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History Primary Sources - Derived from the Greek word - range from eyewitness accounts, "historia" which means "knowledge diaries, letters, legal documents, and acquired through inquiry or offi...

History Primary Sources - Derived from the Greek word - range from eyewitness accounts, "historia" which means "knowledge diaries, letters, legal documents, and acquired through inquiry or official documents (government or investigation" private) and even photographs. - Also known as the study of the past Some Repositories (Archives) of Primary According to Louis Gottschalk, history is Sources in NCR defined as the study of human beliefs, - The National Archives of the desires, practices, and institutions. Philippines (Manila) - The National Library (Manila) No Document, No History - The National Historical Commission - It means that unless a written (NHC) (Manila) document can prove a certain - The National Museum Complex historical event, then it cannot be (Manila) considered as a historical fact. Private Museums and Shrines - The Lopez Memorial Museum Historical Sources (Pasig) - Any form of evidence that humans - The Ayala Museum (Makati) have left of their previous activity. - Original document or item that Secondary Sources holds important information about - Materials that analyze and interpret the past. primary sources - Examples of secondary sources can Classifications be history books and printed - Published materials materials, such as serials and - For public use, such as books, periodicals, which interpret previous magazines, reading journals, research. travelogues, or speech transcripts. Historical Criticism Manuscripts - The historical approach to literary - any handwritten or typed record criticism. that has not been printed, such as archival materials, memoirs, and External Criticism diaries. - The process of authentication and verification of authorship, Non-written sources determining “where, when, why, and - oral history, artifacts, ruins, fossils, by whom” a document was written. artworks, video and audio recordings. Tests of Authenticity Several stones believed to have been 1. Anachronistic Document Date – intentionally chipped into weapons or tools determining the date of the were found in the same cave on the same document. rock strata with the same age subjected to 2. Author – determining the author’s carbon dating. These were believed to have manuscript (handwriting). been made by humans/early homo sapiens. 3. Anachronistic Style – determining whether the idiom, orthography or Dr. Henry Otley Beyer punctuation is anachronistic. - Born on June 13, 1833 in Edgewood, 4. Anachronistic Event Reference – Iowa. determining whether the event - First interest in the Philippines was mentioned is too early/ too late sparked in 1904 when he visited the 5. Provenance or Custody – Philippine exhibit in St. Lois, determining its genuineness. Missouri. 6. Semantics – determining the - Lived in the Cordilleras with the meaning of the text, phrase, Ifugaos and married Lingaya sentence, or word. Gambuk, the daughter of an Ifugao 7. Hermeneutics – determining the chief ambiguity (i.e. open to more than one (1) interpretation; vague) Dr. Robert B. Fox - born on May 11, 1918, in Galveston, Internal Criticism Texas. - Focus on the credibility of the - Earned his Bachelor of Arts in content within the document. Anthropology from the University of Southern California in 1941; his From Artifacts into Mentifacts Master in Arts in Anthropology from - Mentifacts are the ideas, beliefs, and the University of Texas in 1944; and values that people hold on, see, and his Ph.D. in the same field from the associate to an artifact. University of Chicago in 1954. - Became chief anthropologist of the Philippine Prehistory Philippine National Museum Tabon Cave Skull Dr. F. Landa Jocano - Skull cap discovered in 1962 in - Born on February 5, 1930 in Tabon Cave, Palawan. Cabuatan , Iloilo. - Predominant feature of the skull of - It was in Iloilo when he got humans is present in the Tabon Cave interested in Philippine folklore, skull. which led him to write to Fox and offered him a job at the National Museum as a janitor.  - Was promoted from being a janitor Magellan renounced his Portuguese to research aid to scientist 1. He got nationality and relocated to Spain to a grant to study at the University of seek royal support for his venture. Chicago where he earned his masters and doctorate in - The Royal Crown of Spain King Anthropology. Charles V supported the plan of Ferdinand Magellan to go to the east Dr. William Henry Scott by sailing westward, a proposal that - Scott was born on July 10, 1921 in was not supported by Portugal. Detroit, Michigan to a Protestant family. - On 10 August 1519, the five ships - Was a victim of alien deportation under Magellan's command left from China after it fell in the hands Seville and descended the of the communists in 1949. Guadalquivir River to Sanlúcar de - Earned his Ph.D. at the University of Barrameda, at the mouth of the Santo Tomas where his dissertation river. Finally, they set sail on 20 Prehispanic Source Materials for the September 1519 and left Spain. Out Study of Philippine History was of five ships that left Spain only published in 1968. three reached the Philippines. - This book was revised in 1984, incorporating more assumed - Limasawa, where the first Catholic prehispanic materials that he mass in the Philippines was debunked including the Code of celebrated. Kalantiaw. - Lazari (Archipelago of St. Lazarus), FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD the name given to the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan, who first saw Ferdinand Magellan the islands on Lazarus Saturday, the - Magellan's flagship, the Trinidad, day before Palm Sunday, under the had as consorts the San Antonio, the old Julian calendar. Concepción, the Victoria, and the Santiago. The ships were old ones, - On April 14, 1521, Humabon was not in the best condition or fitted as christened Carlos Valderrama in Magellan would have liked honor of King Charles I of Spain, while his chief consort, Hara - Magellan approached King Manuel Humamay was given the name of Portugal to seek his support for a Juana, after Charles' mother, westward voyage to the Spice Joanna of Castile. Islands. The king refused his petition - repeatedly. In 1517, a frustrated  - Magellan’s voyage was instrument in The spice Island introducing Christianity in the - Spices become the most expensive PHILIPPINES but also cost his life and in demand commodity among after the Spaniards lost in the Europeans because of their BATTLE of Mactan on April 27, 1521. numerous uses. Originally, they used them to preserve food and keep - Victoria Only one of the five them from spoiling. Later they found returned to port in 1522: The Nao out that spices have medical uses (the Spanish word for carrack) and may also be used for flavoring, Victoria was the only survivor. With cooling and as food addicting. Juan Sebastián Elcano in command, the ship traveled west on its return - Asian goods reached Europe either journey, making it the first vessel to via the Silk Road or the circumnavigate the globe. Arabian-Italian trade route. Both are expensive and oftentimes disrupted Antonio Pigafetta by war and natural calamities. Since - Pigafetta was born to a prominent the land routes were expensive and noble family in the city of Vicenza in required the consent of many northeast Italy. Recent archival powerful armed groups. Portugal research indicates that his father explored the ocean as alternative was Giovanni Pigafetta and his way to the spice island prince Henry mother was a noblewoman named the Navigator of Portugal put up a Lucia, daughter of Marco Muzan. maritime school that trained sailors who would later discover a sea route - Antonio Pigafetta He joined the going to Southeast Asia via Atlantic Spanish expedition to the Spice and Indian Ocean. Islands led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, the world's first IMPORTANT PERSONAGES CITED IN THE circumnavigation, and is best known DOCUMENTS for being the chronicler of the FERDINAND MAGELLAN – voyage. Captain-General (leader) of the expedition - During the expedition, Antinio ANTONIO PIGAFETTA –Official Pigafetta served as Magellan's chronicler of the expedition assistant and kept an accurate RAIA COLAMBU –King of Mazaua journal, which later assisted him in RAIA SIAUI – King of Butuan translating the Cebuano language. It RAIA HUMABON – King of Zubu is the first recorded document RAIA CILAPULAPU and RAIA ZULA – concerning the language. Chiefs (king) of Matan OUR ANCESTORS natives to Christianity Fray Diego de Herrera, Fray Martin de Rada and OTHER (WOMAN) Fray Pedro de Gamboa - Clad in tree cloth from waist down - Conversion was done in a harsh - Hair is black and reaches the ground manner. - They are as white and as large as the - Legaspi’s men ravaged Zubu with Spaniards artillery fire forcing the survivors to - Holes in their ears which are filled flee to the grassy outskirts. with gold (earrings) - They burned the idols but they - Constantly chewing a fruit which found the image of the infant Jesus they call areca which resembles a given to Juana the wife of Humabon. pear. Cut into four and wrapped with - Upon the return of the Zubuanos to betre (betel) leaves the ravaged site, they were - Woman age six upward have their Christianized and exacted with vaginas gradually opened because tribute of the men’s penises ARRIVAL OF THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS CHRISTIAN NAMES GIVEN TO OUR - The Franciscans arrived in the ANCESTORS region in 1577 answering a request Conversion of our Ancestors to send more priests to the region. Subsequent evangelisation of the - Raia Humabon – Don Carlos region was turned over to the - Son of Raia Humabon (Princes) – Franciscans, the Augustinians Fernado retaining the area where they did - Raia Culambo – Johanni their first baptisms on Masbate, - A Muslim – Christofoto Ticao and Burias - Quenn(Amihan) – Johanna - Her daughter (wife of the prince) From Manila, missionaries dispersed –Catherina searching for people in barangays, - Queen of Mazaua – Lisabeta learning their ways and language. - Learning the local language was MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGASPI more efficient than teaching the - his voyage in 1565 dropped the first natives Spanish for the purpose of anchor towards directly colonizing Christianizing them. the Philippines - Several dictionaries in Ilocano, Visaya, Kapampangan and Tagalog LEGASPI’S VOYAGE were produced with the translation - Between 1565 to 1572, Augustinian of Doctrina Christiana in these priest on board Legaspi’s voyage to languages. work for the conversion of the - Doctrina Christiana  - One of this works was the writings of 3. Marriage Customs Fray Juan de Plasencia 4. Worship (Religion) - 12 Priests of the Devil "Relacion de las Costumbres de Los 5. Superstition Tagalos" 6. Burying the Dead - to promote the understanding of both the Spanish language among the natives, and the local languages among the missionaries - (1589), that not only helped understand and preserve many of the traditional ways of the local population, but also provided the first form of Civil Code, used by local governors to administer justice Customs of the Tagalog’s Juan de Plasencia, O.F.M. REAL NAME: Joan de Portocarrero - Work of Plasencia considered as a friar’s account of local customs Children's classification - According to customs children are classified based on their parent’s status, children’s status alternates based on their birth order Believes - They believed in life after death, they believed in supreme being and practice burial customs Component of Tagalog Society in the Document 1. Community - (Barangay, Dato, Three Castes) 2. Property