Week 1 Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction HUBS 1403 Biomedical Science Part 1 The whole person Levels of Organisation Levels of Structural Organisation Human Body Systems Integration of Body Systems Themes in Physiology l Structure and function are closely related l Molecular interactio...

Introduction HUBS 1403 Biomedical Science Part 1 The whole person Levels of Organisation Levels of Structural Organisation Human Body Systems Integration of Body Systems Themes in Physiology l Structure and function are closely related l Molecular interactions l Compartmentations l Energy transfer, storage and use l Information flow coordinates body functions l Homeostasis maintains internal stability HUBS1403 – Biomedical Science I Course Coordinator Callaghan: A/Prof Phil Jobling [email protected] Other Lecturers Dr Melissa Tadros Dr Daniel Beard Teaching Support Unit: 49212058 Recommended Core Reading Content Principles of Anatomy & Physiology, 3rd Asia Pacific Edition You will need to buy electronic access through the publisher. This is not compulsory but we think it is a good resource that aligns with the content. Slide 8  Other resources https://usq.pressbooks.pub/anatomy/ School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy Slide 9 Faculty of Health  Alternative reading The library has a large number of free to you textbooks and resources that have all the information you will need. These will also be valuable in all your courses throughout your degree. So, I strongly suggest you get used to finding resources through the library databases. In many later courses you will be expected to source information on your own and there may not be a prescribed textbook. Use this URL to get to one of the best databases. https://www-clinicalkey-com-au.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au/#!/ For this course try Berne and Levy Physiology, Seventh Edition Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, Fourteenth Edition BanesMedical Biochemistry, Sixth Edition Slide 10  Canvas https://canvas.newcastle.edu.au l Course outline – timetable, assessment, contacts l Lecture notes and recordings l Online assessments l Practice tests l Announcements l Discussion Board PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU CAN ACCESS Canvas  Assessment Dates are in the Course Outline Put them in your diary or calendar TODAY!  Workload University policy expects that a student will spend on average 120-140 hours of effort (contact and non-contact) per 10 unit course. Full time study is a full time job (4 courses = 40 hours per week total study time). 140 hours/semester = 10 hours/week per course If outside work commitments or caring responsibilities or any other non university related activities mean that you can’t find the time to study contact your program convenor ASAP. They are the person who is responsible to get you through your degree. They can advise on the best course sequence and if there are part time study plans to allow you to enjoy study and the rest of your life! (this will be degree dependent). Everyone is capable of passing this course, if they have time to read and make notes and work through the practice questions. Trying to binge watch lectures just before an exam and cramming seldom ends well.  Adverse Circumstances HUBS1403 l Mid-semester & formal: use online system. Make sure your documentation (eg medical certificates) match the dates you were impacted. l Outside work is generally not a sufficient reason to miss a test. I suggest you communicate your exam timetable to your employer as soon as possible. l You must be registered with the University elite athlete program to qualify for allowances around significant events (National or world championships etc…) Need some extra help? See help link on Canvas https://canvas.newcastle.edu.au/courses/18359/pages/help l Student Support Services l provide assistance and encouragement for all students l including free counselling service l Disability support l support for students with special needs l recommendations to course coordinator on ways to best support your learning. l Students who encounter academic difficulties should inform the contact the course coordinator promptly Feedback on your Progress l Practice Quizzes l Mid-semester exam(s) l Score; Review of difficult questions l Make an appointment for individual feedback mindful of the ratio of ~500 students to one course coordinator.  Homeostasis & Terminology HUBS 1403 Biomedical Science Part 1 Terminology  A new language Someone once said you will learn more new words in a first-year science/physiology course than if you enrolled in a foreign language course! Luckily, many terms are based on standard language rules such that once you know a stem word you can work out the meaning of the term. BUT some terms are just plain strange, or their origin is obscure. Fun fact: The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) name relates to the strange behaviour of drosophila carrying a specific mutation when placed under ether anaesthesia. School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy Slide 2 Faculty of Health  A new language 1. Understand the nomenclature used in physiology to assist with understanding new terminology School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy Slide 3 Faculty of Health Before you travel to another part of the world….. You should learn a few phrases in the local language……and pick up more while you are there or you won’t understand anything! Nataka bia, Simama! tafadali Choo kiko Hakuna Hatari! Sasa? wapi? shida Luckily you already know a lot…… unicyclist Terminology (root) Terminology (root) Terminology (root) (root) Terminology Terminology Terminology Medical Dictionary (ebooks through library) School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy Slide 12 Faculty of Health Terminology Table Prefix Meaning Suffix Meaning hypo- -cyte hyper- -phobic post- -philic epi- -pathy glyc- -lysis macro- -megaly inter- -itis intra- -ium poly- -genesis Fill in the table and add to it as you learn more words during the semester Homeostasis & Terminology HUBS 1403 Biomedical Science Part 1 Homeostasis  Homeostasis 1. Define homeostasis 2. Understand the relationship between an organism’s internal and external environments 3. Describe the components of a feedback system. 4. Contrast the operation of negative and positive feedback systems. 5. Understand the consequences of homeostatic failure School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy Slide 15 Faculty of Health  To Survive Every Organism Must Maintain HOMEOSTASIS Homeo, like or similar + stasis, condition n i.e. a stable internal environment n achieved by balancing inputs and outputs Homeostasis & Body Fluids l Intracellular fluid (ICF) l within cells l Extracellular fluid (ECF) l outside body cells l internal environment l Precisely regulated Fluid Compartments l Label locations of intracellular fluid and extracellular (interstitial & plasma) fluid Composition of ECF Regulated Variable Normal Range or Value Core Body Temperature 37OC [H+] or pH 7.35-7.45 [K+] 3.5-5.0 mmol/L [Ca+] 2.2-2.7 mmol/L [Blood glucose] 70-110 mg/dl Blood volume 5L Mean arterial pressure 93 mmHg Arterial O2 levels 75-100 mmHg Arterial CO2 levels 34-45 mmHg [ ] denotes concentration Homeostatic Regulation l Most often involves the nervous system and endocrine system l Acting together or independently Regulation Through Negative Feedback Components of a Homeostatic Feedback System CONTROL CENTRE Integrates information from the receptor by comparing the monitored Receptor (sensor) value with Monitors a physiological variable acceptable EFFECTOR and detects changes in that variable range Returns the monitored value within limits of normal range A Demonstration of Homeostasis Blagden C (1775) Experiments and observations in a heated room. Phil. Trans. Roy. Sco. Lond 65: 111-123 l Chamber heated to ~98º C l Blagden and colleagues l Up to 20 min l Read Blagden’s reports at https://publicdomainreview.org/collections/experiments-and-observations-in-a- heated-room-1774/  Temperature Regulation An example of negative feedback Regulation of Blood Pressure  Feedback Control Two means by which feedback control can operate: l Negative feedback l Reverses the effect of the original stimulus. l Maintains conditions that require frequent monitoring; long term. l Positive feedback l Amplifies effect of original stimulus l Associated with infrequent, short term processes l Minor role in maintenance of homeostasis Negative Feedback Control Regulated Variable Normal Range or Value Core Body Temperature 37OC [H+] or pH 7.35-7.45 [K+] 3.5-5.0 mmol/L [Ca+] 2.2-2.7 mmol/L [Blood glucose] 70-110 mg/dl Blood volume 5L Mean arterial pressure 93 mmHg Arterial O2 levels 75-100 mmHg Arterial CO2 levels 34-45 mmHg [ ] denotes concentration  Blood Clotting Damaged cells release chemicals An example of positive feedback  Consequences Of Homeostatic Failure l Values of physiological parameters drift outside normal ranges l Disease l may affect a tissue, organ or even a system l Changes throughout body (processes integrated) l Death  COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the University of Newcastle persuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice Building blocks of life HUBS 1403 Biomedical Science Part 1 What is matter?  Let’s build a person Physiology (HUBS1403/1404) Population health School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy Slide 3 Faculty of Health  We are made of atoms l smallest component of an element that retains the properties of that element. l unique properties due to number of protons, neutrons and electrons l https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=addK0b2Isw8&feature=youtu.be “Understanding people is understanding atoms” Let’s use water to understand how atoms interact with each other Wikipedia commons School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy Slide 5 Faculty of Health  Hydrogen and oxygen atoms have unique properties that shape all life on earth. Oxygen atoms possess 8 positive protons and 8 negative electrons O2 Electrons exist at various distances from the nucleus. The electrons in the outer shell give each atom specific properties. Individual oxygen atoms are unstable and try to gain an electron in their outer shell. Usually, they share electrons with another atom. You never see individual oxygen atoms floating around in the atmosphere. They are always in pairs (O2). They like to gain electrons. Hydrogen and oxygen atoms have unique properties that shape all life on earth. Hydrogen atoms possess 1 proton and electron Hydrogen behaves opposite to oxygen. It is more stable if it can lose or donate its electron to another atom. To illustrate the the concept of atoms interacting through their electrons to form molecules we will start with water.  Water has unique properties Electrons are shared unequally spending more time closer to oxygen. This gives the whole water molecule a “polarity” where the oxygen side is partially negative, and the hydrogen side is partially positive. This gives water properties like no other liquid. It also has implications for whole body water balance as water and things dissolved in water need to move from the gut to the blood to the tissues to the cells. So, the fact that water molecules arrange themselves based on their polarity has profound implications for understanding how we work. https://socratic.org/chemistry Our bodies are mostly water and the chemical reactions in our bodies take place in water. So, we need to understand how water works Water – the strangest liquid: https://youtu.be/Xg9z3yr1Dno (Spoiler alert – we still don’t really understand why water is different to any other fluid! )  Water has unique properties Unequal sharing of electrons Electrons spend more time orbiting the oxygen nucleus – Small –ve charge Electrons spend less time orbiting the hydrogen nucleus – Small +ve charge Polar Covalent Bonds Facilitate Hydrogen Bonds  Hydrogen Bonds the attraction between a small +ve charge on the H atom of a polar covalent bond and a small -ve charge on a neighbouring atom (usually O or N) of another polar covalent bond. This is really important in setting the “3d shape” of a molecule. Weak attractive force – Between adjacent molecules Properties of water eg surface tension – Too weak create molecules – Can be within the same molecule What other atoms make a person? https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/periodic-table/ What other atoms make a person? Main Chemical Elements in the Body School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy Slide 14 Faculty of Health Anions and Cations l Atoms that lose electrons l Are electron donors l Become cations l possess a net positive charge l e.g Na+ l Atoms that gain electrons l Are electron acceptors l become anions l possess a net negative charge l e.g Cl- l Electrical attraction b/n cations & anions = ionic bonds  Organic Compounds l contain carbon l many polymers, including all plastics l carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins. l characteristic of living organisms.  Inorganic Compounds l Not of biological origin l Do not contain carbon atoms but exceptions: l Oxides of carbon e.g CO2, CO l Carbonates & bicarbonates e.g H2CO3 l Cyanide & cyanates e.g. NaCN l Include water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, salts, acids, bases l essential for life  Key points We introduced an important concept of how atoms interact to form molecules. through their outer shell electrons. We will build on this when we talk about more complex molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, bone) We introduced a very important concept of how hydrogen atoms through “hydrogen bonds” can determine the shape of a larger molecule. You will need this to understand how drugs, hormones and neurotransmitters work. We will revisit hydrogen bonds when we talk about proteins and DNA We introduced some of the other atoms that make a person We talked about anions and cations. We will talk a lot more about those later. Especially when we talk about the various components of your plasma. School of Biomedical Science and Pharmacy Slide 18 Faculty of Health