Week_1_-Introduction-The-Human-Computer-and-Interface.pdf

W1: THE HUMAN THE COMPUTER THE INTERFACE EARLY BEGINNINGS COMPUTING IN 1945 HARVARD MARK 1 The Harvard Mark I was a large computer designed to assist in differential equation numerical computation. It was developed at Harvard University by Howard Aiken and was funded and...

W1: THE HUMAN THE COMPUTER THE INTERFACE EARLY BEGINNINGS COMPUTING IN 1945 HARVARD MARK 1 The Harvard Mark I was a large computer designed to assist in differential equation numerical computation. It was developed at Harvard University by Howard Aiken and was funded and installed by IBM. The computer (or the IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)) was known as the Harvard Mark I. The Harvard Mark 1 is a room-sized, relay- based calculator. The machine had a fifty-five feet long, eight feet in high and 5 tons in weight. Bellis, Mary. “Who Invented the Mark I Computer?” ThoughtCo, www.thoughtco.com/howard-aiken-and-grace-hopper-4078389. E. N. I. A. C. An all-electronic calculating machine was proposed by physicist John Mauchly in 1942. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army needed complicated wartime ballistics tables to be measured. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), designed between 1943 and 1945, was the first large-scale computer to operate without being slowed by any mechanical components at electronic level. “r/OldSchoolCool - ENIAC, the First Electronic General-Purpose Computer That Was Turing-Complete Was a 30-Ton Behemoth Covering 1,800 Sq Ft, Used 20,000 Vacuum Tubes, 70,000 Resistors, 10,000 Capacitors, 1,500 Relays, 6,000 Manual Switches, Consumed 150 KW of Electricity, and Required Six Women Programmers (c. 1940s).” Reddit, www.reddit.com/r/OldSchoolCool/comments/iotlf3/eniac_the_first_electronic_generalpurpose/. P.D.P -1 The PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor-1) computer build in 1959. It was the first consumer computer that concentrated on user interaction instead of the productive use of computer process. The first computer game is generally assumed to be the game Spacewar!, developed in 1962 at MIT (Stephen Russell a.o.). Spacewar originally ran on a PDP-1 computer the size of a large car. “Alan Kotok, Steve Russell, Martin ‘Shag’ Graetz Play Spacewar! at the Computer Museum, Boston.” Alan Kotok, Steve Russell, Martin "Shag" Graetz Play Spacewar! at the Computer Museum, Boston | PDP-1 Restoration Project | Computer History Museum, www.computerhistory.org/pdp-1/6a210c1a96e2ed4f4ffa5492d5128d83/. GRACE MURRAY HOPPER The American computer scientist and rear admiral of the United States Navy was Grace Brewster Murray Hopper. She was one of the first Harvard Mark I computer programmers and a computer programming pioneer who invented one of the first links. Jasper, Marykate, and By. “Google Is Working on a Movie About Grace Hopper.” The Mary Sue, 28 Feb. 2018, www.themarysue.com/google-is-working-on-a- movie-about-grace-hopper/.  WHAT MECHANICAL POOR FEEDBACK SPECIALIST USE INTERACTION PROCESS CONTROL CALCULATIONS DID YOU SEE NO INTENTION TO ADDRESS THE MASS MARKET DEVELOPMENT EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO USE LARGE AND EXPENSIVE “PEOPLE TIME” (LABOUR) USED BY SPECIALISTS NO KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HOW TO MAKE USE EASIER WHAT IS Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a collaborative area of research that focuses on computer technology development and, in particular, human (user) interaction HCI with computers. HCI has since grown to include almost all aspects of information technology design, although it was originally concerned with computers.  HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION -DEFINITION  PSYCHOLOGY ENGINEERING DESIGN COMPUTER COGNITIVE SCIENCE PSYCHOLOGY HCI HUMAN COMPUTER FACTORS SCIENCE HCI SEMIOTICS LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY FINE ARTS & DESIGN ETHNOGRAPHY SOCIOLOGY USER RESEARCH DISCIPLINES-CONTRIBUTING TO HCI  PRINCIPLE OF HCI (USABILITY) USEFUL Accomplish what is required (functional, does things) USABLE Do it easily and naturally without error (does the right things) USED Make people want to use it (be attractive, acceptable to org.) The HUMAN A person’s interaction with the outside world occurs through information being received and sent: input and output. In an interaction with a computer the user receives information that is output by the computer, and responds by providing input to the computer – the user’s output becomes the computer’s input and vice versa.  The human WHY DO WE  Humans are limited in their capacity to process information. NEED TO  This has important implications for design. UNDERSTAND  Interacting with technology is cognitive HUMAN IN  Human Information Processing is referred to as cognition HCI  The human INPUT–OUTPUT CHANNELS Human vision is a highly complex The third and last of the senses that activity with a range of physical and we will consider is touch or haptic perceptual limitations, yet it is the perception. Although this sense is primary source of information for the often viewed as less important than average person. sight or hearing, imagine life without it. The sense of hearing is often Before leaving this section on the considered secondary to sight, but human’s input–output channels, we we tend to underestimate the need to consider motor control and amount of information that we how the way we move affects our receive through our ears. interaction with computers. VISION · HEARING · TOUCH · MOVEMENT  The human What Do You See? The Ponzo illusion is an optical illusion that was first A demonstrated by the Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo (1882-1960) in 1913. He suggested that the human mind judges an. object's size based on its background. He showed this by drawing two identical lines B across a pair of converging lines, similar to railway tracks. https://psychology.wikia.org/  The human What Do You See? The Muller-Lyer illusion is a well- known optical illusion in which two lines of the same length appear to be A of different lengths. The illusion was. first created by a German B psychologist named Franz Carl.a Muller-Lyer in 1889. C Muller-Lyer illusion is that our brains perceive the depths of the two shafts based upon depth cues. When the fins are pointing in toward the shaft of the line, we perceive it as sloping away much like the corner of a building. https://www.verywellmind.com/  The human What is human memory? Memory refers to the Sensory Memory Iconic |Echoic|Haptic processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and Attention later retrieve information. Short-term Memory (Working Memory) Information is stored in memory: Sensory Memory Short-term (Working) Memory Rehearsal Long-term Memory. Long-term Memory  The human INFORMATION IS STORED IN MEMORY sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory The sensory memories act as buffers for Short-term memory or working memory If short-term memory is our working stimuli received through the senses. acts as a ‘scratch-pad’ for temporary memory or ‘scratch-pad’, long-term recall of information. It is used to store memory is our main resource. A sensory memory exists for each information which is only required sensory channel: iconic memory for fleetingly. Here we store factual information, visual stimuli, echoic memory for aural experiential knowledge, procedural stimuli and haptic memory for touch. Short-term memory can be accessed rules of behavior – in fact, everything rapidly, in the order of 70 ms. However, that we ‘know’. These memories are constantly it also decays rapidly, meaning that overwritten by new information coming information can only be held there Unlike working memory there is little in on these channels. temporarily, in the order of 200 ms. decay: long-term recall after minutes is the same as that after hours or days. Attention is the concentration of the mind on one out of a A rehearsal strategy uses repeated practice of information number of competing stimuli or thoughts. It is clear that to learn it. When a student is presented with specific we are able to focus our attention selectively, choosing to information to be learned, such as a list, often he will attend to one thing rather than another. This is due to the attempt to memorize the information by repeating it over limited capacity sensory and mental processes and over. The computer In order to understand how humans interact with computers, we need to have an understanding of both parties in the interaction. The previous chapter explored aspects of human capabilities and behavior of which we need to be aware in the context of human–computer interaction; This chapter considers the computer and associated input–output devices and investigates how the technology influences the nature of the interaction and style of the interface.  The computer A computer system comprises various elements, each of which affects the user of the system. INPUT/OUTPUT · INTERACTION · VIRTUAL REALITY · MEMORY · PROCESSOR  The computer Input device Input devices are the hardware devices which take information from user of the computer system, convert it into electrical signals and transmit it to the processor.  The computer output device It is used to present information to the user from a computer. Output devices take data from the computer system and convert it to a form that can be read by humans.  The computer COMPUTER MEMORY Computer memory is a generic term for all of the different types of data storage technology that a computer may use, including RAM, ROM, and flash memory. COMPUTER MEMORY PRIMARY MEMORY SECONDARY MEMORY RAM ROM HDD SSD OTHER FLASH STORAGE DEVICE  The computer SHORT TERM MEMORY RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY Random Access Memory is your system's short-term data storage; it stores the information your computer is actively using so that it can be accessed quickly. The more programs your system is running, the more memory you'll need.  The computer LONG TERM MEMORY ROM (READ-ONLY MEMORY). It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-permanent data. Used to store the start-up instructions for a computer, also known as the firmware. ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your computer, the contents of ROM will remain. ROM is mostly used for firmware updates.  The computer LONG TERM MEMORY HARD DISK DRIVE (HDD) Hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage device that is installed inside the computer. SOLID-STATE DRIVE (SSD) Uses integrated circuit assemblies to store data persistently, typically using flash memory,  The computer OPTICAL DRIVE READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) Read only memory media that is pre-recorded. is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. RECORDABLE (R) Recordable media that can be recorded once. REWRITABLE (RW) Rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and recorded The INTERACTION Interaction models help us to understand what is going on in the interaction between user and system. They address the translations between what the user wants and what the system does.  The interaction Interaction Paradigms 1950’S BATCH PROCESSING 1960’S TIMESHARING 1970’S NETWORKING (1972 1ST EMAIL) 1980’S GRAPHICAL DISPLAY MICROPROCESSOR 1990’S WWW 1995’S GRID/CLOUDS COMPUTING THIS ERA … HUMAN ROBOT INTERACTION TABLET/TABLE TOP COMPUTING  The interaction Types of user interfaces COMMAND LINE INTERFACE Expressing instructions to the computer directly Use function keys, single characters, short abbreviations, whole words, or a combination Suitable for repetitive tasks Better for expert users than novices Offers direct access to system functionality Command abbreviations should be meaningful!  The interaction Types of user interfaces MENU INTERFACE Set of options displayed on the screen less recall - easier to use rely on recognition so names should be meaningful Selection by: numbers, letters, arrow keys, mouse combination Often (frequent) options hierarchically grouped Restricted form of full WIMP system  The interaction Types of user interfaces NATURAL LANGUAGE Familiar to user Speech recognition or typed natural language Problems vague · ambiguous · hard to do well! Solutions try to understand a subset pick on key words SIRI 2011 · CORTANA & ALEXA 2014 · GOOGLE 2016 · BIXBY 2017  The interaction Types of user interfaces QUERY INTERFACES Question/answer interfaces user led through interaction via series of questions suitable for novice users but restricted functionality often used in information systems Query languages (e.g. SQL) used to retrieve information from database requires understanding of database structure and language syntax, hence requires some expertise  The interaction Types of user interfaces FORM-FILLS INTERFACE Primarily for data entry or data retrieval Screen like paper form. Data put in relevant place Requires good design obvious correction facilities  The interaction Types of user interfaces SPREADSHEETS INTERFACE First spreadsheet VISICALC, followed by Lotus 1-2-3 MS Excel most common today Sophisticated variation of form-filling. grid of cells contain a value or a formula formula can involve values of other cells e.g. sum of all cells in this column user can enter and alter data spreadsheet maintains consistency  The interaction Types of user interfaces WIMP INTERFACE Windows, Icon, Mice, and Pointer or windows, icons, mice, and pull-down menus! default style for majority of interactive computer systems, especially PCs and desktop machines POINT AND CLICK INTERFACE Used in.. Multimedia, web browsers and hypertext Minimal typing Use in ATM’s  The interaction Types of user interfaces THREE DIMENSIONAL INTERFACES Virtual reality ‘ordinary’ window systems highlighting visual 3D workspaces use for extra virtual space light and occlusion give depth distance effects