminders Please continuing to sign up for volunteer discussants for Lectures 5, 9, and 10! If you have not indicated your fieldtrip preference, please do so by the end of the day. On Wednesday’s prac sessions, I will sub Reyad as your demonstrator. 41 Thank you Dr Frank Zou Prof Jonathan Corcoran Mr Md Amjad Hossain Reyad 501 Chamberlain Building (35) 511 Chamberlain Building (35) [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]