Bio 40 (General Botany) UNIT 1 PDF

Bio 40 (General Botany) UNIT 1. Introduction to the Study of Plants Jennifer G. Opiso CMU IBS – Plant Biology Division  OUTLINE ´What is BOTANY? ´What are the different disciplines of Botany and its focus of study? ´Who did great contributions i...

Bio 40 (General Botany) UNIT 1. Introduction to the Study of Plants Jennifer G. Opiso CMU IBS – Plant Biology Division  OUTLINE ´What is BOTANY? ´What are the different disciplines of Botany and its focus of study? ´Who did great contributions in the development of Botany?  BOTANY AS A SCIENCE ´Describe the field of Botany ´Interrelate other fields and subdivisions of Botany ´Trace the timeline of developments in Botany ´ Appreciate the achievements of some Filipino & foreign Scientists in the development of Botany & related technology  What is BOTANY? Botany is the branch of biology concerned with the scientific study of plants including their physiology, structure, genetics, ecology, distribution, classification, and economic importance Botany is one of the natural Natural sciences can be organized under two broad Sciences categories of physical sciences and biological sciences. (Figure 1.1). Physical science is concerned with the materials in or world and in the entire universe and how energy affects these materials. Biological sciences involve the study of life forms. SUBDIVISIONS OF BOTANY  SUBDIVISIONS OF BOTANY ´RHODOLOGY – Study of Roses ´POMOLOGY – Study of fruits and their cultivation ´AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE - Food and fiber production and processing. They include the technologies of soil cultivation, crop cultivation and harvesting, animal production, and the processing of plant and animal products for human consumption and use. ´ AGRONOMY – Field crop production and soil management. The science and technology of producing and using plants by agriculture for food, fuel, fiber, chemicals, recreation, or land conservation. Agronomy has come to include research of plant genetics, plant physiology, meteorology, and soil science ´AGROSTOLOGY- Study of grasses ´ALGOLOGY (PHYCOLOGY) – Study of Algae ´ARBORICULTURE - The art of cultivating, properly managing, and studying individual shrubs, trees, vines, and any other woody plants  SUBDIVISIONS OF BOTANY ´ BACTERIOLOGY- Studies the morphology, ecology, genetics and biochemistry of bacteria as well as many other aspects related to them. ´ BRYOLOGY - Study of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts). ´ DENDROLOGY -Study of trees. ´ ECONOMIC BOTANY- Explore the interface between people and plants to describe the cultural uses of plants, explain the origin of specific useful plants and develop strategies for the sustainable use of plant resources ´ ETHNOBOTANY- The study of how people of a particular culture and region make use of indigenous (native) plants. ´ HORTICULTURE- The science and art of the development, sustainable production, marketing and use of high-value, intensively cultivated food and ornamental plants. ´ LICHENOLOGY- The branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga (or a cyanobacterium) with a filamentous fungus. ´ MYCOLOGY- The study of fungi, a group that includes the mushrooms and yeasts.  SUBDIVISIONS OF BOTANY ´ORCHIDOLOGY- Study of orchids ´PALEOBOTANY- Study of ancient plants, using plant fossils found in sedimentary rocks. ´PALYNOLOGY -Study of plant pollen, spores, and certain microscopic planktonic organisms, in both living and fossil form. ´PHENOLOGY- The timing and cyclical patterns of events in the natural world, particularly those related to the annual life cycles of plants. It is applied to the recording and study of the dates of recurrent natural events (such as the flowering of a plant ´PLANT ANATOMY (PHYTOTOMY) - Study of the internal structure of plant like the tissue and cell structure of plant organs ´PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY- The study of chemical processes within and relating to plants  SUBDIVISIONS OF BOTANY ´PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY- The use of tissue culture and genetic engineering techniques to produce genetically modified plants that exhibit new or improved desirable characteristics. ´PLANT PHYSIOLOGY- Dealing with the physiological processes or functions of plants. ´PLANT CELL BIOLOGY - The study of plant cell structure and function ´PLANT GENETICS –The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants. ´PLANT PATHOLOGY- The study of the diseases and disorders of plants. ´PLANT TISSUE CULTURE- The aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs and their components under defined physical and chemical conditions in vitro  SUBDIVISIONS OF BOTANY ´PTERIDOLOGY - Study of ferns and lycophytes (fern allies) ´PLANT ECOLOGY- The study of the relationships between plants and their physical and biotic environment ´PLANT REPRODUCTION -Study of the production of new offspring in plants, which can be accomplished by sexual or asexual reproduction ´PLANT TAXONOMY -The science that deals with the description, identification, naming, and classification of plants. ´PLANT SYSTEMATICS– The science that deals with the description, identification, naming, classification, history, evolution and relationships of plants.  SUBDIVISIONS OF BOTANY EPIGENETICS – Control of gene expression PHYTOCHEMISTRY – Plant secondary chemistry and chemical processes PHYTOGEOGRAPHY (Plant biogeography)- The study of plant distributions PLANT EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT BIOLOGY– Plant development from an evolutionary perspective PLANT MORPHOLOGY– External structure of plants FORESTRY– Forest management and related studies MARINE BOTANY– Study of aquatic plants and algae that live in seawater  SUBDIVISIONS OF BOTANY ACANTHOCHRONOLOGY – Study of Cactus species SYNANTHEROLOGY – Study of all the species belonging to Sunflower family, Asteraceae (composites) PHYTOGEOGRAPHY (Plant biogeography)- The study of plant distributions HEPATICOLOGY (Hepalology)- Study of liverworts CYCADOLOGY – Study of all the species belonging division Cycadophyta (Cycads) CITROLOGY - Study of all Citrus species CARICOLOGY – Study of Caricaceae (sedges) 1. BATOLOGY– Study of a prickly scrambling vine or shrub, especially a blackberry or other wild shrub of the rose family. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS vs ANIMALS PLANTS ANIMALS 1. Plants cannot move from one place to another. 1. Animals can move from one place to another. They are anchored to the soil. 2. Plants prepare their food with the help of 2. Animals cannot prepare their own food. They chlorophyll and sunlight. move in search of food from one place to another. 3. Animals grow only up to a certain period of their 3. Plants grow throughout their life. life. 4. Plants respire with the help of microscopic 4. Animals respire with the help of special organs like pores present on their leaves and stems. lungs, gills, trachea, etc. 5. Plants excrete their waste by storing them in 5. Animals excrete their waste with the help of the leaves and bark of plants and then shedding special organs regularly. them seasonally. 6. Plants are only living things which take in 6. Animals take in oxygen and give out carbon carbon dioxide and give out oxygen during dioxide throughout their life. photosynthesis. 7. Plants reproduce with the help of seeds, stems, 7. Animals reproduce by laying eggs or giving birth to spores, bulbs, etc. young ones. BRIEF HISTORY OF BOTANY  384-322 BC– Aristotle * The student of Plato * Established the first school of medicine Aristotle was the first great one in biology and remained the greatest in that field for two thousand years. His writings show the breadth of his biologic interests. Charles Darwin said, “Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different ways, but they were mere, school boys to old Aristotle”. ´ Father of Botany ´ Student of Aristotle 372- 287 BC– Theophrastus ´ Classified plants based on form (Tree, Shrub, Undershrub, Herb) ´ His books called “Enquiry into Plants” classified the plants based on the geographical ranges, sizes, uses and growth patterns. The other work called “On the Causes of Plants” explained the economics of growing plants. Pedanius Dioscorides  c. 460-377 BC - Hippocrates ´The ancient Greek Doctor, was called the Father of Medicine ´The writings that are ascribed to Hippocrates (c. 460-377 b.c.), the greatest of the ancient Greek physicians, include descriptions of over 250 plants that were used either to promote health or cure disease AD 23-79 – Pliny the elder 120-60 BC – Crateuas ´ The Roman Pliny the Elder (a.d. 23-79) wrote Natural History, in which 16 of its 37 books were devoted to plants. ´ Much of Pliny's information is based on the work of Greek Crateuas (c. 120-60 b.c.) ´ In the first century b.c. Pliny's botanical books contain a great deal of information on plants, though this material is not as well organized as that of Theophrastus because Pliny had little interest in classification. ´ the Greek Crateuas (c. 120-60 b.c.) produced an herbal, a book on plants used in medicine, 1492- 1554– Hieronymous Bock 1501-1566– Leonhard Fuchs ´Emphasized the importance of the description of plants in their natural living conditions 1500- 1554– Otto Brunfels 1519- 1603– Andrea Cesalpino u Recognized the importance of the seed and fruit in plant classification 1550- 1624– Gaspard Bauhin u Adopted the binomial system of nomenclature  1538-1616– M. de I’Obel ´ Recognized the distinction between monocots and dicots on the basis of their leaf structure 1500– Robert Hooke u Examined the thin sections of the cork which he termed “cells” 1640 - Johannes van Helmont 1665 – Robert Hooke 1674 – Anton van Leewenhoek 1686 – John Ray 1694 – Rudolf Camerarius 1727 – Stephen Hales 1748 – A.L. de Jussieu and A.P. de Candolle u Formulated systems of plant classification which were largely phylogenetic 1758 – Carolus Linnaeus 1760’s 1774 – Joseph Priestly  1833– R.J.H. Dutrochet ´Made the first clear statements that all living things are composed of cells and indicated that growth results from both the increased size of cells and addition of little new cells. 1833– Robert Brown u First observed nucleus in hairs and other cells of orchids 1835– Felix Dujardin u Determined that microorganisms are composed of single cell u Observed the universality of the protoplasm  1838– Matthias Jacob Schleiden (German Botanist) 1810 - 1881– Theodore Schwann (Zoologist) ´Formulated in 1855 the cell theory which stated that cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms 1858– Rudolf Virchow u Noted cell division u Stated that living organisms are composed of one more cells and all these cells come from pre-existing cells. “Omnis cellula e cellula” 1823- 1913– Alfred Wallace u Developed theory of evolution 1859 – Charles Darwin 1862 – Gregor Mendel  1877-1955– Oswaldo Avery ´ Discovered DNA give instruction 1905– Erwin Chargaff u Introduced DNA pairing rule 1908 - 1997– Alfred Hershey u Developed the idea that DNA gave instruction (blue print of life) 1910- 1958– Rosalind Franklin u Microscopy expert led to the discovery of double helix DNA 1916- 1962– James Watson & Francis Crick u Introduced the double helix DNA model  In the Philippines… ´1837 – Fr. Manuel Blanco He published his Flora de Filipinas. During the American regime, taxonomic works of the Spaniards were rectified and amplified by visiting botanists.  1902 – Elmer D. Merril 1909 – Edwin B. Copeland Merril Started his work in 1902 and became the authority on Indo-Malayan botany. Among his major publications on the Philippines are; * Flora of Manila * Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants Copeland Started the herbarium in the College of Agriculture of the University of the Philippines and became the authority on Philippine Ferns  1895-1986 – Eduardo A. Quisumbing Author of taxonomic and morphological papers, many of which deal with orchids, including ‘Medicinal plants in the Philippines’ (Manila 1951). February 1934 - Acting chief of the Natural Museum Division of the Bureau of Science, Manila, now National Museum. undertook restoration of the Herbarium, which was completely destroyed during the war.  1953-2010 – Leonardo L. Co The founding president of the Philippine Native Plants Conservation Society Co curated a checklist called Digital Flora, an online guide that lists more than 10,000 species of plants that indigenous to the Philippines. (June 23, 1934 – October 24, 2015) – Benito S. Vergara Behind the development of the Rice Museum and Learning Center, and is known for his extensive plant catalogues in rice and ornamental plant varieties, as well as his work starting the Farmer's Primer on Growing Rice, an illustrated manual explaining basic rice growing concepts. Thank You for listening