Social Psychology PDF

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. The scientific study of how we fell about, 11. In latter part of 20th century, social think about, and behave toward the psychology...

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. The scientific study of how we fell about, 11. In latter part of 20th century, social think about, and behave toward the psychology expanded and put an people around us and how our feelings, emphasis on cognitive process and thoughts, and behaviors are influenced Leon Festinger developed by those people. cognitive dissonance theory. 12. Other researchers focused more on SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGIST social cognition - an  Study everyday behavior understanding of how our scientifically, and their research knowledge about our social worlds creates a useful body of knowledge develops through experience and about our everyday social the influence of these knowledge interactions. structures on memory, information processing, attitueds and HISTORY OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY judgement. 13. In the 21st century, social 1. Triplet conducted the earliest social psychology expanded to social experiment on social behavior neuroscience - the study of how or before 1900. social behavior both influences and 2. McDougall and Ross published is influenced by the activities of our the 1st social psychology textbooks brain. in 1908. 3. Kurt Lewin known as “the father THE PERSON AND THE SOCIAL of social psychology”, developed SITUATION many important ideas of discipline, including a focus on dynamic  SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY interactions among people. - the study of the dynamic relationship 4. Leon Festinger edited an between individuals and the people influential book “Research around them. It is the study of social Methods in Behavioral Sciences”. situation. 5. Muzafir Sherif (1936) and Solomon Asch (1952) conducted  SOCIAL SITUATION studies on conformity and those on - is the people whom we interact obedience by Stanley (1974). everyday. 6. Philip Zimbardo well known for his “Prison Experiment”.  SOCIAL INFLUENCE 7. John Darley and Bibb Latane - is the process through which other (1968) developed a model that people change our thoughts, feelings, helped explain when people do and and behaviors and through which we do not help others in need. change theirs. 8. Leonard Berkowitz (1974) pioneered the study of human EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION AND aggression. HUMAN CHARACTERSITICS 9. Irvin Janis (1972) focused on grouo behavior, studying why  EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION intelligent people sometimes made - is the assumption that human nature is decisions that led to disastrous determined largely of our eveolutinary result when they worked out past. together. 10. Gordon Allport and Muzafir  In evolutonary theory, fitness refers Sherif focused on intergoup to which havin a given relations with the goal of charactersitic helps the individual undertstanding and potentially organism to survive and to reducing the occurrence of reproduce at a higher rate than do  other members of the species who COGNITION do not have the characteristics.  Refers to the mental activity of processing information and using 2 FUNDAMENTAL MOTIVATIONS IN that informtation in judgment. EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION SOCIAL COGNITION  A cognition that relates to social 1. SELF-CONCERN activities that help us understand 2. OTHER-CONCERN and predict the behavior of ourselves and others. SELF-CONCERN  Relates to self. SCHEMA  The motivation to protect and  A knowledge representation that enhance the self and the people includes information about a person who are psychologically close to us. or group. KIN SELECTION ATTITUDE  Startegies that favor the  A knowledge representation that reprosuctive siccess of one’s includes primarily our liking or relatives. disliking of a person, thing, or group. INGROUP AFFECT  Those whom we view as being  The feelings we experience as part similar and important to us and with of our everyday lives. whom we share close social connections. MOOD  The positive or negative feelings OTHER-CONCERN that are in the background of our  Relates to the social situation, the everyday experiences. motivation to affiliate with, accept, and be accepted by others. EMOTIONS  Are brief but often intense, mental SOCIAL SUPPORT and physiological states.  Refers to the comfort that we receive from the people around us. SOCIAL EXCHANGE  Sharing of goods services, SOCIAL NORMS emotions, and other social  The ways of thinking, feeling, or outcomes. behaving that are shared by group members and perceived by them as SOCIAL REWARDS appropriate.  Are positive outcomes that we give and receive when we interact with CULTURE others.  Represents a group of people living withih a given geographical region SOCIAL COST who share a common set of social  Are negative that we give and norms. receive when we interact with others. 3 BASIC AND INTERRELATED HUMAN CAPACITIES RECIPROCAL ALTRUISM  Is giving of benefits to those who 1. AFFECT (feelings) are in need with the expectation to 2. COGNITION (thought) return of benefits at a future time. 3. BEHAVIOR (interactions) IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH  The study of social behvaior should be empirical - that is, based on the collected and systematic analysi of observable data. 3 MAJOR RESEARCH DESIGNS 1. OBSERVATIONAL 2. CORRELATIONAL 3. EXPERIMENTAL