Scientific Thinking (02) PDF

Scientific Thinking (02) Types of Thinking - Different problems require different types of thinking. - We face a variety of problems daily and deal with them in a variety of ways. 1- Mythical thi...

Scientific Thinking (02) Types of Thinking - Different problems require different types of thinking. - We face a variety of problems daily and deal with them in a variety of ways. 1- Mythical thinking - Mythical thinking is a thinking that is based on denying science and rejecting its methods, or resorting - in the age of science- to methods that precede this age. - Examples of Mythological thinking include the following: inverted shoes ‫حذاء مقلوب‬ cutting hair at night causes problems do not play scissors ‫ال تلعب بالمقص‬ black cat associate certain clothes ‫ربط مالبس معينة بالحظ‬ 2- Scientific thinking - what is meant by scientific thinking is not Scientists' thinking in a specialized matter with familiar terms and symbols. Rather, it is the kind of organized thinking that we can use in our everyday affairs 1 Scientific Thinking (02) 3- Critical thinking - Critical thinking gives you the tools to use doubt constructively so that you can analyse what is before you. - It helps you to make better and more informed decisions about whether something is likely to be true, effective or productive. - Critical thinking involves the careful examination and evaluation of beliefs and actions. - Critical thinking involves the use of standards such as clarity, accuracy and relevance. It requires evaluating evidence, considering alternative views. - The goal of critical thinking, then, is to distinguish what is acceptable and what is unacceptable according to purely mental standards. - Critical thinking is extremely important in rethinking some traditions such as child marriage and dowry system. 4- Creative Thinking - Creative thinking means looking at something in a new way. It is the very definition of “thinking outside the box”. - Creative thinking is the ability to come up with unique, original solutions. - Our creative imaginations must have something to work on. We do not form new ideas out of nothing. As Henry Ford said above, the raw materials are all there. The creative mind sees possibilities in them or connections that are invisible to less creative minds. 2 Scientific Thinking (02) - Creative thinking is a path to scientific discovery, which consists of seeing what everyone has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. - Creative thinking Is opposed to copying or reproduction. - Making the familiar strange is useful to the creative thinker. - Because things, ideas or people are familiar we stop thinking about them. As Seneca said, ‘Familiarity reduces the greatness of things.’ - Seeing things as strange, odd, problematic or only half-known restarts the engines of your minds. 5- Logical Thinking - This kind of thinking is based on logic, based on the idea inferring the validity of a specific judgement from other judgements. ‫االستدالل على صالحية حكم محدد من أحكام أخرى‬ - There are two paths of Logical Thinking: Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. - Deduction means using a general rule by applying it to particular cases. It is thus the reverse process to Induction; Induction moves from a number of particulars to a generalization. - Finally, Inductive reasoning has its place in the scientific method. Scientists use it to form hypotheses and theories. ‫يستخدمه العلماء في صياغة الفروض والنظريات‬ - Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations. ‫يسمح لهم بتطبيق النظريات على المواقف الجزئية‬ 3 Scientific Thinking (02) :‫** أهم الكلمات‬ Eng. Ar. Mythical thinking ‫ الخرافي‬/ ‫التفكير األسطوري‬ denying science ‫إنكار العلم‬ rejecting ‫رفض‬ resorting ‫العودة‬ methods that precede this age ‫األساليب التي تسبق هذا العصر‬ Scientific thinking ‫التفكير العلمي‬ terms and symbols ‫مصطلحات ورموز‬ Critical thinking ‫التفكير الناقد‬ examination ‫فحص‬ evaluation ‫تقييم‬ requires paying attention ‫يتطلب االنتباه‬ standards ‫معايير‬ clarity, accuracy and relevance ‫ والداللة‬،‫ والدقة‬،‫الوضوح‬ presenting opposing views ‫عرض اآلراء المتعارضة‬ acceptable criteria ‫معايير مقبولة‬ Distinguish ‫يميز‬ child marriage ‫زواج األطفال‬ dowry system ‫نظام المهور‬ 4 Scientific Thinking (02) Creative Thinking ‫التفكير االبتكاري‬ thinking outside the box ‫التفكير خارج الصندوق‬ Logical Thinking ‫التفكير المنطقي‬ Inductive reasoning = Induction ‫االستقراء‬ Deductive reasoning = Deduction ‫االستنباط‬ general rule ‫قاعدة عامة‬ particular cases = particulars ‫حاالت جزئية‬ generalization ‫تعميم‬ Hypotheses ‫فروض‬ Come up with ‫يتوصل لنتيجة أو حل‬ 5