TFN-REVIEWER.pdf

TFN REVIEWER World’s Fair in Chicago- The first national gathering of nurses in1893. American Journal of Nursing- The first national organ of communication for nurses in October 1900. Discipline is specific to academe and refers to a branch of education, a...

TFN REVIEWER World’s Fair in Chicago- The first national gathering of nurses in1893. American Journal of Nursing- The first national organ of communication for nurses in October 1900. Discipline is specific to academe and refers to a branch of education, a department of learning or a domain of knowledge. Profession refers to a specialized field of practice, founded upon the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of that discipline and accompanying practice abilities. 4 Historical Eras Curriculum Era - What should nurses need to learn to be a nurse? Standardized curriculum was established in mid 1930s. Research Era- More nurse leaders embraced higher education and arrived at common understanding of the scientific age (Mid-century). Graduate Education Era- Master's degree programs in nursir emerged. Development of nursing knowledge was a major force during this period. Theory Rea- Proliferation of Nursing Doctoral Programs from the 1970s. Introduction of new-programs and theory development. History and Philosophy of Science Rationalism, in Western philosophy, the view that/regards REASON as the chief source and test of knowledge. It emphasizes the importance of a priori reasoning as the appropriate method for advancing knowledge. A priori reasoning utilizes deductive logic by reasoning from the cause to an effect or from a generalization to a particular instance EMPIRICISM- All knowledge obtained through SENSES not inherited. Empiricism- is the theory that human knowledge comes predominantly from experiences gathered through the five senses. Phenomenology is a philosophical movement originating in the 20th century. The primary objective of which is the direct investigation and description of phenomena as consciously experienced, without theories about their causal explanation and as free as possible from unexamined preconceptions and presuppositions A philosophy of experience René Descartes (1596-1650) The first of the modern rationalists Knowledge of eternal truths could be attained by reason alone No experience was necessary The most elaborate and influential presentation of empiricism was made by John Locke (1632-1704) All knowledge, he held, comes from sensation or from reflection Paul Michael Foucault (1973) published his analysis of the " epistemology (knowledge) of human sciences from the 17th to the 19th century. Empirical knowledge was arranged in different patterns at a given time and in a given culture and that humans where emerging as objects of study. Foucault's entire philosophy is based on the assumption that human knowledge and existence are profoundly historical. He argues that what is most human about man is his history. He discusses the notions of history, change and historical method at some length at various points in his career. Alfred Schutz (1967) main area of concern was the ways in which people grasp the consciousness of others while living within their own streams of consciousness. A great deal of his work -deals with the "lifeworld," in which people create social reality under thé constraints of preexisting social and cultural factors and structures. Edmund Husserl (1859 to 1938) Principal founder of phenomenology One of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century He suggested that only by suspending the "natural attitude" could philosophy becomes its own distinctive and rigorous science, and he insisted that s phenomenology is a science of consciousness rather than of empirical things Deductive vs. Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning- think of it like a we start with Specifics and move to generalities. Deductive reasoning- think of it like a we start with generalities and move to specifics.  WEEK 2 Nursing Paradigm- is patterns or models used to show a clear relationship among the existing theoretical works in nursing. Metaparadigm- the most general statement of a discipline and functions as a framework in which the more restricted structures of conceptual models đevelop, (Miller-Keane Dictionary, 2003) The Four Nursing Metaparadigm Concepts 1. Person refers to the recipient of nursing care, including physical, mental and social. 2. Environment refers to all the internal and external conditions, circumstances, and influences affecting the person 3. Health refers to the degree of wellness or illness experienced by the person 4. Nursing refers to the actions, characteristics, and attributes of the individual providing the I nursing care. What is PHILOSOPHY in Nursing? Philosophy is an attitude toward life and reality that evolves from each nurse's beliefs Conceptual Models- defined as a set of concepts, and statements that integrate the concepts into meaningful configuration. Conceptual models of nursing Neuman systems model Orem self-care framework Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing Roy adaption model Theory- an abstract statement formulated to predict, explain or describe the relationship among concepts,constructs or events. CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES A. Depending on function/purposes 1. Descriptive- identify and describe major concepts of phenomena, also known as “factor-isolating theories” 2. Explanatory- examine how properties relate and thus affect the discipline, also known as “factor-relating theories” 3. Predictive- calculate relationships between properties and how they occur, also known as “situation-relating theories”  4. Prescriptive- used in testing new nursing inventions, also known as “situation-producing theories” B. Depending on the range/scope/generalisability of their principles 1. Metatheory- theory of theory. Identifies specific phenomena through abstract concepts. 2. Grand theory-provides a conceptual framework under which the key concepts 3. Middle range theory-more precise and only analyses a particular situation with a limited number of variables. 4. Practice theory-identifies explicit goals and details how these goals will be achieved C. Based on the philosophical underpinnings of the theories 1. Need theories-motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context. 2. Interaction theories-approach to questions about social cognition, or how one understands other people, that focuses on bodily behaviors and environmental contexts rather than on mental processes. 3. Outcome theories-provide the conceptual basis for thinking about, and working outcomes systems of any type. 4. Humanistic theories-approach to psychology that emphasizes empathy and stresses the good in human behavior. Florence Nightingale Born: May 12,1820 Birth place: Florence, Italy Died: August 13,1910 in UK (90 y.o) Known: The lady with the lamp Accomplishments: Pioneer of professional nursing Her theory: Environmental adaptation theory NOTES ON NURSING- a book first published by Florence Nightingale in 1859. It was intended to give hints on nursing to those entrusted with the health of others. She believed symptoms which were thought to be of disease were actually responses to negative environmental stimuli She described nursing as a divine calling to serve others Her philosophy was about healing, not just caring for the sick She was the first to propose nursing required specific education and training Florence Nightingale’s theory focuses on the care of the patient rather than the nursing process. Environment- could be altered in such a matter to allow healing to occur. Health- Individual does not need to be disease free to be healthy; rather one must simply maximize optimal potential to be in a healthy state. Nursing- Nightingale states, “If a patient is cold, if a patient is feverish, if a patient is faint, if he is sick after taking food, if he as a bed-sore, it is generally the fault not of the disease, but of the nursing.” Nightingale’s 13 canons Nursing Process & Thought 1. Ventilation and Warmth- Assess the client’s body temperature, room temperature, and room for fresh air (or adequate ventilation) and foul odors. 2. Light- Assess the room for adequate light. Sunlight works best. 3. Cleanliness of rooms and walls- Assess the room for dampness, darkness, and dust or mildew. Keep the room free from dust, dirt, mildew, and dampness. 4. Health and Houses- Assess the surrounding environment for pure water, drainage, cleanliness, and light, Examples include removing garbage or garments from the area, removing any standing water (or ensuring that water drains away from the area), and ensuring that air and water are clean and free from odor and that there is plenty of light. 5. Noise- Assess the noise level in the client’s room and surrounding area. 6. Bed and Bedding- Assess the bed and bedding for dampness, wrinkles, and soiling, and check the bed for height, keep the bed dry, wrinkle-free, and at the lowest height to ensure the client’s comfort. 7. Personal cleanliness- Attempt to keep the client dry and clean at all times. 8. Variety- Attempt to stimulate variety in the room and with the client. 9. Chattering hopes & advices- Avoid talking without reason or giving advice that is without fact. 10. Taking food- Assess the diet of the client. Take note of the amount of food and drink ingested by the client at every meal or snack. 11. What food- Continue with the assessment of the diet to include type of food and drink the client likes or dislikes. 12. Petty management- Petty management ensures continuity of care. 13. Observation of the sick- Observe everything about your client. THEORY OF HUMAN CARING (DR. JEAN WATSON’S) Founded the “Caring Theory” in nursing which was published in 1979, and revised in 1985 and 1988. Her theory served as a guide for the core of nursing. In 2008 Dr. Watson created a non-profit foundation: Watson Caring Science Institute. The foundation for this theory was first published in 1979 The original theory included 10 Carative Factors 10 Carative Factors 1 st 3 Carative factors form the “philosophical foundation” for the science of caring. 4 th to 10th Carative factors spring from the foundation laid by these first three. Clinical Caritas Process As Watson continued her work, the 10 Carative Factors transitioned to the 10 “Caritas Processes” Caritas means “to cherish” Four major concepts 1.Human being- A human being has complex needs including physical, psychological, psychosocial 2. Environment- An open system containing both internal (mental, spiritual, and cultural) and external (physical, environmental, and safety) variables that we as caregivers can manipulate 3. Health- The absence of illness (or the presence of efforts that leads its absence) 4. Nursing- She believes that holistic health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing