Steadman College Caesar 1.2-1.4 - Orgetorix.pdf

4 Lesson 2: Caesar I.2 – I.3.2 2.1 Apud Helvētiōs longē nōbilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorīx. Is, M. Messālā, et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus, regnī cupiditāte inductus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit et civitātī persuāsit ut dē fīnibus suīs cum omnibus copiīs exīrent: 2. perfacile esse, cum virtūte...

4 Lesson 2: Caesar I.2 – I.3.2 2.1 Apud Helvētiōs longē nōbilissimus fuit et ditissimus Orgetorīx. Is, M. Messālā, et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus, regnī cupiditāte inductus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit et civitātī persuāsit ut dē fīnibus suīs cum omnibus copiīs exīrent: 2. perfacile esse, cum virtūte omnibus praestārent, tōtīus Galliae imperiō potīrī. 3. Id hōc facilius eīs persuāsit, quod undique locī natūrā Helvetiī continentur: ūnā ex parte flūmine Rhēno lātissimō atque altissimō, quī agrum Helvētium ā Germānīs divīdit; alterā ex parte monte Iūrā altissimō, quī est inter Sēquanōs et Helvētiōs; tertiā lacū Lemannō et flūmine Rhodānō, quī provinciam nostram ab Helvetiīs divīdit. 4. Hīs rēbus fiēbat ut et minus lātē vagārentur et minus facile fīnitimīs bellum īnferre possent; 5. Quā ex parte hominēs bellandī cupidī magnō dolōre afficiēbantur. 6. Prō multitūdine autem hominum et prō glōriā bellī atque fortitūdinis angustōs sē fīnēs habēre arbitrābantur, quī in longitūdinem mīlia passuum CCXL, in lātitūdinem CLXXX patēbant. 3.1 Hīs rēbus adductī et auctōritāte Orgetorīgis permōtī cōnstituērunt ea quae ad proficīscendum pertinērent comparāre, iumentōrum et carrōrum quam maximum numerum coemere, sementēs quam maximās facere, ut in itinere cōpia frumentī suppeteret, cum proximīs cīvitātibus pācem et amīcitiam cōnfirmāre. 2. Ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium sibi satis esse dūxērunt; in tertium annum profectiōnem lēge cōnfirmant. addūcō, -ere, duxī, ductum: draw/lead to, 4 adficiō, -ere, -fēcī, -fectum: affect, afflict, 3 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 4 auctōritās, -tātis f.: influence, clout, 3 bellō (1): to wage war, fight, 1 biennium, -ī n.: a period of two years, 1 carrus, -ī m.: wagon for, baggage, wagon, 2 coemō, -ere, -ēmī, -emptum: buy up, 1 comparō (1): prepare, get ready, provide, 4 conficiō, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 4 coniūrātio, -ōnis f.: pact, union, conspiracy 3 cōnsul, -is m.: consul, 3 cupiditās, -tātis f.: desire, eagerness for, 1 cupidus, -a, -um: desirous, eager, keen, 2 dīs, dītis adj: rich, wealthy, 2 dīvidō, -ere, -vīsī, -vīsus: divide, distribute, 4 dolor, -ōris m.: pain, grief, anger, passion, 2 exeō, -īre, -iī (īvī), -itus: go out, 4 fiō, fierī, factus: become, be made, 3 fortitūdō, -dinis f.: strength, courage, 1 glōria, -ae, f.: glory, fame, 2 indūcō, -ere, duxī, ductum: draw/lead in, 1 iūmentum, -ī n.: beast of burden, 1 Iūra, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 lacus, -ūs m.: lake, pond, pool, 2 latē: widely, far and wide, 2 lātitūdo, -dinis f.: breadth, width, 1 latus, -a, -um: wide, 1 Lemannus, -ī m.: (w/ lacus) Lake Geneva, 1 lēx, -lēgis f.: law, regulation, decree, 3 longitūdo, -inis f.: length, width, 2 M.: Marcus, 3 Messāla, -ae f.: Messala, 1 mons, montis m.: mountain, mount, 4 natūra, -ae. f.: nature, 3 nōbilis, -e: noble, renowned, 3 nōbilitās, -tātis f.: nobility, renown, 1 pateō, -ēre, -uī: lie open, extend, 1 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 Pīsō, Pīsōnis m.: Piso, 2 potior, -īrī, -ītus: gain, win (abl.), 2 satis: enough, sufficient, 2 sementis, -is f.: sowing, planting, 1 suppetō, -ere, īvī, ītum: suffice, be at hand 2 vagor, -ārī: wander, roam, go to and fro, 1 1 5 10 15 20 Orgetorix Forms a Conspiracy to Emigrate from Helvetia 1 nōbilissimus, ditisissimus: superlative adjs. fuit: pf. sum, esse M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus: when Marcus Messala and Marcus (Pupius) Piso were consuls; “with Messala and Piso (being) consuls” abl. abs. i.e. 61 BC, Romans named the year after their annually elected consuls; since there is no pple. for sum, esse, the subject and predicate are the abl. abs. 2 regnī: for the kingship; objective gen. governed by cupiditāte, equivalent to "he desires kingship 3 persuāsit ut…: persuaded (dative) that…; this common verb in Caesar governs an indirect command (ut + impf. subj. in secondary seq.) 4 exīrent: they come out; impf. subjunctive, exeō, exīre in an ind. command, which can often be translated as an inf.: “persuaded…to come out” perfacile esse…: (and) that it is very easy… ; ind. discourse also governed by persuāsit above; asyndeton, supply a conjuction between the ind. command above and perfacile esse cum…praestārent: since they excelled ; causal with impf. subjunctive governing abl. respect tōtius: gen. sg. (-ius) modifying Galliae 5 potīrī: to possess; dep. inf. potior governs an ablative object 6 id…persuāsit: he persuaded them (to do) this hōc…quod: by this (reason)…because; abl. of cause facilius: comparative adv. facilis, facile 7 ūnā ex parte: on one side; “from one part” flūmine Rhēnō: abl. means; supply the verb “continentur,” an example of ellipsis 8 agrum Helvētium: Helvetian land alterā ex parte: on another side; see line 7 monte Iūrā: by Iura range; add “continentur” 9 tertiā (ex parte): parallel with line 7 and 8 lacū Lemannō: abl. means, add “continentur” 10 hīs rēbus: because of…; abl. of cause fiēbat ut: it happened that…; fiō governs ut + impf. subjunctive (noun result clause); the subjunctives are impf. in secondary sequence because the main verb is impf. 11 vagārentur, possent: impf. subj. vagor and possum; in result clauses these are translated 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 21 5 as normal impf. indicatives; vagor is deponent minus: comparative adverb; minor, minus facile: easily; irreg. adverb from facilis, facile fīnitimīs: on neighbors; dat. of compound verb (the infinitive inferre) quā ex parte: for which reason; “from which respect” bellandī: of waging war; gerund, gen. sg. with the adj. cupidī which in turn modifies hominēs Prō…prō: because of…; “in proportion to” or “according to,” prō is causal in force sē habēre: that they had; ind. discourse in secondary sequence: angustōs fīnēs is acc. d.o. milia passuum: miles; “thousands of paces,” a mile is 1000 steps; subject of patēbant adductī…permōtī: Helvetians influenced… and moved; the participles are nom. pl. agreeing with a missing subject ea quae: those (things) which; ea is object of comparāre and is translated as a demonstrative ea quae…pertinērent: those (things) which pertain/would pertain; a relative clause of characteristic clarifies what sort of thing the antecedent is (i.e. ea) and can be translated here with or without modal “would” ad proficiscendum: for setting out; gerund (verbal noun) + ad expresses purpose comparāre, coemere, facere, confirmāre: complementary infinitives with cōnstituērunt, supply the missing conjunction “et” quam maximum: as great...as possible; quam + superlative is frequently translated “as X as possible,” here it modifies numerum quam maximās: see above, with sementēs ut…suppeteret: so that… might suffice; ut + impf. subj., purpose clause in secondary seq. ad…conficiendās: for accomplishing…; “for those things going to be accomplished” ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rēs) often expresses purpose; when translating, employ a gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund and eās rēs as the object of the gerund biennium…esse: that…; ind. discourse sibi: for themselves; dat. of interest/advantage in…annum: into the…; i.e. “during,” 58 BC Translating Subjunctives With the exception of purpose clauses (may, might), conditional sentences (if should, would; if were, would; if had, would have), and some relative clauses of characteristic (would), almost all the subjunctive constructions that readers will encounter do not require a special translation in English. Readers should simply identify the tense and translate the subjunctive as one would an indicative. Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives are the most common tenses in secondary sequence. 6 Lesson 3: Caesar I.3.3 – I.4 3.3 Ad eās rēs conficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur. Is sibi lēgātiōnem ad cīvitātēs suscēpit. In eō itinere persuādet Casticō, Catamantaloedis fīliō, Sēquanō, cuius pater rēgnum in Sēquanīs multōs annōs obtinuerat et ā senātū populī Rōmānī amicus appellātus erat, ut rēgnum in cīvitāte suā occupāret, quod pater ante habuerit; 4. itemque Dumnorigī Haeduō, fratrī Dīviciācī, quī eō tempore principātum in cīvitāte obtinēbat ac maximē plebī acceptus erat, ut idem cōnārētur persuādet eīque fīliam suam in matrimōnium dat. 5. Perfacile factū esse illīs probat cōnāta perficere, proptereā quod ipse suae civitātis imperium obtentūrus esset: 6. nōn esse dūbium quin tōtīus Galliae plūrimum Helvetiī possent; sē suīs copiīs suōque exercitū illīs regna conciliātūrum cōnfirmat. 7. Hāc ōrātiōne adductī inter sē fīdem et iusiūrandum dant et regnō occupātō per trēs potentissimōs ac firmissimōs populōs tōtīus Galliae sēsē potīrī posse sperant. 4.1 Ea rēs est Helvētiīs per indicium ēnūntiāta. Mōribus suīs Orgetorīgem ex vinculīs causam dīcere coēgērunt; damnātum poenam sequī oportēbat, ut ignī cremārētur. 2. Diē cōnstitūtā causae dictiōnis Orgetorīx ad iudicium omnem suam familiam, ad hominum mīlia decem, undique coēgit, et omnēs clientēs obaeratōsque suōs, quōrum magnum numerum habēbat, eōdem condūxit; per eōs nē causam dīceret sē ēripuit. 3. Cum cīvitās ob eam rem incitāta armis iūs suum exsequī cōnārētur multitūdinemque hominum ex agrīs magistrātūs cōgerent, Orgetorīx mortuus est; 4. neque abest suspiciō, ut Helvetiī arbitrantur, quin ipse sibi mortem conscīverit. addūcō, -ere, duxī, ductum: draw/lead to, 4 amīcus, -a, -um: friendly, 1 ante: before, in front of (acc); adv. before, 4 Casticus, -ī m.: Casticus, 1 Catamantāloedis, -is m.: Catamantaloedis, 1 cliens, -entis m.: client, dependent, 4 conciliō (1): win over, unite, 1 condūcō, -ere: bring together, gather, 2 conficiō, -ere: to exhaust, finish, 4 consciscō, -īre: to resolve, decree; bring on oneself, 1 cremō (1): burn, consumed by fire, 2 damnō (1): condemn, punish, convict, 1 decem: ten, 1 dēligō, -ere, -lēgī, -lectum: choose, elect, select, 2 dictio, -ōnis m.: pleading, saying; speech, 1 Diviciācus, -ī m.: Diviciacus, 1 dubius, -a, -um: doubtful, wavering, 1 Dumnorīx, -īgis m.: Dumnorix, 1 ēnuntiō (1): announce, speak out, divulge, 1 ēripiō, -ere, -uī, reptus: rescue, take from, 4 exsequor, sequī, secūtum: follow/carry out 1 factū: to do (supine), 2 familia, -ae f.: family, household, 1 fīdēs, eī f.: faith, honor, 4 fīlia, -iae f.: daughter, 1 firmus, -a, -um: strong, steadfast, 1 frāter, -tris m.: brother, 2 Haeduus, -a, -um: Haeduan, Aeduan, 1 ignis, ignis, m.: fire, 4 indicium, -iī n.: information, evidence, 1 item: also, likewise, in like manner, 3 iudicium, -ī n.: decision, judgment; trial 3 iūs, iūris n.: justice, law, right, 2 ius-iūrandum, iūrisiūrandī n.: sworn oath, 2 lēgātio, -ōnis f.: embassy, envoy, 2 magistratus, -ūs m.: magistrate, officer, 3 mātrimōnium, -iī n.: wedlock, marriage, 1 morior, morī, mortuus sum: die, 2 mōs, mōris m.: custom, manner, law, 4 obaerātus, -a, -um: indebted, 1 occupō (1): seize, occupy, 4 oportet: it is proper, fitting, necessary, 2 1 5 10 15 20 Orgetorix’s Conspiracy Fails 7 pater, patris, m.: father, 4 perfacilis, -e: very easy; adv. very easily2 perficiō, -ere: complete, accomplish, 3 plebs, plēbis, f.: common people, masses, 2 plūrimus, -a, -um: most, very many, 4 poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty, 3 potēns, -entis: powerful, ruling (gen.), 2 potior, -īrī, -ītus: gain, win (abl.), 2 principātus, -ūs m.: leadership, rule, 2 proptereā: on this account, therefore, 4 quīn: (but) that, who (not), 2 senātus, -ūs m.: senate, council of elders, 1 sequor, -ī, secūtus: follow, pursue, 4 suscipiō, -ere, -cēpī, -ceptum: undertake, receive, 1 suspīcio, -ciōnis f.: mistrust, suspicion, 4 vinculum, -ī n.: bond, chain, 2 1 ad…conficiendās: for accomplishing…; “for those things going to be accomplished” ad + gerundive (fut. pass. pple modifying rēs) often expresses purpose; when translating, employ a gerund-gerundive flip: translate as a gerund and eās rēs as the object of the gerund sibi: for himself; dat. of interest/advantage 2 eō: this; demonstrative pronoun persuādet Casticō…ut: persuades Casticus… that; verb governs dat. and ind. command 3 cuius: whose; gen. sg. relative pronoun multōs annōs: for…; acc. of duration 4 appellātus erat: had been named; + predicate nominative; the verb behaves as a linking verb ut…occupāret: that he occupy; ind. command with persuādet can often, but not always, be translated as an infinitive: “to occupy…” 5 quod…habuerit: which….had…; pf. subj., relative clause of characteristic Dumnorīgī Haeduō: (he persuades) Dumnorix the Aeduan; dat. i.o. of missing persuādet in a construction parallel to Casticō above 6 eō tempore: at… ; abl. of time when maximē…acceptus erat: had been especially (well) received; governs a dative of agent (by...) 7 ut…cōnārētur: that…: ind. command governed by persuādet; impf. deponent cōnōr idem: the same thing; id-dem, neuter acc. d.o., referring to ut…occupāret in ll. 4-5 above eī: to him; dat. sg. indirect object with dat 8 perfacile…esse…perficere: that it is very easy to…; ind. disc. governed by probat; perficere is inf. subject and perfacile is the pred. adj. factū: to do; “in doing” abl. sg. supine (PPP stem + ū), an abl. of respect limiting perfacile illīs: for those (men); dat. interest conāta: the things attempted; PPP, neuter pl. 9 proptereā quod: because; lit. “on this account because” which is a pleonasm (redundancy) ipse: (he) himself; i.e. Orgetorix obtentūrus esset: would attain; “was going to attain,” fut. pple + sum (here impf. subj.) is a periphrastic fut.; verbs in subordinate clauses in ind. disc. are placed in the subjunctive mood nōn esse dūbium: that he did not doubt 10 quin…plūrimum possent: that…they would have very much power; a common idiom; quin + subj. following a verb of doubt or hindering 11 conciliātūrum (esse): that they will win over; fut. infinitive; ind. disc., sē is acc. subj. 12 ius-iurandum: a sworn oath; as one or two words; both decline; gerundive iurō , -āre 13 tōtīus: of the entire; gen. sg. with Galliae sēsē: that they; acc. subject of posse potīrī: to possess; dep. inf., regnō as abl. obj. 14 Ea rēs: this matter; i.e. Orgetorix’s conspiracy est….ēnūntiāta: ēnūntiāta est; pf. passive per indicium: i.e. through spies and informers mōribus suīs: according to their customs; “from their customs,” often with “ex” denotes a source of action (separation) not abl. cause 15 causam dīcere: to plead the case; idiom damnātum…sequī: that (he) if condemned follow…; deponent inf., PPP is conditional oportēbat: it was necessary that; impersonal ut…cremārētur: that…; ind. command ignī: ablative of means; i-stem 3rd decl. noun 17 diē cōnstitūtā: on the…; abl. of time when causae dictiōnis: for the pleading of the case ad…mīlia decem: around; ad means “up to” or “nearly” throughout this passage 18 coēgit: gathered; cōgō (co-agō) means (a) compel or (b) drive together; cf. ll. 15 and 22 19 eōdem: in the same (place); abl. place where 20 nē…dīceret: so that…not; neg. purpose. cf. 15 cum…conārētur…cōgerent: after…; cum clause with two impf. subjunctives exsequī: pres. dep. infinitive, exsequor ob eam rem: on account of this matter 22 mortuus est: died; pf. deponent, morior neque abest suspiciō: i.e. “there is a suspicion that…” litotes; equiv. to “there is no doubt…” ut…: as; common meaning with indicative 23 quin sibi…conscīverit: that he brought…on himself; quin + pf. subj. consciscō, after a verb of doubting or hindering; cf. line 9 above 8 Lesson 4: Caesar I.5 – I.6 5.1 Post eius mortem nihilō minus Helvētiī id quod cōnstituerant facere cōnantur, ut ē fīnibus suīs exeant. 2. Ubi iam sē ad eam rem parātōs esse arbitrātī sunt, oppida sua omnia, numerō ad duodecim, vīcōs ad quadringentōs, reliqua prīvāta aedificia incendunt; 3. frūmentum omne, praeter quod sēcum portātūrī erant, combūrunt, ut domum redītiōnis spē sublātā parātiōrēs ad omnia perīcula subeunda essent; trium mensum molita cibāria sibi quemque domō efferre iubent. Persuādent Rauracīs et Tulingīs et Latobrīgīs finitimīs utī, eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō, oppidīs suīs vīcīsque exustīs ūnā cum eīs proficīscantur, Boiōsque, quī trāns Rhēnum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transīerant Noreiamque oppugnābant, receptōs ad sē sociōs sibi adsciscunt. 6.1 Erant omnīnō itinera duo, quibus itineribus domō exīre possent: ūnum per Sēquanōs, angustum et difficile, inter montem Iūram et flūmen Rhodanum, vix quā singulī carrī dūcerentur, mōns autem altissimus impendēbat, ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent; 2. alterum per provinciam nostram, multō facilius atque expedītius, proptereā quod inter fīnēs Helvētiōrum et Allobrogum, quī nūper pācātī erant, Rhodanus fluit isque nōnnūllis locīs vadō trānsītur. 3. Extrēmum oppidum Allobrogum est proximumque Helvētiōrum fīnibus Genava. Ex eō oppidō pōns ad Helvētiōs pertinet. Allobrogibus sēsē vel persuāsūrōs, quod nōndum bonō animō in populum Rōmānum vidērentur, existimābant vel vī coactūrōs ut per suōs fīnēs eōs īre paterentur. Omnibus rēbus ad profectiōnem comparātis diem dīcunt, quā diē ad rīpam Rhodanī omnēs conveniant. Is diēs erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr. L. Pīsōne, A. Gabīniō cōnsulibus. a(d)sciscō, -ere, -scīvī: receive, admit, adopt, 1 aedificium, -iī n.: building, edifice, 2 Allobrogēs, -um: Allobroges, 3 angustus, -a, -um: narrow, confined, 4 April, Aprilis m.: April, 2 Boii, -ōrum m.: Boians (Bohemia) 1 bonus, -a, -um: good, kind(ly), useful 2 carrus, -ī m.: wagon for baggage, wagon, 2 cibāria, -ōrum n.: rations, rationed food, 1 comburō, -ere, -ussī, -ustum: burn up, 1 comparō (1): prepare, get ready, provide, 4 cōnsul, -is m.: consul, 3 d.: diem; day, 1 difficilis, difficile: hard, difficult, 1 domus, -ūs f.: house, home, dwelling, 3 duodecim: twelve, 1 efferō, -ferre, -tulī, ēlātus: raise, lift up 4 eō, īre, īvī: to go, come, 4 exeō, -īre, -iī (īvī), -itus: go out, 4 expedītus, -a, -um: unimpeded, fast, 4 extrēmus, -a, -um: farthest, outermost, 2 exūrō, -ere, -ussī, -ustum: burn up, 1 fluō, -ere, flūxī, flūxus: flow, 1 Gabinius, -ī m.: Gabinius, 1 Genava, -ae f.: Geneva, 3 iam: now, already, soon, 4 impendeō, -ēre: hang over, threaten, 1 incendō, -ere, -ī, -ēnsus: kindle, burn, 2 incolō, -ere, -uī: inhabit, dwell on, 3 Iūra, -ae f.: Iura (a mountain range), 3 Kal.: Kalends, 1 L.: Lucius, 2 Latobrīgī, -ōrum m.: Latobrigians (Latovici) 1 mensis, -is m.: month, 2 1 5 10 15 20 25