State of Matter Solid L 3.PPT PDF

STATE of Matter LEC 3 By Dr Manal AL Soub STATES OF MATTER The Four States of Matter Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma  STATES OF MATTER  Based upon particle arrangement  Based upon energy of particles  Based upon distance between particles  Kinetic T...

STATE of Matter LEC 3 By Dr Manal AL Soub STATES OF MATTER The Four States of Matter Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma  STATES OF MATTER  Based upon particle arrangement  Based upon energy of particles  Based upon distance between particles  Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.  STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume.  STATES OF MATTER LIQUID  Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.  Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume.  STATES OF MATTER GAS  Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.  Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.  But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?  PHASE CHANGES Description of Term for Phase Heat Movement During Phase Change Change Phase Change Heat goes into Solid to Melting the solid as it liquid melts. Heat leaves Liquid Freezing the liquid as it to solid freezes.  PHASE CHANGES Description Heat Movement Term for of Phase During Phase Change Change Phase Change Vaporization, Liquid to which includes Heat goes into the gas boiling and liquid as it vaporizes. evaporation Heat leaves the gas Gas to liquid Condensation as it condenses. Heat goes into the Solid to gas Sublimation solid as it sublimates.  STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS Tightly packed, Close together Well separated in a regular with no regular with no regular pattern.arrangement.arrangement Vibrate, but do Vibrate, move Vibrate and not move from about, and slide move freely at place to place past each other high speeds  What is solid…..to pharmacy?  Majority of drugs and excipients exist as solids  Various dosage forms are prepared e.g. tablets, emulsions 13  Solid refers to the state of matter in which the particles are locked into place without much freedom of movement. They can be locked into crystal lattices or just kind of stuck together with intermolecular forces so tightly that they can’t really move around. Solids differ from liquids in that the particles in liquids, while still stuck together, do have some freedom of motion. Solids differ from gases in that gas molecules really don’t interact with each other much, flying all over the place  Classification of Solids Amorphous Crystalline – Polymorphism – Solvate and hydrates – Co-crystal 15  Crystalline Solids E.g. diamond, graphite Regular shape i.e. fixed geometric patterns Incompressible Definite /specific boiling points Diffract X-rays 16  Crystal Structure Crystals contain highly ordered molecules or atoms held together by non-covalent interactions E.g. NaCl has the cubic structure 17  Can be defined on the basis of variations on the themes of 7 systems Types of Crystal Structure 4. Rhombic 1. Cubic - iodine - sodium 5. Monoclinic chloride - sucrose 2. Tetragonal 6. Triclinic - urea - boric acid 3. Hexagonal 7. Trigonal - iodoform 18 Angles & lengths that describe crystal habit α = between length & breadth β = between breadth & height γ = between length & height Crystal Angle of axes Length of axes Examples Cubic (regular) α = β = γ = 90º x =y =z NaCl Tetragonal α = β = γ = 90º x =y ≠z NiSO4 Orthorhombic α = β = γ = 90º x ≠y ≠z K2MNO4 Monoclinic α = β = γ ≠ 90º x ≠y ≠z Sucrose Triclinic (asymmetric) α ≠β ≠ γ ≠ 90º x ≠y ≠z CuSO4 Trigonal (rhombohedral) α = β = γ ≠90º x =y =z NaNO3 Hexagonal Z at 90º to base - AgNO3 19  Triclinic 20  Monoclinic simple centered monoclinic monoclinic 21  Tetragonal body-centered simple tetragonal tetragonal 22  Orthorhombic xtals base- simple centered body-centered face-centered orthorhombic orthorh orthorhombic orthorhombic ombic 23  Bravais Lattices 1. End-centred i. Monoclinic Total of 14 possible types of unit cells ii. orthorombic 2. Face-centred For drugs, only 3 i. Cubic (NaCl) types: ii. Orthorombic 1. Triclinic 3. Body-centred 2. Monoclinic i. Cubic tetragonal ii. Orthorombic 3. Orthorombic 24  FCC Structure of NaCl Small spheres represent Na+ ions, large spheres represent Cl- ions. Each sodium ion is octahedrally surrounded by six chloride ions and vice versa. 25  Crystallisation Crystallisation steps from solution:- 1. Supersaturation of the solution e.g. cooling, evaporation, addition of precipitant or chemical reaction 2. Formation of crystal nuclei e.g. collision of molecules, deliberate seeding 3. Crystal growth around the nuclei 26  Crystal Growth Steps involved: 1. Transport of molecules to the surface 2. Arrangement in the lattice  Degree of agitation in the system affects the diffusion coefficient, thus affects crystal growth. 27  Precipitation 1. Induced by altering pH of solution to reach saturation solubility. 2. By chemical reaction to produce precipitate from a homogeneous solution.  The rate of reaction is important in determining habit. 28  Crystallization from Supersaturated Solutions of Sodium Acetate Description: A supersaturated solution of sodium acetate is crystallized by pouring it onto a seed crystal, forming a stalagmite- like solid. Heat is radiated from the solid. 29  Polymorphisms When compounds crystallise as different polymorphs, properties change. Molecules arrange in two or more ways in the crystal: packed differently in crystal lattice, different orientation, different in conformation of molecules at lattice site. X-ray diffraction patterns change. 30  Polymorphism of Spironolactone A diuretic (no potassium loss) 2 polymorphic forms and 4 solvated crystalline Form 1: spironolactone powder is dissolved in acetone at a temperature near boiling point and cooled to 0 deg. C within a few hours – needle-like Form 2: powder dissolved in acetone or dioxane or chloroform and acetone allowed 31 to evaporate for several weeks – prism  Polymorphs of spironolactone 1 PHM1213 Physical Pharmacy 1 32 2008/9  Amorphous Solids E.g. silica gel, synthetic plastics/polymers Irregular shape - molecules are arranged in a random manner No definite melting point - no crystal lattice to break Exhibit characteristic glass transition temperature, Tg Flow when subject to pressure over time Isotropic i.e. same properties in all direction Affect therapeutic activity e.g. amorphous antibiotic novobiocin is readily absorbed and therapeutically active compared to the crystalline form 33