Perception Of The Self And Others OBM210 Past Paper PDF 2022

Click to add text OBM210: PERCEPTION OF THE SELF AND OTHERS TOPIC 3 Sabrena 2011 updated by Haty 2014 LEARNING OBJECTIVES To identify the self in IPC To understand the stages in perception To identify the impression formation  THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL...

Click to add text OBM210: PERCEPTION OF THE SELF AND OTHERS TOPIC 3 Sabrena 2011 updated by Haty 2014 LEARNING OBJECTIVES To identify the self in IPC To understand the stages in perception To identify the impression formation  THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION ❑ Self Concept (image of who you are) Consist of your strengths, weaknesses, your abilities and limitations, and your aspirations and worldview Develops from 4 sources: Others’ Images Social Comparison Cultural Self-evaluations Teachings  THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION ❑ Self Concept cont. Others’ image: You look at the image of yourself that others reveal to you through the way they treat you and react to you. Social Comparisons: You develop your self-concept is by comparing yourself with others. Social Media Tools to Compare Yourself to Others Search Engine Reports Network Spread Online Influence Twitter Activities Blog Presence References to Written Works  THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION ❑ Self Concept cont. Cultural Teachings: Through your parents, teachers, and the media, your culture instills in you a variety of beliefs, values and attitudes. Self-Evaluations: Others form images of you based on what you do, you also react to your own behavior, interpret and evaluate it.  THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION (cont.) ❑ Self-Awareness (The extent to which you know yourself) -Is neatly explained by the model of four selves, the Johari window  THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION (cont.) ❑ Self-Awareness (cont.) ✔ The open self: Represents all the information about you-behaviors, attitudes, feelings, desire, motivations and ideas – that you and others know. ✔ The blind self: All the things about you that others know but of which you’re ignorant. ✔ The hidden self: All that you know of yourself and of others that you keep secret. ✔ The unknown self: Truths about yourself that neither you nor others know.  GROWING IN SELF-AWARENESS Ask yourself about yourself “Who am i”, your strength and weaknesses. Listen to others You can learn a lot about yourself by seeing yourself as others do. Actively seek information about yourself To reduce your blind self. See your different selves Each person with whom you have an interpersonal relationship views you differently.  GROWING IN SELF-AWARENESS (cont.) Increase your open self When you reveal yourself to others and increase your open self, you also reveal yourself to yourself. You bring into clearer focus what you may have buried within.  SELF-ESTEEM Is a measure of how valuable you think you are. If you have high self esteem, you think highly of yourself, if you have low self-esteem, you tend to view yourself negatively.  SELF-ESTEEM Types of Self-Esteem Behavioral-verbal and Cognitive- your thinking Affective – your feelings nonverbal behaviors such as about your strengths, about yourself in light of your disclosures, your weaknesses, about who you your analysis of your assertiveness, conflict are. strengths and weaknesses. strategies and your gestures.  SELF-ESTEEM How to increase your self-esteem Attack Self-Destructive Beliefs Ideas you have about yourself that are unproductive or that make it difficult for you to achieve your goals. Seek Out Nourishing People Avoid noxious people as they like to find fault and criticize people. Nourishing people are positive and optimistic, they reward us, they stroke us, and they make us feel good about ourselves.  SELF-ESTEEM Beware the Impostor Phenomenon Refers to the tendency to disregard outward signs of success and to consider yourself as “impostor”, a fake, a fraud and one who doesn’t deserve to be considered successful. Work on Projects That Will result in Success Select projects that will result in success as it will build your self-esteem. Remind Yourself of Your Success Some people tend to focus on and to exaggerate their failures, their missed opportunities and their social mistakes.  SELF-ESTEEM (cont.) Secure Affirmation Refers to positive statement about yourself, statements as asserting that something good or positive is true of you.  PERCEPTION IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION Is the process by which you become aware of objects, events and especially people through your sense sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing Your perception result both from what exists in the outside world and from your own experiences, desires, needs, wants, loves and hatreds Is a continuous series of processes that blend into one another  INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION STAGES Stage One: Stimulation ✔ Your sense organs are stimulated – you hear new CD, see a friend etc. ✔ Selective attention: You attend to those things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs or will prove enjoyable (focuses on your name). ✔ Selective exposure: You expose yourself to people or messages that will confirm your existing beliefs, contribute to your objectives, or prove satisfying in some way (eg: advertisement)  INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION STAGES (cont.) Stage Two: Organization ✔ Organization by Rules One frequently used rule is that of proximity or physical closeness. Physically close to each other are perceived as a unit. Another rule is similarity things that are physically similar (they look a like) are perceived as belonging together and forming a unit. The rule of contrast is the opposite of similarity; when items (people or messages) are very different from each other, you conclude that they don’t belong together.  INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION STAGES (cont.) Stage Two: Organization (cont.) ✔ Organization by Schemata Is a mental template that help you organize the millions of items of information you come into contact with every day Stereotype : Fixed impression of a group of people ✔ Organization by Scripts An organized body of information about some action, event, or procedure  INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION STAGES (cont.) Stage Three: Interpretation-Evaluation ⚪ Greatly influenced by your experiences, needs, wants, values, etc. ⚪ Will be influenced by your rules, schemata, scripts and even gender Stage Four: Memory ⚪ All the perceptions and interpretation-evaluation are put into memory ⚪ May ultimately retrieve at some later time  INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION STAGES (cont.) Stage Five: Recall ✔ Involves accessing the information you have stored in memory ✔ May recall it with a variety of inaccuracies: You are likely to recall information that is consistent with your schemas But you may fail to recall information that is inconsistent with your schema However, you may recall information that drastically contradicts your schema  IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESS ⚫ Impression formation (person perception) consists of a variety of processes that you go through in forming an impression of another person. ⚫ Impression formation processes includes: ⚪ Self-fulfilling Prophecy ⚪ Personality Theory ⚪ Perceptual accentuation ⚪ Primacy-recency ⚪ Consistency ⚪ Attribution of control  IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESS (cont.) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy is a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true. Also, can be seen when you make predictions about yourself and fulfill them. Can short-circuit critical thinking and influence others’ behavior (or your own) so that it conforms to your prophecies.  IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESS (cont.) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (cont.) There are four basic steps: You make prediction or formulate a belief about a person or a situation You act toward that person or situation as if that prediction or belief were true Because you act as if the belief were true, it becomes true You observe your effect on the person or the resulting situation and what you see strengthens your beliefs  IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESS (cont.) ⚫ Personality Theory refers to each person has a subconscious or implicit theory that says which characteristics of an individual go with other characteristics. ⚫ The system of rules that tells you which characteristics go together (nerd-intelligent, hacker, hardworking) ⚫ Halo effect – if you believe a person has some positive qualities, you are likely to infer that she or he also possesses other positive qualities. ⚫ Horns effect (reverse halo) – if you know a person possesses several negative qualities, you are more likely to infer that the person also has other negative qualities.  IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESS (cont.) ⚫ Perceptual Accentuation leads you to see what you expect or want to see. ⚫ You magnify or accentuate what will satisfy your needs and desires. ⚫ Can lead you to perceive what you need or want to perceive rather than what is there, and to fail to perceive what you don’t want to perceive. ⚫ You may perceive certain behaviors as indicative that someone likes you simply because you want to be liked (e.g., salesman).  IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESS (cont.) ⚫ Primacy-Recency refers if what comes first exerts the most influence, you have a primacy effect, and if what comes last (or most recently) exerts the most influence, you have a recency effect. ⚫ Once that schema is formed, we are likely to resist information that contradicts it.  IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESS (cont.) Consistency refers to the tendency to maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes. You would expect someone you liked to possess characteristics you liked or admired and would expect your enemies not to possess characteristics you liked or admired. Uncritically assuming that an individual is consistent can lead you to ignore or distort perceptions that are inconsistent with your picture of the whole person.  IMPRESSION FORMATION PROCESS (cont.) ⚫ Attribution of Control ⚪ Another way in which we form impressions. ⚪ Might likely be sympathetic to not in control situation ⚪ You frequently ask if they were in control of the behavior ⚪ Several potential errors: Self-serving bias – take credit for the positive and deny responsibility for the negative. Overattribution – the tendency to single out or two obvious characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to this one or these two characteristics. Fundamental attribution error – overvalue or undervalue the contribution of internal and external values. INCREASING IMPRESSION FORMATION Avoid Analyze Processing Impressions Errors Check Reduce Perceptions Uncertainty Beware the Increase Just-World Cultural Hypothesis Sensitivity THE END