Middle Childhood SPVV102 Lecture 7 2022 Lecture Notes PDF

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD SPVV102 Lecture 7 Chapter 5 1  ORIENTATION Age range General characteristics 2 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT LEARNING CONTENT OF THIS SECTION General physical development Motor skills Sexuality...

MIDDLE CHILDHOOD SPVV102 Lecture 7 Chapter 5 1  ORIENTATION Age range General characteristics 2 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT LEARNING CONTENT OF THIS SECTION General physical development Motor skills Sexuality 3  GENERAL PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT Nature of the growth rate Areas of development Individual differences Gender differences The role of sleep 4  MOTOR SKILLS Acquisition and refinement of a variety of gross and fine motor skills Gender differences in motor development The influence of motor development on other aspects of development 5 SEXUALITY IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD General (incorrect) view of sexuality in middle childhood Gender constancy and sexual orientation Masturbation and sex play Sexuality education Behaviour that should be investigated 6 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT LEARNING CONTENT OF THIS SECTION Concrete operational thought Information-processing skills Language development Cognition and academic achievement 7  PIAGET’S THEORY: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THOUGHT Age range Mental operations Reversibility Hierarchies of classes 8  PIAGET’S THEORY: CONCRETE OPERATIONAL THOUGHT continue... Conservation task Abstract thinking - logical thinking Horizontal decalage Decentring Limitations 9  INFORMATION-PROCESSING SKILLS Information theorist believe that the developmental of information processing skills occurs through a number of processes which include: Memory – Phonological loop – Visual-spatial sketchpad – Memory strategies Rehearsal Organisation Elaboration Processing speed 10 INFORMATION-PROCESSING SKILLS continue... Automatic processing/automaticity – Multiplying, reading Knowledge base – What children know 11 INFORMATION-PROCESSING SKILLS continue... Executive functions/ control processes – Metacognition metamemory Higher-order cognitive tasks – Reasoning, problem solving, decision making 12 INFORMATION-PROCESSING SKILLS continue... Theory of mind – Knowledge of self and others Applicability of this approach – Education – Strength and weakness 13  LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT General language development – Slower pace – Vocab increase – Sarcasm and irony – Figurative language – Adaptive language Bilingualism and multilingualism – simultaneous learning – successive or consecutive learning 14  COGNITION AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT Defining academic achievement Cognitive goals Bronfenbrenner bio-ecological theory 15  1. School readiness General characteristics Dimensions of school readiness: children’s readiness schools’ readiness parents’ readiness 16  2. Individual differences Intellectual capacity: - intelligence - giftedness - creativity - intellectual disability - learning disorders - attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 17  2. Individual differences Achievement motivation and learning orientation - definitions - characteristics of children who are successful - characteristics of children who are unsuccessful - mastery vs helpless orientations Mastery Orientation Helpless Orientation Attributes success to hard work Attributes success to luck and skill Persist in difficult tasks and tries Decreases effort in difficult tasks to find new strategies and gives up easily Engages in positive self-talk, self Engages in negative self-talk, encouragement and holds holds negative expectations positive expectations Sees lack of knowledge and skills Sees lack of knowledge and skills 18  3. Sociocultural contexts Parent contributions - motivational style Extrinsic, intrinsic - parenting style Authoritative , authoritarian, rejecting-neglecting, overindulgent parents Socio-economic status (SES) – Brain development – Poor schooling – Home responsibilities – 60% of SA Community involvement/volunteerism – Schools, government, community members – Libraries, learning centres, food and uniform drives etc 19  3. Sociocultural contexts School contributions - classroom atmosphere - school climate and educational policy - school infrastructure - school violence 20  5. Information communication technology The ways in which ICTs can enhance children’s cognitive development Successful/unsuccessful implementation in South African schools 21 5. Information communication technology Electronic media – Spatial representational skills – Iconic representational skills – Attentional skills 22  PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT LEARNING CONTENT OF THIS SECTION Theories of personality development Self-concept, self-esteem and self-efficacy Emotional development 23  THEORIES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT The biological, learning, ethological, integrated and psychoanalytic approaches – Chapter 1,3 ,4 Temperament and personality traits: processes through which temperament shapes personality and adaptation – Table 5.3 – Freud - latency stage – Erikson – industry vs inferiority stage The importance of developing competence: - basic areas of competence - factors contributing towards competence 24  SELF TRAITS: SELF-CONCEPT, SELF-ESTEEM, AND SELF-EFFICACY Self-concept – Who am I ? Self-esteem – Structure of the self esteem (academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, physical appearance) Self-efficacy 25  SELF TRAITS: SELF-CONCEPT, SELF- ESTEEM, AND SELF-EFFICACY continues… Factors that influence children’s self-traits – Genetics – Cense of competence – Home environment – Social feedback – Mental health disorders How to enhance children’s self-traits Comments/behaviours to avoid 26  EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Developmental changes – Improved emotional understanding – Increased emotional self regulation – Enhanced self conscious emotions 27  EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT continues… Emotional intelligence – 4 main areas Emotional self-awareness Emotional management Social awareness Relationship management Children who have skills associated with emotional intelligence seem to - Enjoy better physical health - Higher academic achievement - Better social functioning - Fewer behavioural problems - Improved self-worth and acceptance - Better decision making - More resilient 28  POINTS TO PONDER How can children’s creativity be stimulated? How did digital technology help children’s learning during the COVID-19 pandemic? Should one hide negative emotions from children? 29