Town Planning Forms Of Settlement PDF

TOWN PLANNING FORMS OF SETTLEMENT CHRIS, KRITI, PRIYA Urban form refers to the physical layout and design of the city, spatial imprint of an urban transport system, Adjacent physical infrastructures. Jointly they confer a level of spatial planning arrangement to cities. Urban form or ci...

TOWN PLANNING FORMS OF SETTLEMENT CHRIS, KRITI, PRIYA Urban form refers to the physical layout and design of the city, spatial imprint of an urban transport system, Adjacent physical infrastructures. Jointly they confer a level of spatial planning arrangement to cities. Urban form or city form is defined as the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point of time PATTERNS Pattern of settlement is defined as the relationship between one house or building to another. It can be identified by reading and observing a local scale map.. The socio cultural factors like caste structure or a functional need of people has a close bearing on its shape and size. Structure/Patterns of Human Settlement: Linear settlement: It is commonly found along main roads, railways ,streams, etc. It may have a single row of houses arranged along the main artery. For example rural settlements found along the sea coast,river valley, mountain ranges etc Rectangular pattern: Settlement around the rectangular shape of agricultural fields as it is common to find a system of land measurement based on square units. Village paths and cart tracks also confirm to the rectangular field patterns and run through the village in north-south and east-west directions. Accessibility to farms and fields and connectivity to other settlements lead to rectangular shape of settlements. The settlements of coastal Eg:Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh and either side of Aravali hills, etc.  Square pattern: This is basically a variant of rectangular type. Pattern is associated with villages lying at the crossing of cart tracks or roads and also related to features restricting the extension of the village outside a square space. These features may include an old boundary wall, thick orchards, a road or a pond. Circular pattern: Large villages are characterized by a very high degree of compactness. The outer walls of dwellings adjoin each other and present a continuous front so that when viewed from outside, the villages look like a walled and fortified enclosure pierced by a few openings. The round form was a natural outcome of maximum aggregation for the purpose of defence during the past In the upper Doab and Trans – Yamuna districts, Malwa region, Punjab and Gujarat  Radial pattern: In this type, a number of streets converge on one centre which may be a source of water (pond, well), a temple or mosque, a centre of commercial activity or simply an open space. Thus, the streets seem to be radiating from a common centre. Examples are settlements near Gurushikar, Mount Abu in Rajasthan, Vindhyachal in Uttar Pradesh, etc. Checker board pattern: This is a type of settlement found generally at the junction of two roads. The village streets meet each other at an angle or are parallel to each other. This is because of the tendency to align the dwellings along cardinal axes. This pattern is common in the northern plains  Elongated pattern: Settlement occurs as a result of elongation of the rectangular pattern due to influence of site features. For instance, in the Ganga plains, in areas liable to inundation, the rectangular pattern becomes unusually elongated along the high ground. The advantage offered by riverside location forces such a pattern Fan shaped pattern: This is seen where some focal points or line is Situated at one end of the village. A focal object may be a tank a riverside, a road, an orchard, a well or even a place of worship. Such patterns are common in the delta region of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, etc. Such patterns are also common in the Himalyan foothills. Dispersed settlements: This is also known as isolated settlements. Here the settlement is characterized by units of small size which may consist of a single house to a small group of houses. Such type of settlements is found in tribal areas of central part of India covering Chhota Nagpur plateau, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, etc. Such patterns are also common in the hills of north Bengal, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and Kerala LINEAR FORM City expands along the spine of transport The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban Development with Housing And Industry growing Along the Highway Between existing cities. It is contained by the continuous open space of the rural countryside. Geographical features often dictate the form & Linear city form sometimes results there from. Such elongated city are not convenient to live, more particularly if the population exceeds 2 to 3 lakhs, because the distances to be covered to reach the town centre where the major amenities are located too long and the journey thereto causes fatigue. A well known town of this type is Stalingrad in Russia. The new town of Cumbernauld in Scotland is also an elongated town, but since its population is limited to 70,000, difficulties don9t crop up there. Advantages: Disadvantages: High accessibility Very sensitive to blockage requires control of growth lacks focus, Adaptability to linear growth The choice of connection or direction of movement is Useful along the limited edge much less Case study: navi mumbai The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at south, east and west, total land area available for development of Mumbai is limited. The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is much less Than in Mumbai and suburban areas. Many Govt & corporate offices have been shifted from Mumbai to Navi Mumbai The Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial Belt of Navi Mumbai offer job opportunities of everyone ‐ from engineers to mechanics, from clerks to peons. So large population of service class and middle class population shifted to Navi Mumbai. Developed as a result of the following: To handle the ever expanding mumbai population, by creating an urban centre which will attract the urban crowd. To support the statewide industrial location policy, a rational distribution of industries over the state and balance development of urban centres in hinterland. To provide physical and social services for growing population consisting of different sections of people. Profile: World’s largest planned city with area of 344 sq km Coastal stretch 3 34.2 km Altitude 3 20 deg N and Latitude 3 73 deg East Mean annual Temperature 3 25 Deg C to 28 Deg C Climate 3 Subtropical Monsoon Climate ( Humid 3 per ‐ Humid to Semi Arid and Semi Humid type) Annual Rainfall 2500 to 3500 mm Creation: Based on the book 3 proposal twin city concept= by Charles Correa, Pravin Mehta and Shirish Patel. They presented the proposal for constructing new growth centres across bombay harbour on mainland, to the government The implementation occurred through political and bureaucratic channels in 1969 The site was chosen across the harbour from Bombay island. The site 3 a narrow piece of land bounded by Western ghats on north, south, east and Arabian sea on west. CIDCO (city and industrial development corporation of Maharashtra) was formed to plan and develop Navi mumbai in 1970 The built form: The CBD lies at the Centre with all major commercial, political and social activities. CBD surrounded by transition zone which has factories and warehouses. Older residential areas replaced by expanding CBD. Next zone had residences for lower income group and successive zones for higher income groups. Design Principles: The conceptual design of Navi Mumbai was based on modernism Principles: Nodes 3 decentralization by design of self sufficient townships Sectors 3 Residential neighborhoods Single use zoning as opposed to traditional multiple use Zoning Total area was divided into 3 townships Each Sectors township had several townships. 3 Many residential in nature. Each node planned to accommodate a range of some income groups Ponds created to accumulate excess runoff Circular / Radiocentric / Concentric Form Towns with geographical possibility of spreading in all directions on a relatively level site Usually tend to grow in a roughly circular form with inner and outer ring roads Linked together by radiating roads emanating from the centre. The residential areas in such towns are located around the core, between the ring and radial roads. The core itself forms the main business area and the early industry is usually mixed up with residential localities. As the town grows, new ring and radial roads come into existence simultaneously with peripheral growth Periphery has green belts Example : Washington DC, Pre‐industrial Baghdad in Iraq.  Advantages: Disadvantages: A direct line of travel for centrally Central congestion local flow directed flows, problems , Economics of a single- centralized Difficult building sites terminal or origin point Case Study 1 – Moscow Moscow is the world biggest Megapolis The city grew in a pattern of rings and radials that marked Moscow's growth from ancient time to modern layout. The center of all rings is Moscow Kremlin and famous Red Square. Successive phases of development are traced by the following: ➔ The Boulevard Ring and ➔ The Garden Ring, ➔ The Moscow Little Ring Railway and ➔ The Moscow Ring Road.  Case Study 2 – Madurai The city was built around the temple complex as the focal point with a combination of concentric street pattern The old city of Madurai is considered to be designed according to the Rajdhani plan, described in Manasara, one of the Silpasastra, and has the fivefold concentric rectangular formation with Meenakshi Sundareshwara Temple at a very center point. The temple forms the heart and lifeline of the 2,500‐year old city of Madurai  The settlement pattern of Madurai is planned according to the ancient system of town planning which is based on caste and occupational hierarchies. The map shows the present settlement pattern and its relevance with the ancient town planning system. Ancient south Indian temple towns are designed by placing the temple complex at the center with concentric rectangle pattern of streets around (Srirangam) The streets concentric to the temple complex formed the major streets viz., Chithirai Streets, Avani Moola Streets and Masi Streets. The next order of streets is perpendicular to the above streets and lead to the temple entrances. The developments within and beyond these streets are on an irregular pattern. A definite hierarchy of street pattern was adopted with the width of the streets decreasing as they branched out, ending up in stone paved streets and lanes ‐ the width of some being just 0.60 m. The entire city was enclosed within the fort walls and surrounded by a moat. The fort walls have been razed down and the moat filled up to form the present day Veli Streets. In Madurai, Meenakshi Amman Temple is at the center. Royal Palaces, Brahmins and Priests at the first concentric rectangle Traders, Kshatriyas and Vaishnavaites on the second rectangle. The lower caste Sudras and immigrants in the third rectangle Gridiron form It is composed of straight streets crossing at right angles to create many regular city blocks. This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution After industrial revolution city played an important factor / place for economic growth of a nation. A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product throughout the city. This pattern facilitated easy orientation and layout of infrastructure with much less material wastages. Example: Chandigargh, San Fransisco, washington DC Advantages: High accessibility, minimum disruption of flow, expansion flexibility, excellent psychological orientation, adaptability to level or moderately rolling terrain. Disadvantages: Requires flow hierarchies, limited in its adaptability to the terrain, potentially monotonous Case study: san francisco San Francisco was designed to accommodate outrageous number of people who came to city during Gold Rush. It was laid out in a grid pattern imposed on a city of hills built on the end of a peninsula. Both grids and irregular forms can be seen in San Francisco. Downtown San Francisco is extremely dense. The planning commission split downtown into four separate zones with different purposes. Office District Retail District General Commercial District Support District THANKYOU