Unit 1 - Introduction to Soil Mechanics - National Construction Academy (NCA) PDF

1st L. O. 1 Attendance. (≈ 5 min) 2 Course General Information & Textbook. (≈ 10 min) Unit: 1 - Introduction to Soil Mechanics up to slide (22) (Obj. 1) 3...

1st L. O. 1 Attendance. (≈ 5 min) 2 Course General Information & Textbook. (≈ 10 min) Unit: 1 - Introduction to Soil Mechanics up to slide (22) (Obj. 1) 3 (≈ 25 min) 4 In-Class Activities (≈ 5 min) 5 Lesson Summary (Key Points). (≈ 3-5 min) Slide 1  Course General Information Soil Mechanics (SOIL203) General Information Diploma: Civil Engineering diploma Department: Engineering Department Course: Soil Mechanics (SOIL203) Location/campus: Qassim # Instructors 1 Eng. A. Kreem Hossam 2 Eng. Zaid Al-Qutami 3 Eng. Mohammed Khan 4 Eng. Waleed Al-Qaan Slide 2  Course General Information Hours Credit (Total) Contact Theory Practical 50% 50% Delivery Methodology Comments 1. Traditional Classroom 2. Blended 3. E-learning Providing course slides, resources and online activities on LMS 4. Distance Learning × 5. Other (specify) Practical session at workshop Slide 3  Course General Information Course Description ❑ This course provides an in-depth understanding of soil mechanics, focusing on the principles and practices essential for civil engineering. ❑ It covers the physical and mechanical properties of soils, soil classification systems, and the behavior of soils under different conditions. ❑ Key topics include soil composition, phase relationships, soil compaction, permeability, seepage, stress distribution, consolidation, and shear strength. ❑ Practical applications such as slope stability, earth retaining structures, and foundations are also explored. ❑ Through a combination of lectures, laboratory work, and projects, trainees will develop the skills necessary to analyze and solve soil-related engineering problems. Slide 4  Course General Information Learning Outcomes (LO): The trainee will: Assessment Criteria (AC): The trainee can: Knowledge & Understanding (Theoretical) LO1-Demonstrate knowledge of the basic physical and mechanical AC1-Demonstrate understanding of fundamental concepts such as properties of soils. soil properties, classification, phase relationships, and compaction. LO2-Explain soil formation processes and soil classification systems. AC2-Comprehensively address all course topics, including LO3-Calculate phase relationships (e.g., void ratio, porosity, moisture permeability, seepage, stress distribution, consolidation, and shear content). strength, by applying theoretical knowledge to solve complex LO4-Understand the principles and methods of soil compaction and problems. its importance in engineering. AC3-Apply soil mechanics concepts to real-world geotechnical LO5-Analyze stress distribution within soil masses using concepts engineering problems, showing the ability to analyze and propose such as effective stress. solutions. LOS6-Understand the principles of soil consolidation and calculate AC4-Actively participate in class discussions, ask relevant questions, settlement for various loading conditions. and contribute to problem-solving sessions. Skills (Practical): LO1-Design solutions for common geotechnical engineering AC1- Accurately document laboratory experiments, including problems, including retaining walls, slopes, and foundations. objectives, methodologies, data analysis, results, and conclusions, LO2-Conduct laboratory experiments and field tests to with clear and organized reports. AC2- Proficiently conduct experiments, collect accurate data, follow investigate soil behavior and properties. safety protocols, and work effectively in a team. LO3-Develop critical thinking and analytical skills to solve AC3-Produce comprehensive project reports and effectively complex soil mechanics problems. communicate findings through clear and organized oral LO4-Interpret and present experimental data accurately. presentations. Slide 5  Course General Information ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE Learning Assessment Grade week Date Assessment Description Outcomes Criteria % Answer MCQs , True or false questions, 6 21/11/2024 No. 1: Theoretical fill in the blank and matching type LO1 AC1 30% questions. Answer an oral exam related to 10 15-19/12/2024 No. 2: Practical LO2 AC2 20% laboratory experiments. Answer MCQs , True or false questions, 14 12-16/01/2025 No. 3: Theoretical fill in the blank and matching type LO3 AC3 25% questions. Write a full report related to laboratory Report LO4 AC4 15% experiments. Participation 10% 100% Slide 6  Textbook ❑ Main reference test book: ✓ Das, B.M. (2010). Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, 7th Edition. Please mind the differences between editions. ❑ Other useful references: ✓ R.F. Craig. Craig’s Soil Mechanics, 7th Edition ✓ Muni Budhu (2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd). SOIL MECHANICS FUNDAMENTALS, Imperial version. Slide 7  Soil Mechanics (SOIL203) Book: Principles of Geotechnical Engineering Unit: 1 - Introduction to Soil Mechanics Page: 1 to 50 Slide 8  Course Contents Today’s Unit (1 Week) Unit 1: Introduction to Soil Mechanics Unit 2: Weight–Volume Relationships Unit 3: Plasticity and Structure of Soil Unit 4: Classification of Soil Unit 5: Soil Compaction Unit 6: Permeability Unit 7: In Situ Stresses and Soil Investigation Unit 8: Stresses in a Soil Mass Unit 9: Compressibility of Soil Unit 10: Lateral Earth Pressure Slide 9  Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to: 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size). 3. Understand the meaning of the Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD)Grading. 4. Understand the meaning of the Grading Curve. Slide 10  1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics ❑ What is Geotechnical Engineering? o Geotechnical engineering (G. E.) is a branch of civil engineering that focuses on the behavior of earth materials using principles of soil mechanics (S. M.) and rock mechanics (R. M.) to investigate subsurface conditions and materials to produce economic and safe geotechnical design. Slide 11  1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics ❑ Why Geotechnical Engineering? o All civil engineering projects (buildings, roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, and water tanks..) are constructed on or in the ground (earth). o Several foundation-related to engineering problems (risks), could have been avoided if a proper geotechnical engineering study had been done. Slide 12  1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics Tilting of Garisenda Tower (left) Leaning Tower of Pisa and Asinelli Tower (right) Slide 13 1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics Slide 14  1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics ❑ What is Soil Mechanics? o Soil mechanics is part of Geotechnical Engineering. o It studies the engineering mechanics and physical properties of soil. o It describes the engineering behaviors (Mechanics) of soil under various loading conditions (buildings, towers, bridges, etc.) and water flow in the soil. All these loads are supported by the soil below Slide 15 1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics Soil Supports Life Slide 16  1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics ❑ Historical Development of Geotechnical Engineering o Soil and rock have long been used as foundation or construction materials. o At the beginning of the twenty century, European's engineers started to make a theoretical approach of study soil behavior. Slide 17  1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics ❑Historical Development of Geotechnical Engineering The followings are some of the leaders in the field of Geotechnical Engineering: oKarl von Terzaghi (1883 - 1963) Father of Soil Mechanics. oCharles Coulomb (1736 - 1806) oWilliam Rankine (1820 - 1872) oArthur Casagrande (1902 - 1981) oAlec W. Skempton (1914 - 2001) oGeorge Meyerhof Dr. Karl Terzaghi established the foundation of soil mechanics theory, and thus has been recognized oDonald Taylor, and many more. as the father of soil mechanics. Slide 18  1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics ❑Geological Mapping o Geological maps are a very important resource for Geologists and Geotechnical Engineers in the design and construction of most Civil Engineering structures. o Geological maps offer vast amounts of information such as: I. An insight into the geology underlying the potential development site. II. May provide locations for suitable construction materials. III. Angles of underlying rock layers. IV. Location of possible fault lines. V. Presence of groundwater, etc. Slide 19  1.1 Obj. 1. Understand the meaning of Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics o Geological maps are important tools used by geologists to represent the distribution and characteristics of rocks and geological features on the Earth’s surface. o These maps are essential for understanding the geological history, tectonic processes, and natural resources of a given area. Slide 20  Assessment on Objective 1 https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/ugc/story.php?title=nda5odg2na18tw Slide 21 (≈ 3-5 min) Slide 22  2nd L. O. 1 Attendance. (≈ 5 min) 2 Revision on last lesson (≈ 10 min) Cont. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Soil Mechanics up to slide (36) (Obj. 2) 3 (≈ 25 min) 4 In-Class Activities (≈ 5 min) 5 Lesson Summary (Key Points). (≈ 3-5 min) Slide 23  1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Origin of Soil o Soil is a loose material consisting of solid particles. o There are two types of soil formation: 1) Organic Decomposition. Mostly 2) Weathering of Rock (refers to the Breakdown (Mechanical/Physical) and Decomposition (Chemical) of parent materials (rocks) with time - through contact with their environment (i.e. climate, organisms, water, etc.)). Slide 24  1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Origin of Soil Weathering Mechanical (Physical) Chemical Breakdown of rocks into Transformation of rock Into small pieces without one or more new changing their chemical compounds(decomposition) composition. due to: Air and/or Water Ex: Sand & Gravel Ex: Silt & Clay Slide 25 1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Origin of Soil Slide 26  1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Origin of Soil Mechanical(Physical) Chemical Weathering of rock erosion due to ocean waves and wind at Yehliu, Taiwan Slide 27  1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Origin of Soil The series of processes that change one type of rock into another type of rock is called The Rock Cycle One Cycle of Many Other Rocks can be divided into : Cycles Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks Slide 28 1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Origin of Soil Slide 29  1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Origin of Soil Natural Soil Deposits Granular Soils (Coarse) Fine-grained Soils Organic Soils (Cohesionless) (Cohesive) Ex: Peat, Muck, Ex: Sand and Gravel Ex: Silt and Clay Organic Silt & Organic Clay Slide 30  1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Soil-Particle (Grain) Shape o Soil grains have different shapes that are somewhat difficult to quantify. Slide 31  1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Soil-Particle (Grain) Size o Grain size of soil refers to the diameters of the soil particles making up the soil mass. This is however a loose description of soil since most soil particles have irregular shapes and are not round. Slide 32  1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Why is Grain Size important? o The sizes of the soil particles are important factors that influence soil properties, including : ✓ Strength. ✓ Deformation. ✓ Permeability. ✓ Suitability as a construction material like in dams and pavements. o Also the grain size is used to describe and classify soils. Slide 33  1.2 Obj. 2. Understand the Origin of Soil and Soil Grain (Shape & Size) ❑ Major Types of Soil o Depending on the size of particles, Soils generally are called: ✓ Gravel (G) ✓ Sand (S) ✓ Silt (M) ✓ Clay (C) → (The smallest Particle Size) Slide 34 Assessment on Objective 2 Slide 35 Flashcards Unit 1 - Flash Card 1 | Quizlet (≈ 3-5 min) Slide 36  3rd L. O. 1 Attendance. (≈ 5 min) 2 Revision on last lesson (≈ 10 min) Cont. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Soil Mechanics up to slide (48) (Obj. 3) 3 (≈ 25 min) 4 In-Class Activities (≈ 5 min) 5 Lesson Summary (Key Points). (≈ 3-5 min) Slide 37  1.3 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) ❑ Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) o GSD is the determination of the size of particles in the soil, expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight. o Two tests are generally used to find the GSD of soil: ✓ Sieve (mechanical) Analysis: →For particle sizes greater than 0.075 mm in diameter. ✓ Hydrometer (wet) Analysis: →For particle sizes smaller than 0.075 mm in diameter. Slide 38 1.3 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) Particle-Size of Soil Classification Slide 39  1.3 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) ❑ Sieve Analysis of Soil o Sieve analysis involves shaking the soil sample through a set of sieves from larger to smaller openings (different opening sizes). Ex: Sieve No. 40 = 425 micron = 0.425 mm Slide 40  1.3 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) ❑ Sieving Procedure Slide 41 1.3 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) Slide 42 1.3 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) Slide 43 1.3 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) σ 𝑾 −𝑪𝒊 % Finer (Passing) = x 100 σ𝑾 ෍𝑾 Slide 44  1.3 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) Example 1 calculate the % Finer for the soil sample. Slide 45 1.3 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grain Size Distribution of Soils (GSD) Example 1 Slide 46  Assessment on Objective 3 Sieve No. 40 = … mm Sieve No. 4 = … mm Matching Q. Sieve No. 10 = … mm Sieve Analysis Test Sieve No. 200 = … mm Hydrometer Analysis Test Slide 47 (≈ 3-5 min) Slide 48  4th L. O. 1 Attendance. (≈ 5 min) 2 Revision on last lesson (≈ 10 min) Cont. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Soil Mechanics up to slide (60) (Obj. 4) 3 (≈ 25 min) 4 In-Class Activities (≈ 5 min) 5 Lesson Summary (Key Points). (≈ 3-5 min) Slide 49  1.4 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grading Curve ❑ Grain Size Distribution Curve of Soils (Grading Curve) o The results of mechanical analysis (sieve and hydrometer analysis) are generally presented by semi-logarithmic plots known as Grain/Particle-size Distribution Curves. Slide 50  1.4 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grading Curve Example 2: Repeat the previous example and draw the particle size distribution curve. Slide 51 1.4 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grading Curve Example 2 Slide 52  1.4 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grading Curve ❑ Grain Size Distribution Curve of Soils (Grading Curve) o A particle-size distribution curve can be used to determine the following three parameters for a given soil: 1) Effective size (D10): This parameter is the diameter in the particle-size distribution curve corresponding to 10% finer. 2) Uniformity coefficient (Cu) →→→ where D60 diameter corresponds to 60% finer 1) Coefficient of gradation (Cc) →→ where D30 diameter corresponds to 30% finer Slide 53 1.4 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grading Curve Slide 54  1.4 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grading Curve Example 3 Slide 55 1.4 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grading Curve Example 3 Slide 56  1.4 Obj. 3. Understand the meaning of Grading Curve ❑ Grain Size Distribution Curve of Soils (Grading Curve) o Types of soils according to the shape of their distribution curves: I. Well-graded soil: The curve is smooth and covers a wide range of sizes. This indicates that the soil is NON-UNIFORM. II. Poorly-graded soil: The curve is nearly vertical. This indicates that the soil is UNIFORM. III.Gap-graded soil: This is the case when intermediate sizes are absent. Slide 57  Assessment on Objective 4 Matching Q. Slide 58 (≈ 3-5 min) Slide 59  Summary In this unit, we discussed the rock cycle, the origin of soil by weathering, Geological Mapping, the particle-size distribution in a soil mass, and the shape of particles. Some important points include the following: 1. Rocks can be classified into three basic categories: (a) igneous, (b) sedimentary, and (c) metamorphic. 2. Soils are formed by chemical and mechanical weathering of rocks. 3. Soil can be classified as gravel (G), sand (S), silt (M), or clay (C) based on the size of the soil particles. 4. Mechanical analysis is a process for determining the size range of particles present in a soil mass. Slide 60 5. Sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis are two tests used in the mechanical analysis of soil.