GE 100 General Surveying I Lecture Notes PDF

GE 100 – General Surveying 1 1  GE 100 – GENERAL SURVEYING I Course Overview No. of Units: 4 units ( 2 units Lecture, 2 units Laboratory) Total Contact Hours: 36 hours Lecture, 108 hours Laboratory Pre-requisite: None Co-requisite: None Course Description: Plane surveying mea...

GE 100 – General Surveying 1 1  GE 100 – GENERAL SURVEYING I Course Overview No. of Units: 4 units ( 2 units Lecture, 2 units Laboratory) Total Contact Hours: 36 hours Lecture, 108 hours Laboratory Pre-requisite: None Co-requisite: None Course Description: Plane surveying measurements and error theory; horizontal and vertical distance measurements; use of principal surveying instruments; basic plane surveying operations and computational method of position, traverses, and areas; basic cartography. Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) After completion of the course, the student must be able to: 1. Explain the principles and applications of plane surveying and the use of surveying instruments. 2. Execute plane surveys following established guidelines, specifications, and standards of accuracy. 3. Solve horizontal and vertical distances, traverses, areas, and subdivision problems. 4. Prepare maps and survey plans following cartographic standards. GE 100 – General Surveying 1 2  LECTURE NO. 2 – SURVEYING FIELDWORKS NO. OF HOURS: 2 hours TOPIC INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME At the end of the lecture, the students would be able to: Enumerate the responsibilities of each member of a survey party. Identify different surveying instruments being used in surveying activities. Demonstrate hand signals used in field activities. TEACHING/LEARNING STRATEGIES Lecture/ Discussion using Slide Presentation Demonstration Lecture Illustrated Presentation Brainstorming REQUIRED COURSE MATERIALS Reference Textbook Research materials from the internet Laptop Projector Whiteboard and Marker CONTENT Survey Party Engineer’s Field Book Field Notes Recording Observed Data Communication among Survey Party Members Common Surveying Instruments and Accessories Proper Handling of Instruments Abbreviations commonly used in Surveying GE 100 – General Surveying 1 3 THE SURVEY PARTY For an organization for a field survey party, the principle of flexibility must be adapted. The duties and responsibilities of members of a survey party should not always be fixed but should be modified to suit prevailing work requirements and conditions, problems in field operations, and the availability and uses of surveying equipment. The following list should serve as a reference for one who intends to organize a field survey party. 1. Chief of Party. The person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision, and operational control of the survey party and its logistics and technical requirements and problems of field survey operations. Before the execution of a survey project, he consults with superiors regarding the project to be undertaken. He is also responsible for submitting survey reports and records and sees to it that these are complete, accurate, and adheres to prescribed technical standards and specifications. He prepares cost estimates of survey projects and receives and disburses the cash expenses of the survey party. He may also act as an expert witness in court on matters relating to the technical description of the land and other surveying matters. 2. Assistant Chief of Party. The person whose duty is to assist the chief of party. He takes over the duties of the chief of party during the absence of the chief. He conducts ground reconnaissance and investigates sites of a proposed project to gather necessary data before the start of survey work. He is primarily responsible for the employment of surveying equipment. He prepares field and office reports and survey plans for submission to the chief of party. 3. Instrument man. The person whose duty is to set up, level, and operate surveying instruments. He sees to it that the instruments to be used in a survey operation are in good working condition and proper adjustment. He also assists the technician in the operation of electronic surveying equipment. He works in coordination and as part of an instrument party and exercises limited supervision over personnel doing manual tasks. 4. Technician. The person who is responsible for the use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a fieldwork operation. He is also responsible for the establishment of a two-way communication link by radio between members of the survey party where distant stations or long survey lines are involved. 5. Computer. The person whose duty is to perform all computations of survey data and works out necessary computational checks required in a fieldwork operation. He is responsible for the utilization of electronic calculators, pocket or microcomputers, and assists in the operation of computerized surveying systems and equipment. 6. Recorder. The person whose duty is to keep a record of all sketches, drawings, measurements, and observations taken or needed for a fieldwork operation. He keeps a table of schedules of all phases of work and the employment of the members of the GE 100 – General Surveying 1 4  survey party. He does clerical tasks related to surveying in the office and undertakes limited cartographic jobs. 7. Head Tapeman. The person was responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape. He determines and directs the marking of stations to be occupied by the surveying instruments and directs the clearing out of obstructions along the line of sight. He inspects and compares tapes for standard length before their use in taping operations and is responsible for eliminating or reducing possible errors and mistakes in taping. 8. Rear Tapeman. The person whose duty is to assist the head tapeman during taping operations and in other related work. 9. Flagman. The person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or range pole at selected points as directed by the instrument man. He helps the tapeman in making measurements and assists the axeman in cutting down branches and in clearing other obstructions to line of sight. 10. Rodman. The person whose primary duty is to hold the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it. 11. Pacer. The person whose duty is to check all linear measurements made by the tapeman. He assists the tapeman in seeing to it that mistakes and blunders in linear measurements are either reduced or eliminated. He may also perform the job of a rodman. 12. Axeman/Lineman. The person must clear the line of sight. He is also responsible for the security and safety of the members of the survey party at the survey site. 13. Aidman. The person whose duty is to render first aid treatment to members of the survey party who are involved in snake and insect bites, accidents, and other cases involving their health, safety, and well-being. 14. Utilityman. The persons whose duty is to render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party or as directed by the chief of the party. He is also designated as the driver and is responsible for setting the campsite and its required facilities if the survey party has to camp out for days in the field. He prepares and serves meals and also looks after the security of the campsite. He is also responsible for the handling and transporting of surveying equipment, accessories, and supplies. The laying out of concrete monuments, markers, and signals of designated points is also his responsibility. Surveying Field Notes Surveying field notes constitute the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field. No matter how carefully the measurements are made, the survey as a whole may be useless if some of the measurements are not recorded or if the meaning of other recorded data is misinterpreted or misunderstood. Also, field notes become the official record of the survey. It is for this reason that notes must be complete, legible, concise and comprehensive, and logically arranges according to GE 100 – General Surveying 1 5 recognized practice. It will be kept for future reference and may be used by another surveyor some years later. A systematic arrangement of all survey data is important if the record is to be concise and includes all of the required information. Accuracy is always aided by methodical apportionment and classification of data. ENGINEER’S FIELD BOOK Engineer’s field book is made of good quality rag paper with stiff board or leather cover made to withstand hard usage and of pocket-size as shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Engineers Field Book TYPES OF NOTES The following are the five common types of notes kept in practice. 1. Sketches. A good sketch will help to convey a correct impression. It is rarely made to exact scale but in most cases, it is made approximately to scale. 2. Tabulations. A series of numerical values observed in the field are best shown in a tabulated format. Tabulated form of note keeping conveys the required information in a simple and definite manner. 3. Explanatory Notes. It provides a written description of what has been done in the field. These are employed to make clear what the numerical data and sketches fail to do. 4. Computations. Calculations form a large part of the work of surveying. Most surveying type computations are made algebraically by the use of simple arithmetical steps and trigonometric functions. 5. Combination of the Above. The practice used in most extensive surveys is a combination of the above types of notes depending on which type of combination would be most logical to use in portraying the type of data gathered in the field. GE 100 – General Surveying 1 6 RECORDING OBSERVED DATA The following are the most desired ways of recording observed data in the field. 1. Follow a consistent simple style of lettering. 2. Use a sharp pencil. 3. Make it a habit to record directly in the field book immediately following a measurement, rather than on a sheet of scratch paper for copying later. 4. Do not erase recorded data. 5. Avoid crowding observed data in the field notebook. 6. Always bring along a straightedge for ruling lines and a small protractor for laying off angles in the field notebook. 7. To avoid the possible misinterpretation of data, use sketches instead of tabulations. Also, use explanatory notes. 8. Indicate north at the top of the page of the field notebook for all sketches shown in the plan and draw a meridian arrow. 9. Tabulated values should be kept inside the column rulings, with the decimal point and digits aligned vertically. 10. Computations made in the field should be recorded in the field notebook so that they can be checked later. 11. Number every page of the field notebook. COMMUNICATION AMONG SURVEY PARTY MEMBERS An arm and hand signals are any gesture or motion that conveys information or gives a command, direction, or warning. It is usually difficult or impossible to communicate verbally in the field due to distance, wind conditions, and surrounding noise. It is necessary or practical to use signals rather than call directions since much of the work involves long sights where calling to one another is impractical. It is in such instances that arm and hand signals allow the members of the survey party to better communicate with each other. The following are the list of the commonly used arm and hand signals. 1. Move Right or Left 2. Give a Sight 3. All Right 4. This is a Point 5. Move Back 6. Pick Up Instruments 7. Raise or (Lower) Target GE 100 – General Surveying 1 7  8. Come In 9. Plumb the Rod 10. Establish a Turning Point 11. This is a Turning Point 12. Wave the Rod 13. Face the Rod 14. Reverse the Rod 15. Move Forward 16. Use the Long Rod COMMON SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES The following is the list of surveying instruments and accessories commonly used in taking fieldwork courses in surveying (Table 1). Table 1. Common Surveying Instruments and Accessories Instruments Accessories Transit Tripod Theodolite Range Pole. Prism Total Station Leveling Rod Level Plumb Bob Measuring Tape PROPER HANDLING OF INSTRUMENTS The following are the proper handling of surveying instruments in the field survey. ▪ Know how to use the instruments. ▪ Always place them in stable grounds when in use. ▪ Place them properly in their storage/container. ▪ Do not use them if the weather does not permit. ▪ Check their functionality before and after fieldwork. ▪ If wet, dry them by carefully wiping excess water and do not put them immediately in their storage/container. ▪ Carry the instrument properly. ▪ Be mindful of the surrounding when transporting any equipment. ▪ Avoid playing with the instrument. ▪ Always make sure that the equipment is secure. GE 100 – General Surveying 1 8 ABBREVIATIONS COMMONLY USED IN SURVEYING The following listed in Table 2 shown below are the abbreviations commonly used in surveying. Table 2. Abbreviations commonly used in surveying ABBREVIATION SURVEYING TERM AC *Acre ACOP Assist. Chief of Party ADJ Adjusted AN Assumed North AVE Average AZn Azimuth from North AZs Azimuth from South BC *Beginning of Curve BM Benchmark BDRY Boundary BRG Bearing BS Backsight BSD Backsight Distance C *Cut Ch Correction Due to Slope Cp Correction Due to Pull Ct Correction Due to Temperature CB Check Base CI *Contour Interval C/L Center Line COP Chief of Party COR Corner CORR Correction COS Cosine COT Cotangent CU *Cubic D *Degree of Curve DA Double Area DE Difference in Elevation DECL Declination DEG Degree DEP Departure DIFF Difference DIST Distance GE 100 – General Surveying 1 9  DMD Double Meridian Distance DPD Double Parallel Distance E East or External Distance ELEV Elevation F *Fill FS Foresight FT *Foot/Feet GCT *Greenwich Civil Time GHA *Greenwich Hour Angle GL *Grade/Ground Line GMT *Greenwich Mean Time GN Grid North GND Ground GR Grade HD Horizontal Distance HI Height of Instrument HOR Horizontal HT Head Tapeman HWY *Highway I *Intersection Angle ID Inclined Distance IFS Intermediate Foresight INT Interior K *Stadia Interval Factor L *Length or Length of Curve LAT Latitude LC *Long Chord LHA *Local Hour Angle LONG Longitude LWE *Left Water Edge MAG Magnetic MAX Maximum MER Meridian MHHW *Mean Higher High Water MIN Minimum or Minute MLLW *Mean Lower Low Water MN Magnetic North MON Monument N North or Nadir NDA North Double Area GE 100 – General Surveying 1 10 NEG Negative (-) OBS Observed OCC Occupied PAR Parallel PC *Point of Curvature PCC *Point of Compound Curve PF Pace Factor PI *Point of Intersection POS Positive (+) PT *Point of Tangency R *Radius of Curve REC Relative Error of Closure RL Range Line RM Rodman RP Relative Precision RR Rod Reading RT Rear Tapeman RWE *Right Water Edge S South or Stadia Interval SDA South Double Area SEC Seconds or Secant SIN Sine SQ Square T *Tangent Distance TAN Tangent TBM Temporary Benchmark TC *Tangent to Curve TD Taped Distance TDE True Difference in Elevation TN True North TP Turning Point VD Vertical Distance VEL *Velocity VERT Vertical VOL *Volume W West WL *Water Level/Line X-SEC Cross Section GE 100 – General Surveying 1 11