Criminal Justice Study Guide Chapter 4 PDF

Chapter 4 Criminal Justice Test Tithings- In medieval England, a group of 10 families who collectively dealt with minor disturbances and breaches of the peace. Hue and Cry- In medieval England, a call for assistance. The policy of self-help that prevailed in villages demanded that everyone respond...

Chapter 4 Criminal Justice Test Tithings- In medieval England, a group of 10 families who collectively dealt with minor disturbances and breaches of the peace. Hue and Cry- In medieval England, a call for assistance. The policy of self-help that prevailed in villages demanded that everyone respond if a citizen raised a hue and cry to get their aid. Hundred- In medieval England, a group of 100 families responsible for maintaining order and trying minor offenses Constable- In medieval England, an appointed official who administered and supervised the legal affairs of a small community Shires were controlled by the Shire reeve Shire Reeve- In medieval England, the senior law enforcement figure in a county; the forerunner of today's sheriff. Sheriff- The chief law enforcement officer in a county Watch System- During the middle ages in England , men were organized in church parishes to guard at night against disturbances and breaches of the peace under the direction of the local constable. Justice of the peace- Created in 1326 in England, the office was created to help the shire reeve in controlling the county; it later took on judicial functions. Vigilantes- Groups of citizens who tracked down wanted criminals in the old west Private policing- Crime prevention, detection, and apprehension of criminals carried out by private organizations or individuals for commercial purposes Data Mining- Using computer software to conduct analysis or behavior patterns in an effort to identify crime patterns and link them to suspects. Biometrics- Automated methods of recognizing a person based on a psychological or behavioral characteristic. DNA testing- The identification of criminal suspects by matching DNA samples taken from their person with specimens found at the crime scene. Predictive Policing- Application of advanced analytics to criminal justice data for the purpose of predicting where and when crime will occur. Private police agents who can be referred to as “thief takers” were universally corrupt, taking profits not only from catching and informing on criminals but also from receiving stolen property, theft, intimidation, perjury, and blackmail. Thief takers were violent, armed and prepared to kill to obtain their objectives. Jack Wild was the most notorious thief taker who was hung in 1725 The first modern police force was established in london Creating public police: 1829, Sir Robert Peel’s metropolitan police act (first organized police force that was corrupt and unsuccessful and had more than 1,000 men, administrators fired one third of force each year) The police force was first known at the time as bobbies after its creator Robert peel. The early bobbies were corrupt and unsuccessful in stopping crime and were influenced by the wealthy. In the colonies, the county sheriff became the most important law enforcement agent. Sheriffs also collected taxes, supervised elections, and handled a great deal of other legal business. The colonial sheriff did not patrol or seek out crime, he would react to citizens complaints and investigate crimes that had occured, his salary was related to his effectiveness and he was paid for every arrest he made. John X. Beidler was the leader of the montana vigilantes, he later became a stagecoach guard and a deputy US marshal Montana vigilantes- A secretive band formed to fight crime in Montana in the 1860’s, groups like Beidlers were precursors to organized police forces in colonial america. In the 19th century, police work was highly desirable because it paid more than most other blue collar jobs. Police in the 19th century were corrupt and incompetent Police unions began to grow again in the late 1960’s (Unions fought for and won increased salaries and benefits for their members) Since 9/11 the FBI’s priorities have changed. Now protection of the United States from terrorist attacks ranks near the top of its priority list. Most metropolitan law enforcement agencies employ fewer than 50 officers-The overwhelming majority of metropolitan law enforcement agencies employ fewer than 50 officers. There are more private police than public police. CHECK IT FROM THE TEXTBOOK: Before the Norman conquest, people lived in collectives of families that were expected to police themselves. When trouble occurred, citizens were expected to make a hue and cry Although originally created to help maintain order in counties, the office of justice of the peace later took on judicial functions, During the 19th century, police were generally regarded as incompetent and corrupt (TRUE) While acting as a police chief in berkeley, california (August Vollmer) instituted university training for young officers. As the 1980s began, police began to be viewed as more than crime fighters and the idea of community policing began to emerge (TRUE) The president's task force on 21st century policing recommended (Clear and comprehensive policies regarding the use of force) US Justice department agencies: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) US Marshal Service Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Secret Service Private policing