Topic 3 - HTML and CSS_231006_195727.pdf

HyperText Markup Language – HTML Cascading Style Sheets - CSS HEM 518 Dr. Khalid Alhamazani [email protected] https://sites.google.com/view/alhamazani/uoh/courses What is HTML? • • • • • • • HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language HTML describes the structure of Web pages using markup HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages HTML elements are represented by tags HTML tags label pieces of content such as "heading", "paragraph", "table", and so on Browsers do not display the HTML tags, but use them to render the content of the page 2 Hypertext & HTML HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is the language for specifying the static content of Web pages  hypertext refers to the fact that Web pages are more than just text can contain multimedia, provide links for jumping within & without  markup refers to the fact that it works by augmenting text with special symbols (tags) that identify structure and content type HTML is an evolving standard (as new technology/tools are added)  HTML 1 (Berners-Lee, 1989): very basic, limited integration of multimedia in 1993, Mosaic added many new features (e.g., integrated images)  HTML 2.0 (IETF, 1994): tried to standardize these & other features, but late in 1994-96, Netscape & IE added many new, divergent features  HTML 3.2 (W3C, 1996): attempted to unify into a single standard but didn't address newer technologies like Java applets & streaming video  HTML 4.0 (W3C, 1997): current standard attempted to map out future directions for HTML, not just react to vendors  XHTML 1.0 (W3C, 2000): HTML 4.01 modified to conform to XML standards 3 Web development tools Many high-level tools exist for creating Web pages e.g., Microsoft FrontPage, Netscape Composer, Adobe PageMill, Macromedia DreamWeaver, HotDog, … also, many applications have "save to HTML" options (e.g., Word) for most users who want to develop basic, static Web pages, these are fine Assembly language vs. high-level language analogy so, why are we learning low-level HTML using a basic text editor?     may want low-level control may care about size/readability of pages may want to "steal" page components and integrate into existing pages may want dynamic features such as scripts or applets 4 Tags vs. elements HTML specifies a set of tags that identify structure and content type  tags are enclosed in < > <img src="image.gif" /> specifies an image  most tags come in pairs, marking a beginning and ending <title> and </title> enclose the title of a page an HTML element is an object enclosed by a pair of tags <title>My Home Page</title> is a TITLE element <b>This text appears bold.</b> is a BOLD element <p>Part of this text is <b>bold</b>.</p> is a PARAGRAPH element that contains a BOLD element HTML document is a collection of elements (text/media with context) 5 Structural elements an HTML document has two main structural elements  HEAD contains setup information for the browser & the Web page e.g., the title for the browser window, style definitions, JavaScript code, …  BODY contains the actual content to be displayed in the Web page <html>  HTML documents begin and end with <html> and </html> tags Comments appear between  HEAD section enclosed between <head> and </head> BODY section enclosed between <body> and </body> 6 Text layout <html>  <head> <title>Text Layout</title> </head> <body> <p> This is a paragraph of text<br/> made up of two lines. </p> <p> This is another paragraph with a   GAP   between some of the words. </p> <p>    This paragraph is<br/> indented on the first line<br/> but not on subsequent lines. </p> </body> </html> for the most part, layout of the text must be left to the browser  every sequence of whitespace is interpreted as a single space  browser automatically wraps the text to fit the window size can override some text layout  can cause a line break using the <br/> tag (no closing tag)  can specify a new paragraph (starts on a new line, preceded by a blank line) using <p>…</p>  can force a space character using the symbol for a non-breaking space:   7 Separating blocks of text <html>  can specify headings for paragraphs or blocks of text  <h1>…</h1> tags produce a large, bold heading  <h2>…</h2> tags produce a slightly smaller heading ...  <h6>…</h6> tags produce a tiny heading can insert a horizontal rule to divide sections  <hr/> draws line across window  <hr width="50%" /> sets width  <hr size=10 /> sets thickness 8 Aligning text <html>  <head> <title>Text Alignment</title> </head> <body> <h1 style="text-align:center">Centered Heading</h1> <p> Here is some left-justified text (which is the default in HTML). </p> <p style="text-align:center"> Here is some centered text. </p> <div style="text-align:right"> <h2>Right-justified Heading</h2> <p>Here is some right-justified text.</p> </div> </body> can specify how elements should be aligned (default is left-justified)  utilize STYLE attribute of tag to justify more than one element as a group, use DIV tags  ell elements enclosed in DIV are formatted similarly </html> 9 Text styles <html>  <head> <title>Text Styles</title> </head> <body> <p> Text can be emphasized using <b>bold</b>, <i>italics</i>, or even <big>resizing</big>. <br/> The typewriter font is good for displaying code: <tt>sum = sum + i;</tt> <br /> And remember: <span style="color:red"> <small>2<sup>10</sup></small> = 1024</span> </p> </body>  <b>… </b> specify bold  <i>… </i> specify italics  <tt>… </tt> specify typewriter-like (fixed-width) font  <big>… </big> increase the size of the font  <small>… </small> decrease the size of the font  <sub>… </sub> specify a subscript  <sup>… </sup> a superscript  <p style="color:red">…</p> for paragraphs  <span style="color:blue"> …</span> for inline text </html> Note: if elements are nested, the order of opening/closing is important! (LIFO) 10 More text grouping <html> <head> <title>More Text Grouping</title> </head> <body> <p> <tt><pre> for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { sum = sum + i; } </pre></tt> </p> <p> Eagleson's Law states that: <blockquote> Any code of your own that you haven't looked at for six or more months might as well have been written by someone else. </blockquote> </p> </body> </html>  <pre>…</pre> specify text that is to be displayed as is (line breaks and spacing are preserved) useful for code or whenever you want text to fit a specific layout  <blockquote>…</blockquote> specify text that is to be indented on both margins useful for quotations or for indenting text in subsections 11 Lists <html> <head> <title>Simple Lists</title> </head> <body> <p> <ol> <li>First thing. <li>Second thing. <li>Third thing. </ol> </p> <p> <dl> <dt>HTML <dd>HyperText Markup Language <dt>HTTP <dd>HyperText Transfer Protocol </dl> </p> </body> there are 3 different types of list elements  <ol>…</ol> specifies an ordered list (using numbers or letters to label each list item) <li> identifies each list item can set type of ordering, start index  <ul>…</ul> specifies unordered list (using a bullet for each) <li> identifies each list item  <dl>…</dl> specifies a definition list <dt> identifies each term <dd> identifies its definition </html> 12 Hyperlinks <html> <head> <title>Hyperlinks</title> </head> <body> <p> <a href="http://www.uoh.edu.sa"> University of Ha'il</a> <br> <a href="http://www.google.com" target="_blank"> Open link a new window</a> </p> </body> </html> perhaps the most important HTML element is the hyperlink, or ANCHOR  <a href="URL">…</a> where URL is the Web address of the page to be displayed when the user clicks on the link if the page is accessed over the Web, must start with http:// if not there, the browser will assume it is the name of a local file  <a href="URL" target="_blank">…</a> causes the page to be loaded in a new window 13 Hyperlinks (cont.) <html> <head> <title>Internal Links in a Page</title> </head> <body> <p align="center"> [ <a href="#HTML">HTML</a> | <a href="#HTTP">HTTP</a> | <a href="#IP">IP</a> | <a href="#TCP">TCP</a> ] </p> <p> Computer acronyms: <dl> <a name="HTML"></a><dt>HTML <dd>HyperText Markup Language <a name="HTTP"></a><dt>HTTP <dd>HyperText Transfer Protocol <a name="IP"></a><dt>IP <dd>Internet Protocol <a name="TCP"></a><dt>TCP <dd>Transfer Control Protocol </p> </body> </html> for long documents, you can even have links to other locations in that document  <a name="ident">…</a> where ident is a variable for identifying this location  <a href="#ident">…</a> will then jump to that location within the file  <a href="URL#ident">…</a> can jump into the middle of another file just as easily 14 Images can include images using IMG  by default, browsers can display GIF and JPEG files  other image formats may require plug-in applications for display <img src="filename" alt="alternate text" /> again, if file is to be accessed over the Web, must start with http:// (if not, will assume local file) <html> <head> <title>Images</title> </head> <body> <div style="text-align:center"> <img src="https://www.wideopenpets.com/wpcontent/uploads/20017/03/AdobeStock_55907234-768x558.jpeg" alt="Oops not Found :(" /> <p>Horse</p> </div> </body> </html> 15 Tables Tables are common tools for arranging complex layout on a Web page  a table divides contents into rows and columns  by default, column entries are left-justified, so provide for alignment <html> <head> <title>Tables</title> </head> <body> <table> <tr> <td>XYZ1</td> <td>XYZ2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Smile</td> <td>Do not Smile</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> <table>…</table> specify a table element <tr>…</tr> specify a row in the table <td>…</td> specify table data (i.e., each column entry in the table) 16 Layout in a table <html> <head> <title>Table Layout</title> </head> <body> <table border=3> <tr align="center"> <td>foo<br>foo</td> <td valign="top">bar</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Memo</td> <td>Marjourey</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> can have a border on tables using the BORDER attribute <table border=1> increasing the number makes the border thicker can control the horizontal & vertical layout within cells <td align="center"> <td align="right"> <td valign="top"> <td valign="bottom"> can apply layout to an entire row <tr align="center"> <tr valign="top"> 17 Table width <html> <head> <title>Table Width</title> </head> <body> <table width="100%"> <tr> <td>left-most <td align="right">right-most</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> by default, the table is sized to fit the data can override & specify the width of a table relative to the page <table width="60%"> useful for page footer – set table width to 100% 1st column: left-justified 2nd column: right-justified 18 Other table options <html> <!– Let’s try - khalid--> <head> <title>Table Formatting</title> </head> <body> <table border=1 cellspacing=4 cellpadding=8> <tr> <th>HEAD1</th> <th>HEAD2</th> <th>HEAD3</th> </tr> <tr> <td>one</td> <td>two</td> <td>three</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan=2 align="center"> four </td> <td colspan=2 align="center"> five </td> </tr> <tr> <td> six </td> <td> seven </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> can control the space between cells & margins within cells <table cellspacing=5> <table cellpadding=5> can add headings <th> is similar to <td> but displays heading centered in bold can have data that spans more than one column <td colspan=2> similarly, can span more than one row <td rowspan=2> 19 Frames Frames provide the ability to split the screen into independent pages  must define a FRAMESET that specifies the layout of the pages  actual pages to be displayed must be in separate files can divide vertically <html> <!– Let’s Try it out--> <frameset cols="*,*"> <frame src="page01.html"> <frame src="page02.html"> </frameset> </html> view page in browser <frameset cols="50%,50%"> or, horizontally <frameset rows="30%,*,*"> * causes the browser to divide the remaining space evenly by default, each frame scrollable • can drag the border to resize • can hide the border with frameset attribute frameborder=0 20 Content vs. presentation Most HTML tags define content type, independent of presentation  exceptions? Style sheets associate presentation formats with HTML elements   CSS1: developed in 1996 by W3C CSS2: released in 1998, but not fully supported by browsers  HTML style sheets are known as Cascading Style Sheets, since can be defined at three different levels 1. inline style sheets apply to the content of a single HTML element 2. document style sheets apply to the whole BODY of a document 3. external style sheets can be linked and applied to numerous documents 21 Inline style sheets <html> <head> <title>Inline Style Sheets</title> </head> <body> <p style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif; text-align:right">This is a right-justified paragraph in a sans serif font (preferably Arial), with some <span style="color:green">green text</span>. </p> <p>And <a style="color:red; text-decoration:none; font-size:larger;" href="page01.html">here</a> is a formatted link. </p> </body> </html> view page in browser Using the style attribute, can specify presentation style for a single HTML element  within tag, list sequence of property:value pairs font-family:Courier,monospace font-style:italic font-weight:bold font-size:12pt font-size:large font-size:larger color:red color:#000080 background-color:white text-decoration:underline text-decoration:none text-align:left text-align:center text-align:right text-align:justify vertical-align:top vertical-align:middle vertical-align:bottom text-indent:5em text-indent:0.2in 22 Inline style sheets (cont.) <html> <!– CSS try --> <head> <title>Inline Style Sheets</title> </head> <body> <p>Here is an image <img src="reed.gif" alt="Dave Reed" style="margin-left:0.3in; margin-right:0.3in; vertical-align:middle; border-style:double; border-color:yellow"> embedded in text. </p> <ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"> <li> one thing <li> or another <ul style="list-style-type:square; whitespace:pre"> <li> with this <li> or that </ul> </ol> </body> </html> more style properties & values margin-left:0.1in margin-right:5% margin:3em padding-top:0.1in padding-bottom:5% padding:3em border-width:thin border-width:thick border-width:5 border-color:red border-style:dashed border-style:dotted border-style:double border-style:none whitespace:pre list-style-type:square list-style-type:decimal list-style-type:lower-alpha list-style-type:upper-roman 23 Inline style sheets (cont.) <html> <head> <title> Inline Style Sheets </title> </head> style sheets can be applied to tables for interesting effects <body> <table style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif"> <caption style="color:red; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline"> Student data. </caption> <tr style="background-color:red"> <th> name </th> <th> age </th> </tr> <tr> <td> Chris Smith </td> <td> 19 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Pat Jones </td> <td> 20 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Doogie Howser </td> <td> 9 </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html> 24 Document style sheets Inline style sheets apply to individual elements in the page  can lead to inconsistencies as similar elements are formatted differently e.g., might like for all H1 elements to be centered  inline definitions mix content & presentation  violates the general philosophy of HTML Alternatively, document style sheets allow for a clean separation of content and presentation  style definitions are placed in the HEAD of the page (within STYLE tags)  can apply to all elements, or a subclass of elements, throughout the page 25 Document style sheets <html> <head> <title>Document Style Sheets</title> <style type="text/css"> h1 {color:blue; text-align:center} p.indented {text-indent:0.2in} </style> </head> <body> <h1>Centered Title</h1> <p class="indented">This paragraph will have the first line indented, but subsequent lines will be flush.</p> <p>This paragraph will not be indented. </p> document style sheets ensure that similar elements are formatted similarly  can even define subclasses of elements and specify formatting p.indented defines subclass of paragraphs • inherits all defaults of <p> • adds new features to specify this newly defined class, place class="ID" attribute in tag note how "clean" the BODY is <h1>The End</h1> </body> </html> 26 Document style sheets (cont.) <html> <head> <title> Inline Style Sheets </title> <style type="text/css"> table {font-family:Arial,sans-serif} caption {color:red; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline} th {background-color:red} </style> </head> <body> <table> <caption> Student data. </caption> <tr><th> name </th> <th> age</th></tr> <tr><td> Chris Smith </td> <td> 19 </td></tr> <tr><td> Pat Jones </td> <td> 20 </td></tr> <tr><td> Doogie Howser </td> <td> 9 </td></tr> </table> </body> </html> document style sheets are especially useful in formatting tables effectively separates content from presentation what if you wanted to rightjustify the column of numbers? what if you changed your mind? 27 Pseudo-elements <html> <head> <title>Title for Page</title> <style type="text/css"> a {color : red; text-decoration : none; font-size : larger} a:visited {color : black} a:active {color : orange} a:hover {color : blue} p:first-letter {font-size : large; color : white; background-color : darkblue} </style> </head> <body> <p>Welcome to my Web page. I am so happy you are here. </p> <p>Be sure to visit <a href="http://www.cnn.com">CNN</a> for late-breaking news. </p> </body> </html> pseudo-elements are used to address sub-parts of elements  can specify appearance of link in various states :visited :active :hover  can specify format of first line in page or paragraph :first-line  can specify format of first letter in page or paragraph :first-letter 28 External style sheets Modularity is key to the development and reuse of software  design/implement/test useful routines and classes  package and make available for reuse  saves in development cost & time  central libraries make it possible to make a single change and propogate External style sheets place the style definitions in separate files  multiple pages can link to the same style sheet, consistent look across a site  possible to make a single change and propagate automatically  represents the ultimate in content/representation separation 29 Modularity & style sheets <html> <head> <title>Title for Page</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="myStyle.css" title="myStyle"> </head> <body> <h1>Centered Title</h1> <p class="indented">This paragraph will have the first line indented, but subsequent lines will be flush.</p> <p>This paragraph will not be indented. </p> <h1>The End</h1> h1 {color : blue; text-align : center} p.indented {text-indent:0.2in} ideally, the developer(s) of a Web site would place all formatting options in an external style sheet all Web pages link to that same style sheet for a uniform look  simplifies Web pages since only need to specify structure/content tags </body> </html> 30 Web rules of thumb HTML provides for lots of neat features, but just because you can add a feature doesn't mean you should! don't add features that distract from the content of the page  use color & fonts sparingly and be careful how elements fit together e.g, no purple text on a pink background, no weird fonts  use images only where appropriate e.g., bright background images can make text hard to read e.g., the use of clickable images instead of buttons or links can slow access  don't rely on window or font size for layout e.g., font size may be adjusted by viewer, window constrained  don’t be annoying e.g., no pop-up windows, excessive advertising, silly music  break large document into smaller or provide a menu (either internal or frame)  stick to standard features and test using both IE and Netscape  utilize style sheets to make changes easy & ensure consistency 31 Tutorials Reference - Practice https://www.w3schools.com 32

Topic 3 - HTML and CSS_231006_195727.pdf

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