Unit-III: Goals of Nursing Concepts PDF

Unit-III: Goals of Nursing and Related Concepts Misbah khan Lecturer DION&M,DUHS Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit ...

Unit-III: Goals of Nursing and Related Concepts Misbah khan Lecturer DION&M,DUHS Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Objectives At the completion of this unit learners will be able to: Define basic human needs. Discuss basis of nursing practice. Define World Health Organization. Explain model of conceptual framework for generic BSN program. Explore nursing and nursing practice. Define goal of nursing process. Identify historical perspective of the nursing process Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Nursing and Nursing Practice The central focus in all definitions of nursing is the patient (the person receiving care) and includes the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of that person. Nursing’s concepts and definitions have expanded to include the prevention of illness and the promotion and maintenance of health for individuals, families, and communities. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Aims of Nursing Four broad aims of nursing practice can be identified in the definitions of nursing: 1. To promote health 2. To prevent illness 3. To restore health 4. To facilitate coping with disability or death Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Promoting Health Process of enabling people to increase control over their health and to improve their health. Nurses spend the most time with the patients and provide anticipatory guidance about immunizations, nutrition, dietary, medications, and safety. Nurses are best able to perform health promotion tasks by enhancing the quality of life for all people through assessment of individual and community needs, education, identification of resources, and evaluation and implementation of programs to help reduce premature deaths and reduce costs in both the financial and human terms for all entities. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Preventing Illness The objectives of illness-prevention activities are to reduce the risk for illness, to promote good health habits, and to maintain optimal functioning. Nurses prevent illness primarily by teaching, such activities include the following: – Educational programs in areas such as prenatal care for pregnant women, smoking-cessation programs, and stress reduction seminars – Community programs that encourage healthy lifestyles, such as aerobic exercise classes, and physical fitness programs Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Restoring Health The nurse focus on the individual with an illness and range from early detection of a disease to rehabilitation and teaching during recovery. Such activities include the following: – Monitoring the signs or symptoms of a disease to keep the plan of care responsive to the patient’s changing status – Providing direct care of the person who is ill by such measures as giving physical care, administering medications, and carrying out procedures and treatments – Collaborating with other healthcare providers in providing care – Planning, teaching, and carrying out rehabilitation for illnesses such as heart attacks, arthritis, and strokes Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Facilitating Coping With Disability and Death Nurses also facilitate patient and family coping with altered function, life crisis, and death. Nurses provide care to both patients and families during end- of-life care, and they do so in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and homes. Nurses are active in hospice programs, which assist patients and their families in preparing for death and in living as comfortably as possible until death occurs Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  BASIC HUMAN NEEDS Basic needs are the absolute needs that every human being needs and other needs cannot imagined without fulfillment of these needs. Every individual has basic human needs (physical,emotional,social and intellectual.) Characteristics of basic needs 1) Basic needs are approximately same for all. 2) The importance of each need is different for each person. 3) All the basic needs are interconnected and interactive. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow developed a theory of behavioral motivation based on needs. This theory is often referred to as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.  There are five levels in this hierarchy.  They are physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, self- esteem, and self actualization.  The needs of the lower levels must be met before a person is motivated to meet the needs of the next higher level Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Physiological Needs Physiological needs are generally accepted to be the needs of oxygen, water, food, elimination, rest (sleep) and activity (exercise). The basic physiological needs must be met before higher-level needs become motivators of behavior. For example, a person who is truly hungry is motivated by that need, and behavior is focused on getting food. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Safety and Security Needs The next level, safety, encompasses the needs for shelter, stability, security, physical safety, and freedom from undue anxiety. Love and Belonging Needs The third level of the hierarchy, love and belonging, incorporates not only giving but also receiving affection. Having friends and participating with others in groups and organizations are two ways to meet these needs. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Self-Esteem Needs Self-esteem is confidence in one's own worth or abilities. The needs of the self-esteem level are met by achieving success in work and other activities. Self-Actualization Needs Self-actualization is the highest level of the Maslow hierarchy. A person who has met these needs is confident, self-fulfilled, and creative; looks for challenges; and sees beauty and order in the world Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Virginia Avenel Henderson Virginia Avenel Henderson (November 30, 1897 – March 19, 1996) was a nurse, theorist, and author known for her Need Theory and defining nursing as: “The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge.” Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Virginia Henderson’s Need Theory Henderson’s theory emphasizes the basic human needs and how nurses can meet those needs. Virginia Henderson’s proposed the 14 components of Need Theory show a holistic nursing approach covering :  Physiological needs  Psychological needs  Spiritual needs  Social needs. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  14 Components of the Need Theory Physiological Components 1. Breathe normally 2. Eat and drink adequately 3. Eliminate body wastes 4. Move and maintain desirable postures 5. Sleep and rest 6. Select suitable clothes 7. Maintain body temperature 8. Keep the body clean and well-groomed and protect the integument 9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Psychological Aspects of Communicating and Learning 10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. 14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the available health facilities. Spiritual and Moral 11. Worship according to one’s faith Sociologically Oriented to Occupation and Recreation 12. Work in such a way that there is a sense of accomplishment 13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  World Health Organization (WHO) In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) was founded. The WHO, which functions as an arm of the United Nations, places particular emphasis on combating communicable diseases, educating health care workers, and improving the health of all people of the world. The WHO defines health as follows: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1974). Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  BSN Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) program curriculum addresses five major concepts:  Patient –Centered Care  Communication  Leadership  Safety  Professional Role. The five major concepts form the integrative strands which organize the curriculum and provide guidance for the development of level outcomes and course objectives. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  NURSING PROCESS The nursing process is a systematic, patient-centered, goal- oriented method of caring that provides a framework for nursing practice Its cyclic and dynamic nature, client centeredness, focus on problem solving and decision making interpersonal. The purpose of the nursing process is to establish a standard of care where nurses assess patients and create plans of action to address individualized patient needs. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Historical Perspective of the Nursing Process The first reference to nursing as a “process” was in a 1955 journal article by Lydia Hall. Johnson (1959), Orlando (1961), and Wiedenbach (1963) referred to the nursing process as a series of three steps: – Assessment – Planning – Evaluation. Yura and Walsh (1967) identified four steps in the nursing process: – Assessing – Planning – Implementing – Evaluating Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Historical Perspective of the Nursing Process The term nursing diagnosis was first used by Virginia Fry (1953). After the first meeting of the group now called NANDA International in 1974, nursing diagnosis was added as a separate step in the nursing process. Now, the steps of the nursing process are: 1. Assessment 2. Diagnosis 3. Planning and outcome identification 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  Purpose of Nursing Process Nursing process purpose is to : – Identify a client’s health care status – Actual or potential health problems – To establish plans to meet the identified needs – To deliver specific nursing interventions to address those needs. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit  References Berman, A., Snyder, S., Kozier, B., & Erb, G. L. (2020). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing, volumes 1-3 (10th ed.). White, L., Duncan, G., & Baumle, W. (2010). Foundations of adult health nursing (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. Select this paragraph to edit Misbah Khan Select this paragraph to edit