The Life and Works of Jose Rizal (SSC 103) PDF

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL (Emphasis ours) The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith (SSC 103) measures to i...

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF JOSE RIZAL (Emphasis ours) The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith (SSC 103) measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers, and textbooks. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and ▪ An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. Courses on the Life, Works and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly his Novels Noli Me The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the providing for the exemption of students for reasons of Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, Other Purposes. from the requirement of the provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the course provided for in the first part WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our of said paragraph. history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) and died; days after publication in the Official Gazette. WHEREAS, it is met that in honoring them, particularly _____________________________________________ the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory for all schools, remember with special fondness and devotion their colleges, and universities to keep in their libraries an lives and works that have shaped the national adequate number of copies of the original and character; unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El WHEREAS, the life, works, and writing of Jose Rizal, Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El biography. Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere patriotism with which the minds of the youth, and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English, especially during their formative and decisive years in as well as other writings of Rizal, shall be included in school, should be suffused; the list of approved books for required reading in all WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the public or private schools, colleges, and universities. supervision of and subject to regulation by the State, The Board of National Education shall determine the and all schools are enjoined to develop moral adequacy of the number of books, depending upon the character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to enrollment of the school, college, or university. teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore, _____________________________________________ SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works, and writings of cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of into English, Tagalog, and the principal Philippine all schools, colleges, and universities, public or private: dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout used as basic texts. the country. SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as ❖ The aforementioned changes enabled man to amendment or repealing section nine hundred twenty- achieve the heights of prosperity and dignity seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the unattained before it. discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school. Spain’s Conquest Prior to Rizal’s Birth _____________________________________________ ❖ Prior to Spain’s ruling in the Philippines, the SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos Filipinos had their own government called the is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any barangay fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act. ❖ A barangay was headed by a native chieftain called “datu” _____________________________________________ ❖ Each barangay autonomously governed their own SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval. jurisdiction and by their own laws ▪ Approved: June 12, 1956 ❖ Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first ▪ Published in the Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. Spanish settlement in the year 1565 in Cebu 6, p. 2971 in June 1956. ❖ The Spanish conquerors introduced Spanish Catholicism to the Philippines and forced the Filipinos FACTS TO REMEMBER: to embrace and adopt the religion, its traditions, beliefs, mandates and practices ❖ Jose P. Laurel, Claro M. Recto, Jose B. Laurel, Jr., Jacobo Gonzales, Lorenzo Tañada, and other ======================================= lawmakers sponsored the R.A. No. 1425. ❖ Filipinos lost their ancestral lands to the ❖ The integration of the study of life and works of “conquistadores” by the encomienda system Rizal in the curriculum of the tertiary level took effect on August 16, 1956. ❖ The form of government and the laws were completely changed ❖ CLARO M. RECTO is considered as the “Father of ❖ Notably, the Philippines became a colony of Rizal Law” for sponsoring the “Rizal bill”. Spain. Consequently, she belonged to the king of Spain C. THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19th CENTURY ❖ The last galleon arrived in Manila in 1851. By mid- UNDER RIZAL’S CONTEXT 1830s, Manila became open to foreign merchants almost without restrictions. The demand for Philippine ❖ 19 century was deemed as very dynamic sugar and abaca (hemp) grew, and the volume of and productive age in the continents of Europe and exports to Europe expanded even further after the Asia. completion of the Suez Canal in 1869. ❖ The essence of the life of Rizal is marked by the ❖ During the Spanish regime until 1821, the conditions that existed during his lifetime in the Philippines was administered by the Mexican Viceroy, Philippines and around the world. in the name of the king of Spain ❖ Rizal’s message and dedication sets forth a human ❖ After the year 1821, when Mexico gained its declaration that all human beings are born free and independence from Spain, the Philippines was directly equal in dignity and rights. ruled from Madrid. ❖ Concepts such as industrialism, democracy, and nationalism gained ascendancy and triggered revolutionary changes in science, technology, economics, and politics  Political System in the Philippines During the The provinces were run by the civil governors called 19TH Century called “Alcalde Mayor” ❖ Royal decrees governing the Philippines were o The city government was known as “cabildo or issued by the King and the other Spanish officials ayuntamiento” through the Ministry of Colonies (Ministro de Ultra Mar) o The city government was administered by a based in Madrid mayor and a vice mayor who were both the chief executives and chief judicial magistrate ❖ Centralized type of government in Manila o These aforesaid positions were occupied by exercising executive, legislative, and religious power the Spaniards was adopted ======================================= The provinces were divided into towns or pueblos and were headed by the “Gobernadorcillo” (later called ❖ The “Governor General”, appointed by the King “capitan”) of Spain, headed the central administration of the Philippines. o Highest position to where a native Filipino could be appointed o He was the king’s representative involving o Elected annually at the beginning of every year governmental matters, and was the Vice-Royal o Elected by the “principalia” made up of the Patron governing religious matters in the incumbert ex-cabeza de barangay, the Philippines. smallest unit of the government o He exercised powers as the head of the state o Vested with the power of Indulto de Comercio and the church. or the right to engage in trading o He issued executive orders and proclamations o He was the commander-in-chief of the military o He assigned the imposition of taxes The towns were then divided into barangays and were o He was vested with the power to give pardon headed by the “Cabeza de Barangay” to prisoners o He exercised legislative powers with his o Its main responsibility was to collect taxes and “cumplase” by which he could decide which tributes from the families law or royal decree to implement or disregard o A native Filipino may run for this position at in the country where he was assigned that time o He enjoyed judicial powers as an ex-officio o The cabeza’s properties were deemed president of the Royal Audencia mortgaged to the state for the entire duration o His religious duty gave him the prerogative to of his term that ran for three years nominate priests to ecclesiastical positions o “Sanctorum” or the tax paid to the Church and to control the finances of the missions annually to cover the costs of three annual fiestas, namely: All Saints’ Day, Holy Thursday, and Corpus Christi. ❖ The Governor General was assisted by: o Lieutenant General (General Segundo Cabo) o Advisory bodies such as: - Board of Authorities - Council of Administration - Secretariat of the Central Government Socio-Cultural Changes in the Philippines ❖ In contrast, native Filipinos became tenants or slaves and were subjected to taxation During the 19th Century ❖ Friars or Spanish priests acquired ownership over o Racial discrimination prevailed during this century suffered by the Filipinos within their large land estates or haciendas in the Philippines, own native land while the Filipinos became tenants of the properties o Stone houses with divisions or rooms were that their ancestors cultivated during pre-Spanish era built ❖ After the establishment of the imposition of taxes o A stone house usually consisted of a sala or a and armed forces of the Spanish colonial government, receiving area for the guests, azotea, wash the encomienda was abolished and instead, converted room or “banguerahan”, dining room or the lands into haciendas. “komedor”, and bedrooms. Three types of encomienda: A new social structure was imposed in the Philippines during the Spanish rule. The social and political 1. ROYAL – wherein the taxes go to the King of Spain privileges were based from the level of class. 2. ECCLESIASTICAL – wherein the taxes go to the 1. PENINSULARES – the highest class composed of Church Spanish-born in Spain and living in the Philippines 3. PRIVADO – wherein the encomienda is given to the 2. INSULARES – composed of Spanish born in the King’s friend who had made contribution for the Philippines colonization 3. CREOLES – consisting of the mix-blooded or the combination of Spanish and Filipino blood. Under this Education System During the Spanish Reign in the class belonged the well-educated Filipinos (Illustrado) Philippines and the land owners (Principalia) 4. INDIOS – the native Filipinos during this era who ❖ The use of “alibata” was replaced by the suffered from discrimination and excessive taxation “abecedario” ❖ DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA EN LETRA Y LENGUA CHINA – the first book printed in the Philippines which Economic Situation During the 19th Century centered in spreading Catholicism in the country ❖ A system of “Encomienda” was introduced in the ❖ Religion, specifically Catholicism, was the center of Philippines to resolve the issue on governance the education in the Philippines ❖ “The encomienda is a grant of inhabitants living in ❖ Primary education was headed by the friars where particular conquered territory which Spain gave to the students were taught of Christian doctrine, Spanish colonizer as a reward for his services” alphabet, language, customs and policies ❖ An encomiendero was vested with the right to ❖ Girls and boys had separate schools and respective collect taxes, monitor the peace and order within his curriculum. However, both educated the students in encomienda, and govern the parcel of land awarded Catholicism and abiding to laws imposed by the to him. However, he was not allowed to reside within Spaniards. Religion was the most important subject the encomienda ❖ Male students followed the curriculum teaching  (Zaide, 1987) Spanish History, Latin, Philosophy, Canon, Civil law, and Rhetoric ❖ The subjects under the curriculum for female students included rules of courtesy, vocal music, language and sewing ❖ Parochial schools were established and the Spanish RIZAL’S LIFE: FAMILY, CHILDHOOD AND missionaries served as the teachers therein. Friars EARLY EDUCATION decided on what to teach the students ❖ At the end of the Spanish regime, the University of Santo Tomas, established in 1611 exclusively for the JOSE RIZAL’S FAMILY Spaniards and the mestizos, was the only educational institution that had reached a university level in Manila  Belonged to the “principalia” or an aristocratic town of distinguished familes  Rizal’s mother, Doña Teodora managed a grocery SOCIO-ECONOMIC POLICIES IMPOSED DURING THE store and operated a small flour mill SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD  His parents rented a farm from the Dominican 1. REDUCCION – forced the native Filipinos to live near Order where they harvested rice, corn and sugarcane. the center of the town. This policy enabled the They also raised livestock such as pigs, chickens and government and the parish priests to monitor the turkeys in their backyard. natives and for widespread conversion to Catholicism. 2. BANDALA – obliged the natives to sell their products to the Spaniards even in the lowest prices.  Their large stone house was situated near the town church 3. POLO Y SERVICIOS – forced labor imposed upon the natives or Chinese male mestizos to render personal  They owned a carriage and a private library service to community projects, construction, repair of consisting of 1,000 volumes of books infrastructures, cutting logs in forests for forty (40)  Rizal and his siblings studied in colleges in Manila days.  The family participated in all social and religious 4. TAXATION – imposition of fees for various political affairs within their locality which symbolized their and ecclesiastical purposes “illustrados” status a. CEDULA – imposed upon male and female  They exercised close family ties 18 years old and above, amounting to eight (8) reales annually for the cedula  While Don Francisco and Doña Teodora were strict as parents, they trained their children to be God- b. SANCTORUM – tax intended for the church fearing, respectful, obedient and to behave well amounting to three (3)a reales c. DONATIVO DE ZAMBOANGA – one half real as contribution to finance the war against the Muslims DON FRANCISCO MERCADO RIZAL in Mindanao  The father of Jose Rizal d. TRIBUTE – may be paid in cash or in kind  Born in Biñan, Laguna in the year 1818 and died in 1898 5. TRIBUTO – also called tribute or “buwis”, paid by the  He studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of Filipinos to the colonial government in the island San Jose in Manila 6. GALLEON TRADE – trading system wherein a  He was a tenant farmer of the Dominican-owned merchant can participate in the trade by paying the hacienda boletas or ticket of the Galleon trade.  He was hardworking, thrifty and independent- minded DOÑA TEODORA ALONSO Y REALONZA PACIANO (1851-1930)  The mother of Jose Rizal  He was the second child but the eldest son  She was born in Meisik, Sta. Cruz, Manila in 1826  He was the only brother of Jose whom he was and died in 1911 closest with  She studied at Colegio Sta. Rosa in Manila  He was Jose’s confidant  She was a woman of refined culture and character,  He convinced Jose to study in Europe without their with exemplary literary talents parent’s permission  Described as the fortitude of a Spartan woman and  He studied Latin under maestro Justiniano Cruz with business ability as evidenced by her managing a before attending the Colegio de San Jose in Manila store business  He had lived and worked with Fr. Jose A. Burgos, _____________________________________________ who earned the anger of the Spanish friars after he campaigned for the secularization movement CHILDREN OF DON FRANCISCO AND DOÑA TEODORA  He became an ally of the Katipunan, and during the 1. Saturnina revolution in the 1900’s, he became a general in the 2. Paciano army 3. Narcisa  After Jose’s execution in December 1896 at Bagumbayan, he joined the Philippine Revolution and 4. Olimpia became a combat general 5. Lucia 6. Maria NARCISA (1852-1939) 7. Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Realonda  Her nickname was Sisa 8. Concepcion  She was a musician and an educator from Pueblo 9. Josefa de Morong (now Rizal Province) 10.Trinidad  She could recite from memory all the poems of Jose 11.Soledad OLIMPIA (1855-1887)  Her nickname was “Ypia” SATURNINA (1850-1913)  She died in the year 1887 while giving birth to her  The eldest child of the Rizal siblings son  Her nickname was Neneng  Hidalgo and Jose P. Rizal sent frequent LUCIA (1857-1919) correspondence to her while Jose was in Europe  She married the nephew of Father Casañas,  In the year 1909, Saturnina published Pascual Mariano Herbosa from Calamba, Laguna Poblete’s Tagalog translation of the Noli Me Tangere  Her daughter, Delfina, helped Marcela Agoncillo make the first Philippine flag in Hong Kong  Her husband died of cholera, and was denied of Christian burial for being the brother-in-law of Jose MARIA (1859-1945)  In 1892, Jose founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo, Manila  Her nickname was Biang and was blessed with five (5) children  In the years 1892 until 1896, he lived as an excile in Dapitan and served with various capacity  He had a common-law relationship with Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman from Hong Kong JOSE (1861-1896)  Jose had a son with Josephine who, unfortunately,  His nickname was Pepe died a few hours after his birth. Jose named him “Francisco”, after his own father  He was an ophthalmologist by profession and became a writer  He was a member of the Filipino Propaganda  Jose was executed at 7:03 in the morning on Movement with advocacy on political reforms against December 30, 1896 by a firing squad at the the Spain colony Bagumbayan Field as a penalty imposed by the Spanish colonial government for the alleged crime of  He studied high school, and graduated with honors, rebellion at Ateneo Municipal de Manila between 1872 to 1877  He was accused and convicted of committing  In the year 1878, he took up Philosophy and Letters rebellion by igniting the Philippine Revolution through at the University of Santo Tomas while studying his writings and novels surveying at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila  He was buried at the Paco Cemetery after his  A year after, he enrolled in the College of Medicine execution at University of Santo Tomas  On June 21, 1884, Jose received the degree in Licentiate in medicine from the Universidad Central de JOSEFA (1865-1945) Madrid Her nickname was Panggoy  On June 19, 1885, he received the degree She was epileptic and died as a spinster at the age Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters and completed of 80 his studies in Doctor of Medicine She was a member of the Katipunan  In the year 1886, he studied Opthalmology at the University of Leipzig  On February 21, 1887, Jose completed the TRINIDAD (1868-1951) manuscript, Noli Me Tangereand had it published in  Her nickname was Trining Berlin, Germany in March 1887 with the financial support of Dr. Maximo Viola  She was the last of Jose’s sibling to survive and died v as a spinster at the age of 83  In the year 1890, he published his edition of Morga’s Sucesos in Paris, France and published “The  She was a member of the Katipunan Indolence of the Filipinos”  She was the caretaker or keeper of “Mi Ultimo  He moved to Brussels, Belgium on September 18, Adios” 1891 and published his second novel, El Filibusterismo with the assistance of Valentin Ventura and Jose Ma. Basa SOLEDAD (1870-1929) JOSE’S CHILDHOOD YEARS  The youngest sibling of Jose whose nickname was  As a child, Jose was frail, sickly and undersized Choleng  His father built a nipa hut in their garden for Jose to  She was a teacher, and considered to have been the play in the daytime best educated among the sisters of Jose  At the age of 3, Jose enjoyed watching the insects,  She died at the age of 59 the maya, the culiawan, maria capra, pipit, the martin, and other birds  His family prayed the Angelus of 6:00 pm in their THE BIRTH OF RIZAL altar daily  Jose was born on a Wednesday between 11:00 PM  At the age of 3, he began to join the religious and 12:00 midnight of June 19, 1861 at Calamba, processions and novena in the church Laguna  At the age of 5, he was able to read the Spanish  His mother, Doña Teodora, almost died during her Bible with the help of his mother delivery because the size of his head was big  When he was nearly 7 years old, his father took him  He was baptized in the Catholic Church at Calamba, to the pilgrimage to Antipolo to Laguna on June 22, 1861 by Father Rufino Collantes who was amazed by the size of baby Jose’s head fulfill his mother’s vows when he was born. Doña Teodora could not accompany them because she had  His godfather was Father Pedro Casañas, a close given birth to Trinidad friend of the Rizal family  The pilgrimage to Antipolo was Jose’s first trip across Laguna de Bay and his first pilgrimage to  His complete name was JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO Antipolo also RIZAL ALONZO Y REALONDA  His name “JOSE” was chosen by his mother in honor of San Jose whose feast was March 19th THE STORY OF THE MOTH  His second name “PROTACIO” was taken from the  Of all the stories told by Doña Teodora to Jose, the Catholic calendar which was a practice during the story of the moth made the profoundest imprint on Spanish colonial period, that when a child is born, the him which recalled years after child is named after the name of the saint whose feast  That night when his mother told him this story, his is being celebrated on that day mother was teaching him how to read in Spanish. He  The Surname “MERCADO”, meaning “market”, was was reading an old copy of a rare book, EL AMIGO DE adopted in the year 1731 by his paternal great- LOS NIÑOS (The Children’s Friends). His mother grandfather, Domingo Lamco. He was a full blooded became impatient when Jose was reading poorly and Chinese merchant without expression  The surname “RIZAL” was given by Don Francisco  Jose was reading without expression because he which closely meant “racial” in Spanish or “luntiang could not understand Spanish yet bukirin” related to his work as a farmer and hacienda  His mother took the book and read it to him instead. owner While half listening, his attention was focused to  “ALONZO” was the surname of Jose’s mother watching the little moths circling around the candle flame. Upon noticing to where his attention was, Doña  “REALONDA” was used by his mother which was the Teodora decided to tell him the story of the moth surname of her godmother  JOSE’S MENTORS DURING HIS EDUCATION IN BIÑAN, LAGUNA CHILDHOOD YEARS  In June 1869, Paciano accompanied Jose to Biñan,  DOÑA TEODORA was Jose’s first teacher Laguna to continue his studies. He stayed at their aunt’s house at Biñan  He learned the alphabet at the age of barely 3 years old with the help of his mother  Jose studied at the school of MAESTRO JUSTIANIANO AQUINO CRUZ  He also learned how to read and write in Spanish at his early childhood years  Maestro Justiniano was a disciplinarian and a former teacher of Paciano  While growing up, his parents engaged the services of private tutors to teach him lessons at home  Jose spent his leisure hours there with the father-in- law of Maestro Justiniano, JUANCHO, who took Jose  His first private tutor was MAESTRO CELESTINO, and his classmate, Jose Guevarra, as his apprentices. followed by MAESTRO LUCAS PADUA and LEON Thereafter, the two boys became the class’s best MONROY. Monroy was his father’s classmate painters  Leon Monroy lived at the Rizal home and taught  Jose concentrated on his studies diligently and he Jose Spanish and Latin languages excelled in Spanish, Latin and in all subjects  After finishing his studies at Biñan, Laguna, Jose  After Monroy’s death, Jose was sent by his parents went home to Calamba on board a motorboat “Talim”. to a private school in Biñan, Laguna  His UNCLE MANUEL ALBERTO taught him love for the open air and developed in him a great admiration EDUCATION AT ATENEO (1872-1877) for the beauty of nature  On June 10, 1872, Paciano accompanied Jose to  His UNCLE GREGORIO, a scholar, instilled into take an entrance examination at College of San Juan Jose’s mind the love for education. de Letran, and he passed it  Jose was blessed with love and talent for literature  However, Don Francisco changed his mind, and just like his mother. Doña Teodora encouraged him to enrolled Jose at Ateneo de Municipal (later on named write poetry as Ateneo de Manila). The school was located in Intramuros within the walls of Manila  FATHER LEONCIO LOPEZ, a parish priest of Calamba, fostered Jose’s love for scholarship and  The education system (Jesuit’s) was more intellectual honesty advanced, rigid and the teaching methods varied  Ateneo de Municipal promoted physical culture, humanities, and scientific studies. It also establishes  At 8 years old, Jose wrote his first poem, “SA AKING vocational courses in agriculture, commerce and MGA KABATA” in the native language mechanics as a religious institute. Its topmost purpose was to mold the character and the will of the  This poem shows Jose’s nationalist sentiment even boys, to comply with the precepts of the church at his early age  The students hear mass before beginning of the  In the verses of this poem, he proudly proclaimed classes that a people who truly love their native language will strive for liberty, and that Tagalog is the equal of Latin, Spanish, English and other language  FATHER JOSE BECH was Jose’s first professor in  The said book depicted the keen observations of the Ateneo de Municipal defects of Spanish colonization and the prophecy that Spain would lose its colonization over the Philippines  Jose had little knowledge of Spanish and was an in the future, and that America would succeed Spain externo or non-boarder, thus, he was placed in the as the Philippines’ next colonizer Carthaginian Empire (student group)  Jose Rizal also enjoyed reading UNIVERSAL  Carthaginian Empire was in constant competition HISTORY by Cesar Cantus, a book which his father for supremacy in the class standing and class rank bought for him. He used to read this book while with the Roman Empire studying in Ateneo  Jose progressed well in his studies that after a month, be earned the highest student rank of “emperor”. In fact, he was considered the brightest  During his fourth year at Ateneo, Jose Rizal was pupil of the class inspired to study hard and to write poetry by one of his professors, FATHER FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANCHEZ  He was awarded with the prize of “religious picture”, the first prize he received at Ateneo  Father Sanchez was a great educator and scholar, and Rizal considered him as his best professor in  He spent his leisure hours at Ateneo by taking Ateneo private Spanish lesson at Sta. Isabel College. He paid three pesos for the Spanish lessons  In sum, Rizal’s grades were all Excellent (Sobresalientes)  He won five medals which he proudly dedicated to  During his summer vacation in March 1873, Jose his parents to repay their love and sacrifices went home to Calamba and learned that his mother was imprisoned with her brother, Jose Alberto. The two  He was considered as the most brilliant Atenean of siblings were falsely charged of attempting to poison his time, and the “Pride of the Jesuits” the wife of Jose Alberto  While studying in Ateneo, he wrote numerous  Upon her arrest, Doña Teodora was forced t walk poems of varying genres or themes from Calamba to Sta. Cruz with a distance of 50 kilometers  On March 23, 1877, he received his degree of Bachelor of Arts with honors  She was imprisoned for two and a half years  During his second year in Ateneo, Jose Rizal received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal and diligent student and voracious reader. He kept reading fiction, non-fiction and novels like COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO by Alexander Dumas  Inspired by the said book, he would imagine the sufferings of the main character, Edmond Dantes, his escape from the dungeon of Chateu d ‘If, and his finding a buried treasure on the rocky island of Monte Cristo and his revenge on his enemies who had offended him  Jose Rizal also read TRAVELS IN THE PHILIPPINES by Dr. Feodor Jagor, German scientist-traveler who visited the Philippines in 1859-1860  POEMS WRITTEN BY RIZAL IN 1874 EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF  Mi Primera Inspiracion (My Inspiration), a poem he SANTO TOMAS (1877-1882) wrote when he was 14 years old. This poem was  After graduation from Ateneo, Rizal pursued his dedicated to his mother during her birthday and to studies at University of Santo Tomas (UST) show his happiness for the release of his mother from prison  The Bachelor of Arts course during the Spanish period was equivalent only to the high school and  Al Nino Jesus (To the Child Jesus) Junior college courses of today’s time  A La Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary)  Doña Teodora opposed Rizal’s higher education in Manila comparing the fate of the intelligent Filipinos like the GOMBURZA priests POEMS WRITTEN BY RIZAL IN 1875  However, Don Francisco insisted as he believed that a great future awaits for Rizal  Felicitacion (Felicitation)  During his first year at UST, he studied  El Embarque Himno A la Flota de Magallanes (The simultaneously at Ateneo taking up vocational course Departure: Hymn to Magellan’s Fleet) leading to the title of PERITO AGRIMENSOR (expert  Y Es Espanil Elcano, Primiero en dar la Vuelta (And surveyor), and earned the grades of Excellent He is Spanish: Elcano, the First to Circumnavigate the  However, Rizal was not given the title of period World) agrimenso due to his age of 17 years old which  El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo (The Battle: considered as underage Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo)  Rizal finally decided to study Medicine with the POEMS WRITTEN BY RIZAL IN 1876 advice of Father Pablo Ramon, the director of Ateneo de Manila  La Tragedia de San Eustaqio (The Tragedy of St. Eustace)  He also took Medicine with the intention and desire to cure the failing eyesight of his mother  Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town)  During his stay at UST, he also joined several  Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena contests including a poetry writing and composition in Education (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and 1879 which was sponsored by the Artistic-literary Good Education) Lyceum of Manila (Liceo Artistico-Literario)  Por la Education Recibe Lustre la patria (Through  Rizal’s winning piece was A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA Education the Country Received Light) (Sa Kabataang Pilipino). The poem’s theme was pleading to the Filipino youth to rise from their  Ed Cautiverio y el Triunjo: Batalla de Lucena y Prison complacency and show their talents and skills de Boabdil (The Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boabdil)  He won the first prize and received a feather-shaped silver pen decorated with gold ribbon as his prize  La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic  In 1880, Liceo sponsored again another Monarchs into Granada) competition in celebration of the centenary death of Miguel de Cervantes, who was the national poet of Spain  Rizal won again the first prize with his winning play, EL CONSEJO DE LOS DIOSES (The Council of the Gods). His prize was a gold ring bearing the engraved bus of Cervantes  While Rizal won the first prize for his composition’s  While his family, friends and acquaintances thought superiority and quality, the second prize was awarded that his stay in Europe was to continue his medical to a Spaniard studies, Paciano’s letter to Rizal revealed that his real purpose in going to Europe was to make a name for him in journalism and to observe and study European  Rizal also composed a literary piece JUNTO al PASIG way of life (Beside the Pasig)  This plan was unknown to his parents as they would  This piece was staged by the Ateneans on surely disapprove it December 8, 1880 during the annual celebration of  Paciano, Saturnina, Lucia, his Uncle Antonio Rivera the Feast Day of Immaculate Concepcion, the and other friends supported him instead patroness of Ateneo  Rizal’s studies in UST is not that meaningful, productive and excellent like that in Ateneo. He found RIZAL’S TRAVEL AND LIFE ABROAD the atmosphere suffocating to his sensitive spirit  On May 1, 1882, Jose Rizal began writing his  He was unhappy with the Dominican educational farewell to his friends and family while preparing for system. The professors were hostile to him, and the his travel abroad teaching methods were tainted with prejudice, racial  He used the name JOSE MERCADO which made his discrimination, and very different from the brilliant methods at Ateneo departure to Spain possible  Paciano gave him some money, while Saturnina  Rizal failed to earn high scholastic honors at UST gave him a diamond ring to help finance his travel and  Although his grades in the first year of his stay in Spain. A Jesuit priest gave him a letter of Philosophy course were all excellent, they were not recommendation from the Ateneo authorities impressive in the four years of his medical courses addressed to the Jesuit fathers in Barcelona, Spain  On May 3, 1882, Rizal left the Philippines on board the Spanish steamer ship SALVADORA bound for LITERARY WORKS WRITTEN BY RIZAL WHILE Singapore. He was the only Filipino on board the ship STUDYING IN UST (1879-1882) and the rest were Spaniards, British and Indian  (1879) A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) Negroes  (1880) El Consejo De Los Dioses (The Council of  Rizal got along famously with his co-passengers Gods) and with whom he defeated in the play of chess. He even befriended the ship Captain, Donato Lecha from  (1879)Abd-el-Azis Y Mahoma Asturias, Spain After 5 days of sailing, the Salvadora  (1880) Junto Al Pasig reached the English colony of Singapore where he registered at the Hotel dela Paz. He spent his two-day  A Filipinas (To the Philippines) stop-over there by visiting the historic places, temples, botanical garden, art galleries, and the statute of Sir  Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon, Recto del Ateneo, en Sus Thomas Standford Raffles (Founder of Singapore in Dias 1819)  After completing his fours years in medical school, Rizal decided to go to Europe  At that time, he could not take the hatred, discrimination and discontentment he felt towards the Spanish teachers and students  JOURNEY FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO, SRI LANKA (CEYLON)  In the afternoon of June 15, 1882, Rizal left Marseilles and went to Barcelona by train. The train  From Singapore, Jose Rizal boarded the DJEMNAH, crossed PYRENEES and stopped for a day at PORT a French steamer ship going to Europe on May 11, BOU for passport inspection 1882. The ship was boarded mostly by French  On June 16, 1882, Rizal finally reached Barcelona  By conversing daily with his co-passengers, Rizal improved his French  Barcelona was the second largest city of Spain and the greatest city of Cataluña  On May 17, 1882, Djemnah made its stopover at the Point Galle. Rizal noted that “Point Galle, as seacoast town in southern Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) which picturesque but lonely, quiet and sad”  His schoolmates in Ateneo and other Filipinos welcomed Rizal. He was given a party at their favorite  The ship then headed north and on May 18, 1882, café in PLAZA DE CATALUÑA, with customary docked at Colombo, the capital of Ceylon exchange of toast  Rizal wrote that “Colombo is more beautiful, smart  Rizal observed that the acquaintances, the city and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila” attractions and good customs of the Spanish people there were the opposite of those in the Philippines  During his stay in Barcelona, he wrote a JOURNEY THROUGH SUEZ CANAL nationalistic essay entitled AMOR PATRIO (Love of  The ship Djemnah continued her voyage crossing Country). It was the first article he wrote in Spain’s soil the Indian Ocean going to the Cape of Guardaful. It is using the pen name LAONG LAAN the barren coast of Africa which for Rizal was a  Rizal sent the Amor Patria essay to his friend, famous land but inhospitable Basilio Teodoro Moran who was a publisher of  Their next stopover was in ADEN where Rizal had DIARIONG TAGALOG stepped in the African soil and saw real camels for the  Diariong Tagalog was the first Manila newspaper first time that published both in Tagalog and Spanish  From Aden, the Djemnah arrived at the PORT SAID  The Amor Patria was published in both languages in the CITY OF SUEZ, the Red Sea Terminal of Suez on August 20, 1882. The Tagalog version of the article Canal. He was fascinated to hear the multi-racial was translated by Marcelo H. Del Pilar inhabitants speaking Arabic, Egyptian, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish and other foreign languages. Rizal  In Amor Patria, Rizal urged the Filipinos to love their described it as “A Babel of tongues” fatherland, the Philippines. He wanted them to be free, to be people with dignity and honor according to  From Port Said, the ship travelled the Suez Canal God’s plan and not as slaves and on June 11, 1882, she arrived at NAPOLI (now Naples, Italy). There, passengers were allowed to roam  In response to his friend’s request, Rizal then wrote around the place. Rizal explored the First European for Diariong Tagalog his 2 nd article entitled LOS territory he had arrived at where he became pleased VOAJES (Travels0 and 3 rd article REVISTA DE MADRID of its business activities, its lively people, its (Review of Madrid). However, the 3 rd article was panoramic beauty like Mount Vesuvius, the Castle of returned to him after Diariong Tagalog stopped Saint Telmo, and other historic sights publication for lack of funds  After the brief stop at Napoli, the ship proceeded to MARSEILLES and arrived at the French harbor on June 12, 1882. There, he visited the famous chateau d’ If CHATEAU D’ IF where Edmund Dantes was imprisoned. He was the hero character in the book Count of Monte Cristo  LIFE AND STUDIES AT MADRID, SPAIN  Rizal addressed this poem to his mother where poured out his agonizing heart, loneliness and  On November 3, 1882, Rizal left Barcelona sadness of being alone in a foreign land. He also showed his physical and emotional strains of his  He enrolled at the UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE crusade for freedom MADRID (Central University of Madrid) for the Licentiate in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters  During his first summer vacation in Madrid between June 17, 1883 to August 20, 1883, he went to Paris.  He also took up lessons in painting and sculpture at There, he was attracted to the sights of Paris like the ACADEMIA DE BELLAS ARTES DE SAN FERNANDO beautiful boulevards (Champs Ulysses), the arch of (Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando) to enhance Triumph, the Cathedral of Notre Dame and the his artistic talents. He also took private lessons in Invalides (containing the tomb of Napoleon the Great) French, German and English  In Paris, he also observed closely the French way of  During his free time, he practiced fencing and life, visiting museums, the worldfamous Louvre, shooting or attended lectures on art galleries and botanical garden in Luxemburg, Laennec Hospital and museums. He would also read books on all subjects Sariboisiere Hospital where he observed Dr. Nicaise including military engineering treating his patients  With the many books he read in Madrid, the two that left a deep impression on him are UNCLE TOMS’S CABIN by Hariet Beecher Stowe and THE WANDERING  In Madrid, Rizal became a mason. He came in close JEW by Eugene Sue which both heightened his contact with the Spanish liberals and republicans who sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate people were mostly masons. He discovered the political possibilities of becoming a Mason, thus, he joined the Masonic lodge called ACACIA in Madrid with the  After 5 days of sailing, the Salvadora reached the masonic name DIMASALANG English colony of Singapore where he registered at the  2 reasons which impelled Rizal to join masonry are: Hotel dela Paz. He spent his two-day stop-over there (1) To secure freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the by visiting the historic places, temples, botanical friars in the Philippines for they used the Catholic garden, art galleries, and the statute of Sir Thomas religion as a shield to entrench themselves in power Standford Raffles (Founder of Singapore in 1819) and wealth and persecute the Filipino patriots, (2) To utilize freemasonry as his shield to combat these problems in the Philippines and for more mature  While in Madrid, Spain, Rizal met CONSUELO contacts and enlightenment as he was writing his Noli ORTIGA y PEREZ with whom he fell in love with. Me Tangere However, Eduardo de Lete was already courting Conseulo, thus, Rizal decided not to pursue his love  On February 15, 1892, Rizal was awarded the and interest towards her diploma as MASTER MASON. After joining the masons, he naturally ceased going to mass and  In dedication of his feelings towards Consuelo, he wandered far from the faith. However, he continued to wrote a poem entitled MISS CONSUELO ORTIGA Y REY have faith in Divine Providence, a testimony to the (Miss C.O.Y.R) on August 22, 1883 deep imprint of Catholicism in his soul  He also joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-  While he and other Filipinos in Madrid started to Philippine Circle) shortly after his arrival in Madrid, encounter financial problems, they were inspired by Spain. It was a society composed of Spaniards and the victory of JUAN LUNA and RESURRECION Filipinos. Upon the request of the society’s members, HIDALGO. Luna’s painting “SPOLARIUM” won the first Rizal wrote the poem MI PIDEN VERSES (They Ask Me prize gold medal while Hidalgo’s “CHRISTIAN VIRGINS For Verses) which he personally declaimed during the EXPOSED TO THE POPULACE” was awarded the New Year’s Eve reception in Madrid on December 31, second prize silver medal in the National Exposition of 1882 Fine Arts in Madrid  During the celebration of these victories, Rizal was  During his stay in Paris, he visited the studio of Juan invited to give the principal speech held on the evening Luna, the home of Pardo Tavera and Felix Resurrecion of June 12, 1884. The event was attended by Hidalgo. He helped Luna by posing as a model in prominent Spanish artists, newspapermen, several paintings such as “THE DEATH OF statesmen, and Filipinos CLEOPATRA” where he posed as the Egyptian priest, and in “THE BLOOD COMPACT” where he posed as Sikatuna with Dr. Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Taverra as  Rizal completed his medical course and was Legazpi conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine (Licenciado en Medicina) by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 21, 1884. Consequently, he TRAVEL TO HEIDELBURG, GERMANY became a full-pledged physician and qualified to practice medicine  From Paris, Rizal travelled to Germany due to his limited allowance, desire to learn more about eye  On the next academic year (1884-1885), he studied ailments and cheaper cost of living than in Paris and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. However, he was not awarded with  On February 3, 1886, Rizal reached Heidelberg his Doctor’s diploma for his failure to submit his thesis which is a historic city of Germany famous for its old and pay the corresponding fees which were university. There, he worked at the University Eye requirements for graduation Hospital under the direction and supervision of Dr. Otto Becker who was a distinguished ophthalmologist.  On June 19, 1885, he was awarded the degree He also attended the lectures of Dr. Becker and Prof. Licentiate in Philosopy and Letters with the rating Wilhelm Kuehne at the university excellent (sobresaliente)  During weekends, he visited scenic spots around  The degree of DOCTOR OF MEDICINE was conferred Heidelberg such as in Heidelberg Castle, the romantic on him posthumously in 1961 during the centenary of Neckar River, and the old churches his birth (1861)  While in Heidelberg, he lived with a Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmen, who became his good friend LIFE IN PARIS AND BERLIN (1885-1887)  In the spring of 1886, Rizal became fascinated with the blooming flowers along the Neckar River. His  He went to France and Berlin (now Germany) to favorite flower was the light blue “FORGET ME NOT”. specialize in OPTHALMOLOGY with his desire to cure Drawn and inspired by the blooming flowers along his mother’s eye ailment Neckar River, Rizal wrote the poem “A LAS FLORES DE  On his way to Paris, he stopped as Barcelona to visit HEIDELBER” (To the Flowers of Heidelberg) on April his friends, Maximo Viola and Don Miguel Morayta. 22, 1886. In this poem, he revealed his longings for Viola was a medical student who came from a rich his native land and sent his message of love and faith family in San Miguel, Bulacan, while Morayta was the in the Philippines owner of La Publicidad  He arrived in Paris sometime in October 1885 and stayed there for 4 months and worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert, a leading French Opthalmologist. His purpose was to help him in learning the medical techniques of conducting eye operations  FIRST LETTER TO PROF. FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT  On July 31, 1886, Rizal sent a letter written in German language to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt which also displayed his linguistic talents. Prof. Blumentritt was the Director of Ateneo Leitmeritz. He knew that Prof. Blumentritt was interested in Philippine language. Accompanied by the letter was a book “ARITHMETICA” (Arithmetic) in Tagalog and Spanish languages authored by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez and published by the UST press in 1868. Hernandez was a native of Sta. Cruz, Laguna  In appreciation of Rizal’s gesture and impressed by his letter, Prof. Blumentritt sent him with 2 books as a gift. This marked their lifelong friendship where Prof. Blumentritt became Rizal’s best friend  Rizal also witnessed the 5th century celebration of the University of Heidelberg on August 6, 1886 JOURNEY FROM GENEVA TO ITALY  On June 17, 1887 in Geneva, Switzerland, Rizal celebrated his 26th birthday  After 2 weeks therefrom, he toured around Italy where he visited the famous cities of Venice, Turin, Milan, Florence, and Rome  In Rome, it was regarded as an “External City” and the “City of Caesars”  The Vatican is the “Seat of Authority of the Roman Catholic Church” and considered as the city of the popes  Rizal stayed in Rome for almost 1 week then headed back home