Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Muscular System PDF

PRAYER BEFORE CLASS Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, true source of light and fountain of wisdom! Pour forth your brilliance upon my dense intellect, dissipate the darkness which covers me, that of sin and of ignorance. Grant me a penetrating mind to understand, a retentive memory, method and ease of le...

PRAYER BEFORE CLASS Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, true source of light and fountain of wisdom! Pour forth your brilliance upon my dense intellect, dissipate the darkness which covers me, that of sin and of ignorance. Grant me a penetrating mind to understand, a retentive memory, method and ease of learning, the lucidity to comprehend, and abundant grace in expressing myself. Guide the beginning of my work, direct its progress and bring it to successful completion. This I ask through Jesus Christ, true God and true man, living and reigning with You and the Father, forever and ever. Amen. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Twelfth Edition, Global Edition Chapter 11 The Muscular System Lecture Presentation by Dr. Virginia Irintcheva, Truckee Meadows Community College © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Learning Outcomes (1 of 2) 11-1 Describe the arrangement of fascicles in the various types of muscles and explain the resulting functional differences. 11-2 Describe the classes of levers and explain how they make muscles more efficient. 11-3 Predict the actions of a muscle based on its origin and insertion and explain how muscles interact to produce or oppose movements. 11-4 Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its location, appearance, or function. © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Learning Outcomes (2 of 2) 11-5 Compare and contrast the axial and appendicular muscles. 11-6 Identify the principal axial muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation. 11-7 Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation, and compare the major functional differences between the upper and lower limbs. 11-8 Explain the functional relationship between the muscular system and other body systems and explain the role of exercise in producing various responses in other body systems. © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. An Introduction to the Muscular System The muscular system – Consists only of skeletal muscles – Muscle organization dramatically affects the power, range, and speed of movement © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement (1 of 4) Learning Outcome: Describe the arrangement of fascicles in the various types of muscles and explain the resulting functional differences. Skeletal muscle fibers form bundles called fascicles Muscles are classified based on the pattern of fascicle arrangement – Parallel muscles – Convergent muscles – Pennate muscles – Circular muscles © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement (2 of 4) Parallel muscles – fascicles are parallel to the long axis of muscle – Can be flat or spindle-shaped muscles with a central body (belly) – Entire muscles can shorten about 30% when contracting ▪ Examples: rectus abdominus and biceps brachii Convergent muscles – muscle fascicles spread in a broad area on one side and converge on an attachment site on the other – Muscle may pull on a tendon, aponeurosis or raphe (slender band of collagen fibers) – Fibers can pull in different directions ▪ Example: pectoralis muscles © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–1a, b, c Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement Parallel muscle (Biceps brachii); Parallel muscle with tendinous bands (Rectus abdominis) Wrapping muscle (Supinator) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–1d Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement Convergent muscle (Pectoralis) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement (3 of 4) Pennate muscles – the fascicles form a common angle with the tenson – Compared to parallel muscles, pennate muscles do not move their tendons as far, contain more myofibrils and develop more tension – Type of pennate muscles: – Unipennate – all fascicles on same side of tendon ▪ Example: extensor digitorum – Bipennate – fascicles on both sides of a central tendon ▪ Example: rectus femoris – Multipennate – the tendon branches within the muscle ▪ Example: deltoid © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–1e, f, g Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement Unipennate muscle (Extensor digitorum), Bipennate muscle (Rectus femoris), Multipennate muscle (Deltoid) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-1 Fascicle Arrangement (4 of 4) Circular muscles (sphincters) – the fascicles are concentrically arranged around an opening – Surround body openings and hollow organs and act as valves in digestive and urinary tracts ▪ Contraction makes the diameter of the opening smaller ▪ Example: orbicularis oris of the mouth © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–1h Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Arrangement Circular muscle (Orbicularis oris) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-2 Levers (1 of 4) Learning Outcome: Describe the classes of levers and explain how they make muscles more efficient. Almost all skeletal muscles attach to bones – Site of connection to a bone affects force, speed, and range of movement Lever – rigid structure that moves on a fixed point called fulcrum (F) A lever moves when muscles provide a pressure called applied force (A F) to overcome a load (L) Bones act as levers and joint are fulcrums and muscles provide the applied force © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-2 Levers (2 of 4) Levers can change the – Direction of the A F – Distance and speed produced by the A F – Effective strength of the A F Three classes of levers – Based on relative positions of the applied force, fulcrum, and load ▪ First-class lever ▪ Second-class lever ▪ Third-class lever © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-2 Levers (3 of 4) First-class lever – the fulcrum lies between the applied force and the load – Like a pry bar or crowbar – Example: extension of the neck and lifting the head Second-class lever – the load lies between the applied force and the fulcrum – Like a wheelbarrow – Small force can be used to move a large weight – Example: ankle extension (plantar flexion) by calf muscles © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–2a The Three Classes of Levers First-class lever © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–2b The Three Classes of Levers Second-class lever © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-2 Levers (4 of 4) Third-class lever – the applied force is between the load and the fulcrum – Like a pair of tongs – Most common lever in the body – Maximizes the speed and distance traveled at the expense of effective force – Example: elbow flexion by the biceps brachii © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–2c The Three Classes of Levers Third-class lever © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-3 Origins and Insertions (1 of 4) Learning Outcome: Predict the actions of a muscle based on its origin and insertion and explain how muscles interact to produce or oppose movements. Origins and insertions – Origin – fixed (less movable) point of attachment of a muscle to a bone – Insertion – more movable point of attachment of a muscle to a bone – The origin is usually proximal to the insertion © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-3 Origins and Insertions (2 of 4) Action – specific movement produced by the contraction of a muscle – Example: adduction, elevation, pronation, etc. – Described in terms of the effect on the bone or the effect on the joint ▪ Example: flexion of the forearm or flexion at the elbow © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-3 Origins and Insertions (3 of 4) Muscle interactions – muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency – Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by larger, primary muscles increasing tension Four functional types of muscles: – Agonist (prime mover) the main muscle responsible for producing a particular movement – Antagonist – opposes the movement of the agonist – Synergist – a smaller muscle that assists an agonist – Fixator – a synergist that assists an agonist by preventing movement at another joint © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-3 Origins and Insertions (4 of 4) Muscle opposition – Agonists and antagonists work in pairs ▪ When one contracts, the other stretches (or undergoes an eccentric contraction) ▪ Such as flexors–extensors and abductors– adductors © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–3 (Part 1 of 3) Muscle Action © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–3 (Part 2 of 3) Muscle Action © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–3 (Part 3 of 3) Muscle Action © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles (1 of 8) Learning Outcome: Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its location, appearance, or function. The human body has approximately 700 skeletal muscles Names of muscles include descriptive information about – the region of the body (e.g., temporalis) – the position, direction, or fascicle arrangement – the structural characteristics – the action © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles (2 of 8) Terms indicating specific regions of the body – Abdominal – Femoris (thigh) – Palpebra (eyelid) (abdomen) – Glossal (tongue) – Pollex (thumb) – Ancon (elbow) – Hallux (great toe) – Popliteal (posterior to – Auricular (ear) – Ilium (groin) knee) – Brachial (arm) – Inguinal (groin) – Psoas (loin) – Capitis (head) – Lumbar (lumbar – Radial (forearm) – Carpi (wrist) region) – Scapular (scapula) – Cervicis (neck) – Nasalis (nose) – Temporal (temple) – Coccygeal – Nuchal (back of – Thoracic (thorax) (coccyx) neck) – Tibial (tibia; shin) – Costal (rib) – Ocular (eye) – Ulnar (ulna) – Cutaneous (skin) – Oris (mouth) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles (3 of 8) Terms indicating the position, direction, or fascicle arrangement – Externus (superficialis) – muscles visible at body surface – Internus (profundus) – deeper muscles – Extrinsic – superficial muscle that positions or stabilizes an organ – Intrinsic – located entirely within an organ – Transversus – runs across the longitudinal axis of the body – Oblique – runs at a slant to the longitudinal axis of the body – Rectus – straight muscle that runs along the longitudinal axis of the body © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles (4 of 8) Terms indicating position, direction, or fascicle arrangement – External (on the outside) – Oblique (slanting) – Extrinsic (outside the – Posterior (back) structure) – Profundus (deep) – Inferior (below) – Rectus (straight) – Internal (away from the – Superficial (toward the surface) surface) – Intrinsic (within the – Superior (toward the structure) head) – Lateral (on the side) – Transverse (crosswise) – Medial (middle) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles (5 of 8) Terms indicating structural characteristics – Origin and insertion ▪ First part of name indicates origin and second part indicates insertion – Example: genioglossus ▪ Number of tendons at origin: biceps (two heads), triceps (three heads), quadriceps (four heads) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles (6 of 8) Terms indicating structural characteristics – Shape ▪ Deltoid (triangle) ▪ Rhomboid ▪ Orbicularis (circle) (parallelogram) ▪ Pectinate (comb-like) ▪ Serratus (serrated) ▪ Piriformis (pear ▪ Splenius (bandage) shaped) ▪ Teres (round and long) ▪ Platysma (flat plate) ▪ Trapezius (trapezoid) ▪ Pyramidal (pyramid) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles (7 of 8) Terms indicating structural characteristics – Size and other striking features ▪ Alba (white) ▪ Longus (long) ▪ Brevis (short) ▪ Magnus (large) ▪ Gracilis (slender) ▪ Major (larger) ▪ Latae (wide) ▪ Maximus (largest) ▪ Latissimus (widest) ▪ Minimus (smallest) ▪ Longissimus ▪ Minor (smaller) (longest) ▪ Vastus (great) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-4 Naming Skeletal Muscles (8 of 8) Terms indicating general actions – Abductor (movement away) – Pronator (turning into – Adductor (movement prone position) toward) – Supinator (turning into – Depressor (lowering supine position) movement) – Tensor (tensing – Extensor (straightening movement) movement) – Buccinator (trumpeter) – Flexor (bending movement) – Risorius (laugher) – Levator (raising movement) – Sartorius (like a tailor) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-5 Axial and Appendicular Muscles Learning Outcome: Compare and contrast the axial and appendicular muscles. Divisions of the muscular system – Axial muscles – position the axial skeleton ▪ 60 percent of skeletal muscles ▪ Position the head and vertebral column, move the rib cage and form the pelvic floor – Appendicular muscles – support and move the appendicular skeleton ▪ Move and support the pectoral and pelvic girdles and the limbs © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–4a (Part 1 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (a) Anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–4a (Part 2 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (a) Anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–4b (Part 1 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (b) Posterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–4b (Part 2 of 2) An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles (b) Posterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (1 of 16) Learning Outcome: Identify the principal axial muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation. Axial muscles – Grouped based on location, function or both ▪ Muscles of the head and neck – move the face, tongue and larynx ▪ Muscles of the vertebral column ▪ Oblique and rectus muscles – forms the walls of the trunk and found in the neck ▪ Muscles of the pelvic floor – form the perineum © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (2 of 16) Muscles of the head and neck – Select muscles of facial expression ▪ Orbicularis oris – purses lips, closes mouth ▪ Buccinator – compresses cheeks to moves food across the teeth and provides suction for nursing ▪ Temporoparietalis – tenses the epicranium (scalp) and moves ear ▪ Occipitofrontalis – Frontal belly – raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead – Occipital belly – tenses and retracts scalp – Separated by epicranial aponeurosis © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (3 of 16) Muscles of the head and neck – Select muscles of facial expression ▪ Platysma – tenses skin of the neck and depresses mandible ▪ Zygomaticus major – elevates corners of mouth (smile) ▪ Orbicularis oculi – closes eyes ▪ Levator palperbrae superioris – elevates upper eyelids © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–5a Muscles of Facial Expression (a) Lateral view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–5b Muscles of Facial Expression (b) Anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (4 of 16) Muscles of the head and neck – Extrinsic eye muscles (oculomotor muscles) – move the eye ▪ Inferior rectus – eye looks inferiorly ▪ Medial rectus – eye looks medially ▪ Superior rectus – eye looks superiorly ▪ Lateral rectus – eye looks laterally ▪ Inferior oblique – eye looks superiorly and laterally ▪ Superior oblique – eye looks inferiorly and laterally © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–6a Extrinsic Eye Muscles (a) Lateral surface, right eye © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–6b Extrinsic Eye Muscles (b) Medial surface, right eye © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–6c Extrinsic Eye Muscles (c) Anterior view, right eye © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–6d Extrinsic Eye Muscles (d) Anterior view, right orbit © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (5 of 16) Muscles of the head and neck – Muscles of mastication (chewing) ▪ Masseter – elevates the mandible and closes the jaws ▪ Temporalis – elevates the mandible ▪ Pterygoid muscles – elevate, depress, protract and slide the mandible side to side (lateral excursion) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–7a Muscles of Mastication (a) Lateral view. The temporalis passes medial to the zygomatic arch to insert on the coronoid process of the mandible. The masseter inserts on the angle and lateral surface of the mandible. © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–7b Muscles of Mastication (b) Lateral view, pterygoid muscles exposed. The location and orientation of the pterygoid muscles are seen after the overlying muscles and a portion of the mandible are removed. © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (6 of 16) Muscles of the head and neck – Muscles of the tongue – maneuver food, and used for speech ▪ Palatoglossus – elevates tongue, depresses soft palate ▪ Styloglossus – retracts tongue and elevates its sides ▪ Genioglossus – depresses and protracts the tongue ▪ Hyoglossus – depresses and retracts tongue © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–8 Muscles of the Tongue © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (7 of 16) Muscles of the head and neck – Muscles of the pharynx ▪ Pharyngeal constrictor muscles – move food into esophagus ▪ Palatal muscles – elevate the soft palate and pull open entrance to the auditory tube ▪ Laryngeal elevators – raise the larynx © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–9 Muscles of the Pharynx Photo credit: William C. Ober © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (8 of 16) Muscles of the head and neck – Select muscles of the anterior neck ▪ Digastric – controls the position of the larynx ▪ Mylohyoid – elevates the floor of the mouth and the hyoid bone and depresses mandible ▪ Geniohyoid – depresses mandible or elevates larynx ▪ Sternocleidomastoid – Both bellies together flex the neck – One at a time, flex head toward shoulder and rotate face to opposite side – Omohyoid and sternohyoid – depress hyoid and larynx © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–10a Muscles of the Anterior Neck Photo credit: William C. Ober (a) Anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–10b Muscles of the Anterior Neck (b) Superior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (9 of 16) Muscles of the vertebral column – Erector spinae muscles (superficial and deep layers) – together extend the vertebral column and the head, separately flex the vertebral column laterally ▪ Spinalis group – superficial ▪ Longissimus group – superficial ▪ Iliocostalis group – superficial ▪ Semispinalis group – deep © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–11 (Part 1 of 2) Muscles of the Vertebral Column © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (10 of 16) Muscles of the vertebral column – Spinal flexors ▪ Longus capitis – together flex neck, separately rotate head laterally ▪ Longus colli – rotates and flexes the neck ▪ Quadratus lumborum – together depress ribs, separately flex the vertebral column laterally © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–11 (Part 2 of 2) Muscles of the Vertebral Column © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (11 of 16) Oblique and rectus muscles – Oblique muscles – compress underlying structures and rotate the vertebral column – Rectus muscles – flex the vertebral column and oppose erector spinae © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (12 of 16) Oblique muscles – Cervical region ▪ Scalene muscles – flex the neck and elevate ribs – Thoracic region ▪ External and internal intercostal muscles – aid in breathing by elevating and depressing the ribs, respectively ▪ Transversus thoracis – depresses ribs ▪ Serratus posterior superior – pulls ribs up ▪ Serratus posterior inferior – pulls ribs down © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (13 of 16) Oblique muscles – Abdominopelvic region ▪ External oblique and internal oblique – compress abdomen, depress ribs and flex spine ▪ Transversus abdominis – compresses abdomen © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (14 of 16) Rectus muscles – Rectus abdominis – depresses ribs, flexes the vertebral column and compresses abdomen ▪ Divided longitudinally by linea alba ▪ Divided transversely by tendinous inscriptions The diaphragm – expands the thoracic cavity and compresses the abdomen – Divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities – Major muscle used in breathing © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–12a Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm (a) Anterior view, cervical region © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–12b Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm (b) Anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–12c Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm (c) Superior view of the diaphragm © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–12d Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm (d) Transverse section through the abdominal cavity © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (15 of 16) Muscles of the pelvic floor – Function to ▪ Support organs of pelvic cavity ▪ Flex sacrum and coccyx ▪ Control movement of materials through the urethra and anus © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-6 Axial Muscles (16 of 16) Muscles of the pelvic floor – Perineum – region bounded by the inferior margins of the pelvis. Divided into: – Anterior urogenital triangle – Posterior anal triangle ▪ Pelvic diaphragm – forms the muscular foundation of the anal triangle ▪ External urethral sphincter – closes the urethra ▪ External anal sphincter – closes the anal opening ▪ Levator ani – elevates and retracts anus ▪ Transverse perineal muscles – stabilize the central tendon of the perineum © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–13a Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (a) Female © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–13b Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (b) Male © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (1 of 22) Learning Outcome: Identify the principal appendicular muscles of the body, plus their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation, and compare the major functional differences between the upper and lower limbs. Appendicular muscles – Position and stabilize the pectoral and pelvic girdles – Move the upper and lower limbs – Two groups of appendicular muscles ▪ Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs ▪ Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–14a An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Photo credit: Anita Impagliazzo (a) Anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–14b An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the Trunk Photo credit: Anita Impagliazzo (b) Posterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (2 of 22) Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Muscles that position the pectoral girdle ▪ Trapezius – large, superficial muscle that elevates the clavicle, move the scapula and extends the neck ▪ Serratus anterior – protracts shoulder ▪ Subclavius – depresses and protracts shoulder ▪ Pectoralis minor – depresses and protracts shoulder, elevates ribs ▪ Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor – adduct the scapula and rotate it downward ▪ Levator scapulae – elevates the scapula © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–15a Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Photo credit: Anita Impagliazzo (a) Anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–15b Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Photo credit: Anita Impagliazzo (b) Posterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (3 of 22) Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Muscles that move the arm ▪ Deltoid – major arm abductor at the shoulder, also responsible for flexion and extension, and medial and lateral rotation at shoulder ▪ Supraspinatus – assists deltoid in arm abduction ▪ Subscapularis and teres major – medial rotation at shoulder ▪ Infraspinatus and teres minor – lateral rotation at shoulder ▪ Coracobrachialis – flexion and adduction at shoulder © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (4 of 22) Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Muscles that move the arm ▪ Pectoralis major – flexion, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder ▪ Latissimus dorsi – extension, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder ▪ Rotator cuff – muscles involved in shoulder rotation – Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis, and their tendons © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–16a Muscles That Move the Arm Photo credit: Anita Impagliazzo (a) Anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–16b Muscles That Move the Arm Photo credit: Anita Impagliazzo (b) Posterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (5 of 22) Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Muscles that move the forearm and hand ▪ Most originate on the humerus and insert on the forearm and wrist ▪ Exceptions are the biceps brachii and the long head of triceps brachii which originate on the scapula and insert on the forearm ▪ Extensors – mainly on the posterior and lateral surfaces of arm ▪ Flexors – mainly on the anterior and medial surfaces © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (6 of 22) Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Muscles that move the forearm and hand ▪ Triceps brachii – principal extensors at elbow ▪ Anconeus – extensors at elbow ▪ Biceps brachii – principal flexor at elbow, supinates forearm, stabilizes the shoulder joint ▪ Brachialis and brachioradialis – flexors the elbow © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–17a Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Photo credit: William C. Ober (a) Posterior view, superficial layer. © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–17b Muscles That Move the Forearm and Hand Photo credit: William C. Ober (b) Anterior view, superficial layer © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (7 of 22) Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Muscles that move the forearm and hand ▪ Supinator – supination (rotates radius) ▪ Pronator teres – pronation (rotates radius) ▪ Pronator quadratus – assists the pronator teres in pronation and opposing the actions of the supinator and biceps brachii © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–18e Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Photo credit: William C. Ober (e) Supination and pronation © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (8 of 22) Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Muscles that move the forearm and hand ▪ Flexor carpi ulnaris – flexes and adducts hand at the wrist ▪ Flexor carpi radialis – flexes and abducts hand at the wrist ▪ Palmaris longus – flexes hand and tenses skin of palm ▪ Extensor carpi ulnaris – extends and adducts hand at the wrist ▪ Extensor carpi radialis (longus and brevis) – extend and abducts hand at the wrist © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (9 of 22) Tendons of the forearm muscles that cross the wrist pass through synovial tendon sheaths – Extensor retinaculum – wide band of connective tissue on the posterior surface of the wrist that stabilizes the tendons of the extensor muscles – Flexor retinaculum – wide band of connective tissue on the anterior surface of the wrist that stabilizes the tendons of the flexor muscles © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (10 of 22) Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Muscles that move the fingers and thumb ▪ The extrinsic muscles that move the hand and fingers lie in the forearm and their tendons cross the wrist – Extensor digitorum – extends fingers 2-5 – Extensor pollicis (brevis and longus)- extend thumb – Flexor digitorum (superficialis and profundus) – flexes hand and fingers 2-5 – Flexor pollicis longus – flexes distal phalanx of thumb © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–18a Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Photo credit: William C. Ober (a) Anterior view, middle layer © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–18b Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Photo credit: William C. Ober (b) Anterior view, deepest layer © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–18c Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Photo credit: William C. Ober (c) Posterior view, middle layer © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–18d Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers Photo credit: William C. Ober (d) Posterior view, deepest layer © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (11 of 22) Muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs – Muscles that move the fingers and thumb ▪ The intrinsic muscles that originate on the carpal and metacarpal bones are responsible for fine motor movement of the hand – Palmaris brevis – moves skin towards midline of palm – Adductor pollicis – adducts thumb – Abductor pollicis brevis – abducts thumb – Flexor pollicis brevis – flexes thumb – Opponens pollicis – opposition of thumb ▪ No muscles originate on the phalanges © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–19a Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand (a) Right hand, anterior (palmar) view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–19b Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand (b) Right hand, posterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (12 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – The pelvic girdle is tightly bound to axial skeleton ▪ Permits little movement ▪ Few axial muscles influence the position of the pelvis – A wide range of movements is possible in the lower limbs © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (13 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the thigh ▪ Gluteal group – Gluteus maximus – largest, most posterior gluteal muscle that extends and laterally rotates the hip – Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus – abduct and medially rotate the hip – Tensor fasciae latae – works with gluteus maximus in lateral rotation of leg; pulls on the iliotibial tract of the lateral surface of the thigh © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–20a Muscles That Move the Thigh (a) Gluteal region, posterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–20b Muscles That Move the Thigh (b) Lateral view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (14 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the thigh ▪ Lateral rotator group – group of six muscles, including the dominant – Piriformis – Obturators © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–20c Muscles That Move the Thigh (c) Posterior view, deep muscles. © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (15 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the thigh ▪ Adductor group – Pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, and gracilis – adduction, flexion and medial rotation at hip – Adductor magnus – produces adduction and extension and lateral rotation (inferior part) or flexion medial rotation (superior part) © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–20d Muscles That Move the Thigh (d) Anterior view of the iliopsoas and adductor groups. © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (16 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the thigh ▪ Iliopsoas group – two hip flexors that insert on the same tendon – Psoas major – Iliacus © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (17 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the leg ▪ Flexors of the knee – Hamstrings Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus – Sartorius – Popliteus © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–21a Muscles That Move the Leg (a) Hip and thigh, posterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (18 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the leg ▪ Extensors of the knee – Quadriceps femoris consists of Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–21b Muscles That Move the Leg (b) Quadriceps femoris and thigh muscles, anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–21c Muscles That Move the Leg (c) Sectional view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (19 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the foot and toes ▪ Extrinsic muscles that produce extension at the ankle (plantar flexion) – Gastrocnemius – knee flexion, foot inversion, plantar flexion – Soleus – ​Fibularis brevis and longus – foot eversion and plantar flexion – ​Tibialis posterior – foot adduction and inversion and plantar flexion ▪ Calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) – shared by the gastrocnemius and the soleus © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–22a (Part 1 of 2) Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Photo credit: William C. Ober (a) Posterior views © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–22a (Part 2 of 2) Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Photo credit: William C. Ober (a) Posterior views © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (20 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the foot and toes ▪ Extrinsic muscles that produce flexion at ankle (dorsiflexion) – Tibialis anterior – opposes the gastrocnemius © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (21 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the foot and toes ▪ Extrinsic muscles that produce extension at toes – Extensor digitorum longus – Extensor hallucis longus – Extensor retinacula stabilize synovial tendon sheaths of these muscles ▪ Extrinsic muscles that produce flexion at toes – Flexor digitorum longus – Flexor hallucis longus © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–22b Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Photo credit: William C. Ober (b) Lateral view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–22c Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Photo credit: William C. Ober (c) Medial view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–22d Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes Photo credit: William C. Ober (d) Anterior view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-7 Appendicular Muscles (22 of 22) Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs – Muscles that move the foot and toes ▪ Intrinsic muscles of the foot – originate on tarsal and metatarsal bones. Move the toes and maintain the longitudinal arch of the foot – Flexors include: Flexor hallucis brevis, Flexor digitorum brevis, Quadratus plantae, etc. – Extensors include: Extensor hallucis brevis, Extensor digitorum brevis – Adductors include: Adductor hallucis, Plantar interosseus – Abductors include: Abductor hallucis, Dorsal interosseus, Abductor digiti minimi © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–23a Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot (a) Dorsal view © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–23b Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot (b) Plantar view, superficial layer © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–23c Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot (c) Plantar view, deep layer © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 11-8 Effects of Exercise Learning Outcome: Explain the functional relationship between the muscular system and other body systems and explain the role of exercise in producing various responses in other body systems. The muscular system is supported by other systems – Cardiovascular system ▪ Delivers oxygen and nutrients ▪ Removes carbon dioxide – Respiratory system ▪ Responds to the oxygen demand of muscles – Integumentary system ▪ Disperses heat from muscle activity – Nervous and endocrine systems ▪ Direct responses of all systems © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Figure 11–24 Integration of the MUSCULAR system with the other body systems presented so far © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Copyright This work is protected by United Kingdom copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. PRAYER AFTER CLASS Grant me, O Lord my God, a mind to know you, a heart to seek you, wisdom to find you, conduct pleasing to you, faithful perseverance in waiting for you, and a hope of finally embracing you. Amen. © 2024 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved.