TEFL Methods PDF

# TEFL ## Introduction TEFL stands for **teaching English as a Foreign Language**. It refers to the practice of teaching English non-native speakers in countries where English is not the primary language. ## Teaching Methodology * **Approach:** The overarching philosophy or theory (e.g., CLT) *...

# TEFL ## Introduction TEFL stands for **teaching English as a Foreign Language**. It refers to the practice of teaching English non-native speakers in countries where English is not the primary language. ## Teaching Methodology * **Approach:** The overarching philosophy or theory (e.g., CLT) * **Method:** The organized way of implementing the approach (plan) (e.g., Direct Method) * **Technique:** The activities in the classroom (e.g., role-playing) ## Books (Suggested by the Teacher) * Fourth Edition An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy * Teaching by Principles Third Edition * Techniques & Principles in Language Teaching * The Cambridge Guide to Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages * The Practice of English Language Teaching ## Grammar Translation Method - A method of teaching foreign languages. - **Emphasize** translation to the student's native language (L1). - **Grammar** is **taught deductively** (the teacher gives direct rules and students memorize them). - **Focus** on writing and reading skills. - **Teacher-centered class** (leads the instruction, translates words, provides explanations and corrections). - **GTM neglects listening and speaking skills.** ## Natural (Direct) Method - **Emphasize immersion** in the target language (L2). - **Grammar is taught inductively** (students induce the rule). - **Focus** on listening and speaking skills. - **Student-centered class** (students are encouraged to communicate and interact in the L2). - **Teacher uses visual aids** (objects, pictures, gestures..). - **Challenging for beginners, resource-intensive (objects..)**. ## Audiolingual Method - **Emphasize repetition and drills** (ALM relies on repetition and practice to reinforce language structures and vocabulary). - **Grammar is taught implicitly** through practice. - **Focus** on listening and speaking skills. - **Teacher-centered class** (guides the class and corrects errors). - **Use of dialogues** (which students memorize and practice). - **ALM neglects writing and reading skills.** ## Community Language Method - **Emphasize** the emotional and social aspects of language learning (humanistic technique). - **Teacher** as a counselor (create supportive environment, builds confidence, guides discussions, offers support..). - **Focus** on Communication and record conversations. - **Learner-centered** prioritize learner interests (learners create the syllabus). - **SARD (students** must be secure, maintaining students attention is crucial, effective retention is important for applying knowledge, developing discrimination skills helps learners accurately interpret language). - **Time-Intensive, need for trained facilitators.** ## Suggestopedia - **Suggestopedia offers a relaxed, positive atmosphere for learning through comfortable seating and music** (classical music in the background), promoting emotional engagement and memorable content immersion. - **Active phase:** students engage in interactive activities such as role-playing, games, and reading aloud. - **Passive phase:** students listen attentively to the material presented by the teacher (storytelling..), allowing for subconscious absorption. - **Lack of focus on grammar and structure.** ## The Silent Way - **The silent way emphasizes student-centered learning where the teacher minimizes his speaking and encourages students to learn autonomously.** - **Cuisenaire rods and color charts are used to illustrate language concepts for easy retention.** - **Focus on pronunciation** (altering words fluently). - **Grammar is taught inductively.** - **Requires highly motivated students.** ## Total Physical Response - **TPR emphasizes on verbal interaction and physical movement.** - **Student develop listening before the ability to speak** (speech appears naturally and effortless). - **Focus on the meaning of vocabulary.** - **Teacher use commands, role-playing and games** (jump,..). - **Grammar is taught inductively.** - **Not suitable for all contexts.** ## Communicative Language Teaching - **CLT (the notional-functional approach) focus on communication, making communicative competence (fluency).** - **Combines the 4 skills:** speaking, listening, reading and writing. - **Weak version:** Teach grammatical structure (learn then apply) - **Strong version:** immerse learner in authentic communicative tasks (real life situations) to learn naturally. - **Grammar is taught implicitly.** - **Requires well-trained teachers.** ## Competency-Based Language Teaching - **CBLT emphasize on student demonstration of desired learning outcomes (results).** - **Students learn to use language in authentic (real) situations.** - **It focus on the competency rather than the subject knowledge.** - **Progress is assessed based on the learner's ability to use the language effectively in practical tasks.** - **Time-intensive** ## Natural Approach - **Based on Second Language Acquisition theory developed by Stephen Krashen.** - **Emphasize receiving comprehensible input** (listening, reading). - **The comprehensible input must be:** - **Understandable.** - **Compelling (interesting) • i+1** (slightly above students level). - **Focus on communication.** - **Grammar is taught inductively.** - **Speaking Delay (Silent Period).** ## Task-Based Language Teaching - **TBLT (or TBLL (Learning)) emphasize on using language to complete specific tasks (often designed to mirror real-world situations).** - **Learner-Centered:** Learners take an active role in completing tasks and promoting engagement. - **Pre-Task Phase:** Teacher introduces the topic and provides necessary vocabulary and information. - **Task Phase:** Learners perform the task using the target language. - **Post-Task Phase:** Learners reflect on their performance. - **Requires skilled instructors for task design.**