RIZAL-LESSON-1-4 PDF (Laws on Rizal)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE: REPUBLIC ACT 1425 LAWS ON RIZAL There are at least two (2) Republic Act and two(2) Memorandum Orders pertaining to Jose Rizal: 1) RA 1425 or The Rizal Law 2) RA 229 or The Celebration of Rizal Day 3) MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 247 BY President...

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE: REPUBLIC ACT 1425 LAWS ON RIZAL There are at least two (2) Republic Act and two(2) Memorandum Orders pertaining to Jose Rizal: 1) RA 1425 or The Rizal Law 2) RA 229 or The Celebration of Rizal Day 3) MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 247 BY President Fidel V. Ramos 4) CHED MOMORANDUM No. 3, s.1995 by Commisioner Mona D. Valisno REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425 An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, Works and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 229 An act to prohibit cockfighting, horse racing and jai-alai on the thirtieth day of December of each year and to create a committee to take charge of the proper celebration of Rizal Day in every municipality and chartered city, and for other purposes. MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 247 Directing the Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports and the Chairman of the Commission on Higher Education to fully implement Republic Act No. 1425 CHED MEMORANDUM NO.3, s. 1995 Enforcing strict compliance to Memorandum Order No. 247 THE TRIALS OF THE RIZAL BILL The original version of Senate Bill No. 438 read as follows: An act to make Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo compulsory reading matter in public and private colleges and universities and for other purposes. Amendment: (RA 1425) An act to include the curricula of all public and private schools and colleges, and universities courses on the life’s, works, and writings of Jose Rizal. Particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. OPPOSITION An attempt to discredit Catholic religion The two novels contained views inimical to the tenets of Catholic faith. The compulsory nature of the bill is a violation of religious freedom. Novels were heretical and impious. Violate freedom of conscience and religion It belong to the past and harmful to read because it presented a false picture of the conditions in the country at the time Attack on the clergy Endanger the youth’s salvation, “the young are too apt to take as literally true whatever they see in print” Senator Francisco Rodrigo remarked: “A vast majority of our people are at the same time Catholics and Filipino citizens. As such, they have two great loves: their country and their faith. These two loves are not conflicting loves.” “This is the basis of my stand. Let us not create a conflict between nationalism and religion; between the government and the church.” Senate Bill No. 438 The bill was approved on the third reading, with 23 votes in favor June 12, 1956 - The bill was signed into law by President Ramon Magsaysay and became Republic Act No. 1425. RATIONALE The bill was an important example of the state’s effort (attempt) to decolonize the “culture” of the Philippines To use literature to foster national consciousness among the Filipino people and make “good” citizens of the Filipino youth. The Philippines has lived through: 333 years of Spanish rule, 50 years of American “tutelage”, & 5 years of Japanese occupation PROPONENTS/SUPPORTERS: Rizal’s novels were considered as “a constant and inspiring source of patriotism” Enable the Filipino to grasp the ideals of freedom and nationalism To develop “moral character, personal discipline, civic consciousness and…teaching the duties of citizenship.” His writings will serve as a document of the achievements, development, and transformation of Philippine society, culture, and nation. SOCIAL CHANGE/TRANSFORMATION is its core principle – the need for transforming consciousness and society: and the truthful, realistic depiction of Philippine society. CHAPTER 2: 19th CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL’S CONTEXT THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT 4 Historical Elements basically composed the economic context of the era 1) The end of the Galleon Trade 2) The opening of Suez Canal 3) The rise of the export of the crop economy and 4) The established monopolies in the Philippines Discovery of the Philippines March 16, 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan sighted the island of Samar March 17, 1521 - Magellan named the island “Archipelago of St. Lazarus” March 29, 1521 - The first blood compact between Magellan and Rajah Kulambo of Limasawa was held March 31, 1521 - The first Christian mass was celebrated in Limasawa, Southern Leyte by Fr. Pedro de Valderama. End of the Galleon Trade Galleon trade was a ship trade going back and forth between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico. The trade served as the central income-generating business for Spanish colonists in the Philippines. This 250 year trade were the intercultural exchanges between Asia, Spanish America and onward to Europe and Africa. Manila became the a trading hub where China, India, Japan and Southeast Asian countries sent their goods to be consolidated for shipping. With the huge migration of Chinese because of the galleon trade, the Spaniards feared them and taxed them. Galleon Trade allowed modern, liberal ideas to enter the Philippines that eventually and gradually inspired the movement for independence from Spain. On September 14, 1815 the Galleon Trade ended with Mexico’s war of independence. The opening of the Suez Canal and the invention of steam ships, which lessened the travel time from Spain to other country made this more convenient.  Opening of the Suez Canal The Suez Canal is an artificial seal-level waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869 under the leadership of French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps. Suez Canal was officially opened on November 17, 1869. Advantages: Opening of Suez Canal The distance of travel between Europe and the Philippines was considerably abbreviated and thus virtually brought the country closer to Spain. Brought a huge advantage in commercial enterprises especially Europe and East Asia. It served as a significant factor that enabled the growth of nationalistic desires of Jose Rizal and other Filipino illustrados. Expedited the importation not only of commercial products but also of books, magazines and newspaper with liberal ideas from America and Europe, which ultimately affected the minds of Rizal and other Filipino reformists. Political views of Western liberal thinkers entered the Philippines. It reduces route that stimulated more Spaniards and Europeans with liberal ideas to come to the country and interact with local reformists. It has encouraged the ilustrados to pursue education abroad and learn scientific and liberal in European Their social dealings with liberals in the West have bened their thoughts on nationhood politics and government. Rise of the Export of Crop Economy The Philippines was well on its way of developing an export crop economy between 1820 and 1870 some years after the end of the Galleon Trade. Products such as sugar, Manila hemp, and coffee were produced for foreign markets Imported goods of the European factory industry found their way into many parts of the Philippines. The various economic activities in the new export-crop economy in the country provided many opportunities for the expanding Chinese population. Formerly concentrated in manila, many Chinese moved to provinces that produces crops. The development of export crop industry in the Philippines was motivated by the commercial undertakings of Northern Europe and North American merchants, who provided capital, organization and access to foreign markets and sources of imports. Monopolies Another source of wealth during the post-galleon era was monopoly contracting. During the 1840s, the Spanish government had legalized the use of opium (provided that it was limited to Chinese) and a government monopoly of opium importation and sales was created. There were also monopolies of special crops and items such as spirituous liquors, betel nuts, tobacco and explosives. Among these monopoly systems, the most controversial and oppressive to locals was the tobacco monopoly. March 1, 1782-Goy Gen. Jose Basco placed the Philippine tobacco industry under government control. It aimed to increase government revenues An order was issued for the widespread cultivation of tobacco in the provinces of Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija and Marinduque. The colonial government exported the tobacco to other countries and to the cigarette factories in Manila. Tobacco Monopoly positively raised revenues for the government and made Philippines tobacco prominent all over Asia and some parts of Europe. Negatively, the monopoly brought about food shortages since the planting of basic crops was somewhat neglected and abandoned. The tobacco monopoly was finally abolished in 1882 after 100 years of establishment. A century of hardship and social injustice caused by the tobacco monopoly prompted Filipinos in general, to seek freedom from colonial bondage.  The Social Background Concerning the social picture of the 19th Century Philippines, at least three topics are needed to be discussed. a) Education b) The rise of Chinese Mestizos and c) The rise of the inquilinos Social classes in the Philippines during Spanish Peninsulares, Insulares, Spanish Mestizos, Principalia, Chinese Mestizos, Chinese, ‘Indios. Aim: Education in the 19th Century To convert the natives to the Catholic faith and make them obedient Colonial government and Catholic Church made religion a compulsory subject at all levels. King Philip II’s Laws of the Indies mandated Spanish authorities in the Philippines to educate the locals to teach them how to read and write and to learn Spanish. Spanish missionaries did not seriously teach them the Spanish language. In the fear that the Indios would become so knowledgeable and turn out to be their co-equal. The first formal schools in the land were the parochial schools opened in their parishes by the missionaries Aside from religion the native children were taught reading, writing, and arithmetic and some vocational and practical art subjects. Aside from Christian Doctrines, Latin was also taught to the students instead of Spanish. Corporal punishment was used as one way to strictly discipline the locals to learn fast. College were established and followed by University education that was opened in the country during the early part of the 17th century. Colleges and universities were open only to the Spaniards and those with Spanish Blood (mestizos). Its was only in the 19th century that these universities started accepting native Filipinos. Still giving emphasis on religion. Did not earnestly teach science and math. In 1863, a royal decree called for the establishment of public school system in the Philippines. The Rise of Chinese Mestizos The development of commercial agriculture in the archipelago resulted in the presence of a new class. The rise of a new breed of rich and inf Lential Filipino middle class. Class is composed of Spanish and Chinese mestizos ascended to a position of power in the Philippine society and in due course became leaders in education and finance. The Rise of the Inquilinos Inquilino “tenant”. The 19th Century Inquilino system in the Philippines is better understood as a qualified system of tenancy, or the right to use land in exchange for rent. Due to the opening of the Suez canal and elimination of the Galleon trade, there was an increase in the demand of cultivating production of crops. Resulted to, many estate turned progressively to the inquillino system of land tenure. Estate management was granted to an administrator who was typically a lay Spanish mestizo or Filipino lay brother. ( Inquilinos paid a fixed rent and the amount was determined by the size and quality of the land being worked on. With the expansion of land owned by missionary congregations (friars estate) the proportion of farmlands leased to inquilinos also increased allowing many of them to sub-lease parcels of their land to sharecroppers This system eventually became very prof table that some inquilinos acquired lands of their own and entered in other gainful commercial ventures.  Conflicts Dispute over communal areas Frequently fighting over boarder lands Collection of excessive taxes and land rent Decline of sharing agreement Extreme demand for labor services Capricious fixing of crop prices. The Political Landscape The so-called political influences affecting the 19th century Philippines largely impacted the locals, particularly Jose Rizal. Under these political inf Lences, worthy of mention are ▪ Liberalism ▪ The impact of the Bourbon reforms and ▪ The Cadiz constitution Liberalism ▪ When the Philippines was opened to the world trade in the 19th century, liberal ideas from America carried by ships and people from foreign ports started to penetrate the country and way the ilustrados. These political thoughts included the ideologies of the American and French Revolutions. ▪ The actual experience of liberalism came from the role modelling of the “first liberal gov. gen in the Philippines” – Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre. ▪ The liberal Governor Gen Maria de la Torre was appointed by the provisional government as Gov gen of the Philippines. ▪ He held the position from 1869-1871. ▪ Is widely considered to be the most beloved of the Spanish Gov Gen ever assigned in the country. ▪ Gov Gen dela Torre rule was essential in the dawn of national consciousness of the locals in the 19 th century. ▪ His liberal and democratic governance had provided Jose Rizal and the others a preview of democratic rule and way. The Impact of Bourbon Reforms Bourbon reforms endeavoured to curtail contraband commerce, reclaim control over transatlantic trade, restrict the church’s power, reform state f hances to f Il dwindling royal coffers and found tighter administrative and political control within the empire. Bourbon reforms policies lack some ideological coherence, with diverse and frequently contradictory aims of Madrid policy makers. There were very different impacts of reforms in the diverse Spanish empire having deep consequences of colonial policy innovation The Cadiz Constitution A liberal constitution was promulgated in Cadiz in March 1812. Drafted by elected representatives. The Cadiz constitution was put in practice in almost all the areas of the Hispanic Monarchy still under control of the Spanish Crown. The first constitution in Europe to deal with national sovereignty, recognizing sovereignty as coming from the people and not from the king. The Cadiz constitution which was formally implemented in Manila, established the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy and freedom of the press and advocated land reform and free enterprises. And on May of 1814, the constitution that was attempted to be put in place did not come to fruition, King Fernando VII declared it invalid and restored absolutism.  Seeing Rizal’s Life in His Society Sociological imagination - people can view their inner life and career in terms of larger historical forces. CHAPTER 3: RIZAL’S LIFE: FAMILY, CHILDHOOD, AND EARLY EDUCATION Many historians and scholars express doubts about whether Rizal wrote the poem “Sa Aking Mga Kababata”. For one thing, it is unlikely that an eight-year-old, who typically only begins to read, could write a five-stanza poem with profound terms, meter, and rhyme. Additionally, the letter “K” was not widely used in 1869 when Rizal was a child; words were spelled with a “C” rather than “K”. The poem is full of “K,” two of which are for “kalayaan.” The term “Kalayaan,” as we know it today, was not widely used in the 19 th century. In fact, Rizal first encountered the word in the summer of 1882 when he was 21 years old. While Rizal did mention is witings that he enjoyed eating tuyo for breakfast, there is no primary sources to support that he invented champorado. Another lie about the young Rizal is the tsinelas story. He was born on June 19, 1861, in the lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna. The birth occurred between eleven and twelve o’clock at night, just a few days before the full moon. The birthing process was not easy, as Rizal’s mother struggled due to the size of his head. Fortunately, both the baby and his mother survived the difficult birth. Three days later, Jose Protacio was baptized in a Catholic Church by the parish priest, Father Rufino Collantes. And so, the child was christened Jose Protacio in honor of two saints. His mother was a devout follower of Saint Joseph or San Jose. While the name “Protacio” was inspired by Saint Gervacio (Protacio, whose feast is celebrated every June 19th) Note: some references spell his name Protasio, but here we will continue to use Protacio. During the baptism ceremony, Father Collantes noticed that Jose’s head was unusually large for a baby. The priest was astonished and advised Jose’s family to take good care of him. As he associated the large head with intelligence and believed that someday the child become a great man. You might notice that Rizal’s name Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda is unusually long. The reason behind this is that it’s a combination of several surnames from his family’s history. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda The first two given names “Jose Protacio” were taken from two different saints. The surname Mercado comes from Rizal’s Chinese ancestor, Domingo Lam-co. In order to avoid anti-Chinese sentiment from the Spanish authorities, Lam-co changed his family’s surename to Mercado (“market”). Reflected their merchant roots. The surname Rizal is the surname adopted by the Mercados during the 1840s because of the Claveria Decree. During the 1840s, Governor-General Narciso Claveria mandated that Filipinos adopt surnames to facilitate census work and tax collection. Each province was given a list from which each family could choose surname. Even though they picked Rizal, they continued to use Mercado. The new surname (Rizal) caused confusion in the commercial affairs of the family. The Mercado of Calamba chose the unlisted name Rizal. The new surname (Rizal) caused confusion in the commercial affairs of the family. Don Francisco thus settled on the combination name “Rizal Mercado” as a compromise. The “y” in Spanish names indicates the conjunction “and” and separates the patriarch’s and matriarch’s surnames The surname Alonso comes from Rizal’s mother’s old family name. The surname Realonda was the adopted surname of the Alonsos of Biñan due to the Claveria Decree. Just like the Mercados, they continued to use the surname Alonso. If you find Rizal’s full name confusing, we can call him on his other nickname: “Pepe” Why “Pepe”? According to the book in Excelsis, writer Felice Prudente Santa Maria explains that Rizal got the nickname “Pepe” because the letter “P.P” were always used the nickname of Saint Joseph.  The Family Rizal Mercado Jose Rizal was the seventh child of the Mercado family, who were relatively well-off and lived on a tenant land owned by a dominican in Calamba, Laguna. 1) Saturnina (1850-1913) - Nickname: Neneng ▪ She’s the oldest of the Rizal children. She married Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas and had five children together. 2) Paciano (1851-1930) - Also known as: “Lolo Ciano” ▪ He was the older (also only) brother and confidant of Jose Rizal. After his younger brother’s execution, he joined the Philippine Revolution and became a combat general. After the revolution, he retired to his farm in Los Baños, where he lived as a gentleman farmer and died an old bachelor aged 79. ▪ He had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena) - a boy and a girl. 3) Narcisa (1852-1939) - Pet name: “Sisa” ▪ She was the one who found the unmarked grave of her brother in the abandoned Old Paco Cemetery. ▪ She married Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher and musician from Morong. 4) Olimpia (1855-1887) - Pet name: “Ypia” ▪ She married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator from Manila and together they had three children. ▪ She died in 1887 from childbirth when she was only 32 years old. 5) Lucia (1857-1919) ▪ She married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas. Together, they had five children. ▪ In 1889, Mariano died due to an epidemic but was denied a Christian burial. This was due to the fact that he was the brother in law of Jose Rizal. 6) Maria (1859-1945) - Nickname: “Biang” ▪ She married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna and together they had 5 children. Mauricio Cruz, one of Maria’s children became a student of Jose Rizal in Dapitan and was known to be one of his uncle’s favorites. ▪ Maria was a known recipient of many old Jose’s letters during his lifetime. 7) Jose (1861-1896) - Nickname: “Pepe” ▪ His advocacy for reforms in the Philippines under the hands of Spanish colonial authorities led to his early death at the age of 35. He was executed in Bagumbayan, now called Luneta, in Manila on December 30, 1896. 8) Concepcion (1862 -1865) - Pet name: “Concha” ▪ Concepcion did not live very long as she died of sickness at the age of 3. Her death was Rizal’s first sorrow in life. ▪ Na-ketong o kolebrang ahas 9) Josefa (1865-1945) - Pet name: “Panggo” ▪ She was unmarried and lived ▪ Together with her younger sister Trinidad until death. Josefa was said to have suffered from epilepsy. 10) Trinidad (1868 -1951) - Pet name: “Trining” ▪ She remained unmarried and live together with her sister Josefa.}} ▪ Trinidad was the one who received an alcohol lamp from brother Jose, in which he secretly hid the “Last Farewell” better known as “Mi Ultimo Adios”, a poem Rizal on the eve of his death in 1896.|| ▪ Trinidad died in 1951, outliving all her siblings. 11) Soledad (1870 -1929) - Pet name: “Choleng” ▪ She was the youngest of the Rizal siblings. She married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba and together they had 5 children Francisco Mercado Rizal was more than just the father of Jose Rizal; he was a man of admirable qualities. Born on May 11, 1818, in Biňan Laguna, Francisco Mercado Rizal studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila. Francisco lost his father early, and when both of his parents died, he moved to Calamba to work in a hacienda owned by a Dominican. In Calamba, Francisco was well-respected and known as “Don Francisco” or “Don Kiko” Don is an honorific prefix used to show respect and courtesy. He was a man of few words but great actions, with a strong body and a sharp mind. He was elected by the citizens of Calamba to be their “cabeza de barangay”. His son, Jose Rizal, affectionately called him “a model of fathers” in his student memoirs. This deep admiration and love for his father was evident in art he created in his honor. In 1881, Jose made a clay bust of Don Kiko. Six years later, he carved a life-size wood sculpture of him. In honor of his father, Jose even named his premature son (with Josephine Bracken) “Francisco.” Before his death, Jose Rizal wrote a letter to his brother Paciano, in which he said: “Tell our father I remember him, and how I remember my whole childhood of his affection and his love. Ask him to forgive me for the pain that I have unwillingly caused him.” He also wrote a letter directly to his father, saying: “My beloved father, pardon me for the pain with which I repay you for ‘sorrows and sacrifices for my education. I did not want nor did prefer it. Goodbye, Father, goodbye.” Through Don Kiko’s independence, determination, and hard work, he instilled in his son a free spirit that would inspire Jose Rizal to become who he was. Don Francisco’s life and legacy are testaments to the importance of hard work, perseverance, and love for family and community. We can clearly see that Jose Rizal’s relationship with his father was good, and the same can be said of his mother, maybe even more. Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos was born on November 8, 1826, in Manila. Even before marrying Don Kiko, Doña Teodora was already living a comfortable life. She came from a long line of principalia, which explains why her family was wealthy. Ruling and educated upper class. They came from the lineages of ex-datus who were the original principalias. The principalia status was hereditary, including the government positions they held. Her father and grandfather served as gobernadorcillos, the highest postion any filipino could hold in government. Aside from holding public office, the principalia class had privileges such as being exempt from paying taxes and leasing vast tracts of farmlands. Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos received a fine education at the Prestigious Colegio de Santa Rosa, where she displayed a special inclination toward literature and music. Her education and refined culture set her apart from most women of her time. As a mother, she taught her children how to read, write, and pray at a very young age. She taught about them values such as discipline, justice, and compassion, and most importantly. To treat Indiós as equals. Teodora also act as Rizal’s reading teacher and critic, and together they would read books in their home library. Her love for literature and the arts would be passed on to her children, who would become renowned writers and artist in their own right. Shortly before her death, the government offered her a life pension after declaring Jose Rizal as a national hero. She courteously rejected it, saying: “My family has never been patriotic for money. If the government has plenty of funds and does not know what to do with them, better reduce the taxes.” She was not just a mother, but a force of nature that shaped the destiny of her children and, in turn, the destiny of her nation. Her unwavering commitment to education and culture ignited a spark in her children that would eventually lead to the birth of Philippine independence. Her legacy is a testament to the power of a mother’s love and the limitless potential of a human being. EARLY EDUCATION OF RIZAL Uncle Jose, an accomplished artist, nurtured in Rizal an appreciation for nature’s beauty and taught him various art forms such as painting, sketching, and sculpture. Uncle Gregorio, a learned scholar, instilled in Rizal a love for education, emphasizing its importance and the value of hard work. Manuel’s guidance helped Rizal to develop proficiency in these areas, despite his previous weakness and undersized frame. As Rizal grew older, his parents acquired private tutors to prepare him for his formal education. One of his tutors was Leon Monroy, a former classmate of Rizal’s father, who lived with the Rizal family to teach the boy Spanish and Latin. Following Monroy’s death, Rizal’s father sent him to study Spanish and Latin in Binan. Rizal and his brother lived with their aunt during this time, and Paciano acted as a father figure during his school days in Binan. His teacher was Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz, who Rizal describe as a tall, thin man with a long neck and a sharp nose. He knew Latin and Spanish grammar by heart. Rizal wrote in his memoir:”” “I have no desire to spend my time counting the palo(beating with a stick) I received or picturing my emotions when suffered my first palmetazos (being struck in hand). Some envied me and others pitied me. Tales were told against me, sometimes with reason, and sometimes without, and always it cost me three or six disciplinas (lashes with whip).” Rizal write in his memoir: “I usually won the classroom contest; nobody beat me, and as a result I surpassed many in class standing; nut in spite of the reputation I had being a good boy, the day was unusual when I was not laid out on a bench given for or six blows.” Rizal’s studies in Binan had a great influence on his views on education. He firmly believed that education is not just a mere obligation but rather an invaluable investment that leads us towards a brighter future. CHAPTER 4: RIZAL’S LIFE: HIGHER EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo De Manila (1872-1877) Rizal entered in 1872. Under Jesuit System of Education. Ateneo Municipal - a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits. Escuela Pia (Charity School)- formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which was established by the city government in 1817. June 10, 1872- Rizal accompanied by Paciano went to Manila. Father Magin Ferrando - was the college registrar, refused to admit Rizal in Atenco for two reasons Manuel Xerez Burgos - because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo. Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname “Rizal”. He registered under this name at Ateneo because their family name “Mercado” had come under the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. Rizal was first boarded in a house outside Intramuros, on Caraballo Street. This was owned by a spinster named Titay who owed the Rizal family the amount of 300 pesos to improve his Spanish Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College. Rizal’s First Year in Ateneo (1872-1873) June 1872, his first day of class in the Ateneo. Rizal’s first heard a mass at the college chapel Fr. Jose Bech, Rizal’s first professor in the Ateneo. Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874) Rizal repented having neglected his studies the previous year simply. To regain his lost class leadership, Rizal studied harder. He became “emperor” At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal. Third Year in Ateneo (1874-1875) Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies as in the previous year His grades remained excellent in all subjects, but he won only one medal, in Latin. He failed to win the medal in Spanish. Fourth Year In Ateneo (1875-1876) On June 16, 1875, Rizal became an intern in the Ateneo. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, one of his professor this time and a great educator and scholar. He inspired the young Rizal to study harder and to write poetry. On his part, Rizal had the highest affection and respect for Father Sanchez, whom he considered his best professor in the Ateneo. Rizal was topped of all his classmates in all subjects and won five medals at the end of the school term. Last Year In Ateneo (1876-1877) His studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, he excelled in all subjects. Rizal was the most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly “the pride of the Jesuits’. Rizal finished his last year at the Atenen in a blaze of glory. He obtained the highest grades in all subjects—philosophy, physics, biology, chemistry, languages, mineralogy, etc. Rizal graduated with Highest Honor. He graduated on March 23, 1877(16 years old) Extra-curricular activities in Ateneo He was an active in extra-curricular activities. An “emperor” inside the classroom and he was a campus leader outside. He was an active member, later secretary, of a religious society, the “Marian Congregation”. Rizal was also a member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences. Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878), Rizal transferred to the medical course. “Don’t send him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his head.”- Doña Teodora, vigorously opposed the idea that Rizal pursue higher learning in the university. April 1877 - Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old, matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas, taking the course on Philosophy and letters. During his first term in 1877-1878 in UST, he studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy and History of Philosophy. Father Pablo Ramon-Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him during his student days in that college, asking for advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately he was in Mindanao. It was during the following term (1878-1879) that Rizal, having received the Ateneo Rector’s advice to study medicine. During Rizal’s first school term in the University of Santo Tomas (1877- 1878), Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expert surveyor). Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and topography November 25, 1881- the title was issued to Rizal for passing the final examination in the surveying course RIZAL’S LIFE ABROAD Secret Mission in Spain (1882-1885) To observe keenly the life and culture. Languages and customs, industries and commerce, and governments and laws of the European nations. In order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from Spanish tyranny. Secret Departure in Spain Rizal’s departure in Spain was kept secret to avoid detection by the Spain Authorities and the friars. Even his own parents were unaware of his secret mission in Spain, as he knew they would not allow him to go. Before of Rizal’s Secret Departure: He wrote a farewell letter to his beloved parents and another one for his sweetheart Leonor Rivera, it was both delivered shortly after he sailed away. MAY 03, 1882 - Rizal boarded the Spanish streamer Salvadora bound for Singapore. Rizal in Singapore On May 8, 1882 during his way to Singapore, Rizal saw a beautiful island called “Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga” On May 9, 1882, Rizal landed in Singapore and registered at Hotel de la Paz and spent two days on a sightseeing soiree of the city, which was a colony of England. During his stay, Rizal visited the famous Botanical Garden, the beautiful Buddhist temple, the busy shopping district and the statue of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles (founder of Singapore). Rizal Life in Barcelona and Madrid During his summer vacation in Spain, he was able to travel and meet some of the Filipinos who live in the city. Rizal wrote an essay about how much he loves and misses his homeland. El Amor Patrio (Love of Country)—It was the title of his first Nationalistic Essay, which he wrote in Barcelona. This was also the first Manila bilingual newspaper (SPANISH AND TAGALOG).  On August 20, 1882, his essay was published in Dariong Tagalog and was translated into Tagalog by Marcello H. Del Pilar. On November 3, 1882, Rizal was enrolled in UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID under the course of Medicine and Philosophy and Letters. While waiting for classes to begin in Madrid, he enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando for painting and traveled to various historical sites and museums. Because of his involvement in various lessons and the difficulty. During his stay in Madrid, Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano Filipino. It is a group of Filipinos and Spaniards who want the government to reform. He wrote Mi Piden a poem about the sadness of an artist’s son who lives in a place far from his origin. AAside from his studies and other art lesson, he had the opportunity to meet Consuelo Ortiga Y Perez, the daughter of Don Pablo who is the mayor of Manila. Rizal was fell inlove with Consuelo, but because Eduardo de Lete was courting Consuelo, he did not pursue his feelings for Consuelo and instead he wrote a poem which showed his admiration to this lady. Rizal in Paris (1883) On July 17, 1883, aRizal travelled to Paris and visited the different tourist spot in the City. The museum, the Opera house, Cathedral of Notre Dame, Boise de Boulogne, Madelaine Church, the Column of Verdome, the Invales and the libraries. He had also the opportunities to visit some restaurants in Paris. Rizal was mistaken by the Parisians as Japanese, that’s why the prices of his food, lodging, and entrance fees were higher than those of other nationalities. AaIn a letter to his family, he stated that “Paris is Europe’s most expensive capital“. He could not afford the high cost of living in Paris so he decided go back to Madrid. Rizal as a Mason Rizal was impressed by how openly and freely the Spanish Masons criticized government policies and lambasted the friars, something that could not be done in the Philippines. MARCH 1883 He became a member of the Masonic lodge known as “ACACIA.” His motivation for becoming a mason is to enlist the aid of Freemasonry in his fight against the friars in the Philippines. NOVEMBER 15, 1890 - Rizal became a Mason leader after he transferred to Lodge Solidaridad. FEBRUARY 15, 1892 - Le Grand Orient de France in Paris conferred the Master Mason diploma on Rizal. In Gay Paris (1885-1886) After Rizal completing his studies at the Central University of Madrid at the age of 24 and already a physician.he also traveled to Paris to further his knowledge in opthalmology. NOVEMBER 1885 - Rizal was living in Paris, where he sojourned for about four months. (1852-1906) He worked as Dr. Louis de Weckert’s assistant. November 1885 to February 1886 - Rizal was a well-known French ophthalmologist. January 1, 1886 - He wrote a letter to his parents. The letter revealed that Rizal was rapidly improved his knowledge of opthalmology. February 1,1886 - After acquiring enough experienced as an opthalmologist in Dr. Weckert’s Clinic, Rizal reluctantly left Gay Paris. Rizal’s Grand Tour of Europe With Dr. Viola (1887) On May 11, 1887 - Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train: Their next destination was DRESDEN, “one of the best cities in Germany”. Dresten They visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer. Rizal was deeply impressed by a painting of “Prometheus Bound”. They met Dr. Feodor Jagor, they plan to visit Leitmeritz to see Blumentritt. Teschen (Now Decin, Czechoslovakia) was their stop- over after leaving Dresden. Rizal and Viola sent a wire to Blumentritt, suggested by Dr. Jagor. First meeting with Blumentritt At this train station, Rizal arrived from Germany. On May 13, 1887, at 1:30 p.m. Rizal and Viola on board, arrive at the railroad station of Lietmeritz (Litomerice), Bohemia. Professor Blumentritt carried a sketch of Rizal to identify his Filipino friends. He warmly received Rizal and Viola, Rizal and Blumentritt met in person and greeted each other in fluent German. Blumentritt loved Rizal as his son because of his talents. Blumentritt, helped two tourists get a room at Hotel Krebs. They stayed in Leitmeritz from May 17, 1887 Prague They met Dr. Wellkomm a Professor of University of Prague. Rizal and Viola visited the Tomb of Copernicus, the famous astronomer, the museum of natural history, bacteriological laboratories, famous cave where San Juan Nepomuceno, the Catholic Saint was imprisoned and many more. Vienna May 20, they went to Vienna “the Queen of Danube”. They met Norfen fals, one of the greatest novelist in Europe. Rizal and Viola stayed in Hotel Metropole. Danubian Voyage to Lintz May 25, Rizal and Viola left Vienna on a river b oat to see the beautiful sights of Danube River. Next, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and then Rheinfall. They saw the waterfall “the most beautiful waterfall in Europe. Geneva Rizal and Viola left on a little boat, went to Foggy Leman Lake to Geneva. The beautiful city in June 19, 1887 Rizal treated Viola in his 26th Birthday. Trip to Hong Kong FEBRUARY 03,1888 - After six months on the Zafiro board, Rizal left Calamba. FEBRUARY 07.1888 - Rizal did not leave his ship during a brief stop over in amoy for three reasons. (He was not feeling well, It was raining hard, He heard that the City is dirty) FEBRUARY 08,1888 - Rizal arrived in Hong Kong, which was then a British colony. In Hong Kong Rizal stayed at Victoria Hotel. Some of the Filipino residents welcomed Rizal, including Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio, and Manuel Yriarte (the son of Francisco Yriarte, Alcalde Mayor of Laguna). Jose Varanda was following Rizal’s movements in Hong Kong at the time. He is thought to have been ordered to spy on Rizal. According to Rizal, Hongkong was small but clean. And has so many Portuguese, Hindus, English, Jews and Chinese. February 16, 1888 Rizal expressed his bitterness in a letter written in Blumentritt. They forced Rizal to leave the country while he was still sick. Lieutenant Taviel de Andrade help him, as well as Governor-General Terrero. Dominicans witnessed Rizal holding secret meetings with men and women on top of a hill. Rizal was given money by countrymen in order for him to leave. Feb 19, 1888 Rizal witnessed a Catholic procession in which devotees were dressed in blue and purple dresses and carried unlighted candles. DURING A 2-WEEK STAY IN HONG KONG Rizal studied Chinese life, language, drama and customs. RIZAL EXPERIENCES Noisy Celebration of Chinese New Year(February 11-13) Rizal fired many firecrackers on the window of his hotel. Boisterous Chinese Theatre with noisy audience and noisier music Rizal Experienced the Marathon Lauriat Party where guests were served numerous dishes such as dried fruits. Geese. Shrimps. Century eggs. Etc. It was also called the longest meal in the World. Rizal was well aware that the DOMINICAN ORDER was the wealthiest religion in Hong Kong. It had millions of dollars deposited in banks, which earned a fantastic interest rate on the Hongkong Cemeteries belonging to Protestants, Catholics, and Muslims. (Departure from Hongkong) February 22, 1888 Rizal boarded the Oceanic, an American steamer, and left Hongkong. TRIP TO JAPAN AND SHORT ROMANCE WITH O-SEI-SAN One of the happiest interludes in the life of Rizal was his sojourn in the Land of the Cherry Blossoms for one month and a ha lf (February 28-April 13, 1888). He was enchanted by the natural beauty of Japan, the charming manners of the Japanese people, and the picturesque shrines. February 28, 1888 (Tuesday morning) - Rizal arrived in Yokohama. He registered at the Grand Hotel. March 2-7- Rizal proceeded to Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel. Rizal in Tokyo During his first day in Tokyo, Rizal was embarrassed because he did not know the Japanese language. He looked like Japanese but he could not talk Japanese. Rizal studied Japanese language and he was able to speak it within a few days. Rizal was visited at his hotel by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish Legation. The latter invited him to live at the Spanish legation. Macao is a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong. Spanish diplomatic authorities were instructed from Manila to monitor his movements in Japan. He accepted the invitation for two reasons: (1) He could economize his living expenses by staying at the legation and (2) he had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities. Rizal’s Impression of Japan Rizal was favorably impressed by Japan. He was a keen observer, taking copious notes on the life, customs, and culture of the people. He was no silly, lightheaded tourist who merely enjoys attractive sights that appealed only to the senses. Things in which favorably impressed Rizal in Japan were: 1. The beauty of the country-its flowers, mountains, streams, and scenic panoramas. 2. The cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the Japanese people. 3. The picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese women. 4. There were very few thieves in Japan so the houses remained open day and night, and in the hotel room, one could safely leave money on the table. 5. Beggars were rarely seen in the city streets, unlike in Manila and other cities. ROMANCE WITH O-SEI-SAN O-Sei-San (Seiko Usui) – A samurai’s daughter, 23 years old, and a pretty Japanese girl whom Rizal was attracted by her regal loveliness and charm. Rizal and O-Sei-San, as Rizal called her, met almost daily. Together, they visited the interesting spots of the city – the Imperial Art Gallery, The Imperial Library, the universities, the Shokubutsu-en (Botanical Garden), the city parks (particularly Hibiya Park), and the picturesque shrines.  Rizal saw in lovely O-Sei-San the qualities of his ideal womanhood – beauty, charm, modesty, and intelligence. No wonder he fell deeply in love with her. O-Sei-San helped Rizal in many ways. More than a sweetheart, she was his guide, interpreter, and tutor. She guided him in observing the shrines and villages around Tokyo. She improved his knowledge of Nippongo (Japanese language) and Japanese history. Rizal’s great love for O-Sei-San is attested by the hero’s diary. With this tenderly tragic entry in his own diary, Rizal bade farewell to lovely OSei-San. Trip to United States of America (1888) His arrival in the country was ruined by racial prejudice. He documented what he observed during his trip from Francisco to New York. Saturday morning. April 28, 1888, Rizal docked in San Francisco. Authorities did not let the passengers land for one week because of a rumored cholera outbreak. May 4, 1888 when Rizal registered at the first class hotel in the city called Palace hotel, he :.. stayed there for three days. On May 7 to May 13, 1888, Rizal stayed at Nevada, Chicago. On May 13 to May 16, 1888, Rizal went to New York and stayed to “The big town”. RIZAL IN LONDON (1888-1889) Rizal’s Reason for Staying: To improve his knowledge on the English language To study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. London was a safe place to for him to carry on his fight against Spanish tyranny. While in London, he wrote articles for La Solidaridad, To the Young women of Malolos and completed. annotating Morga’s Book. Rizal Engaged In: To Filipiniana studies Completed annotating Morga’s pen book Wrote many articles for La an Solidaridad in defense of his people against Spanish critic Penned a famous letter “To the young women of Malolos” Carried voluminous correspondence with Blumentritt and relatives, and Romance with Gertrude Beckett. Trip across the Atlantic Rizal was on board the “City of Rome” While on board, Rizal entertained the American and European passengers with his marvelous skill of the yo-yo as a defensive weapon. Rizal arrived at Liverpool, England on May 24, 1888 He spent his night at Adelphi Hotel “Liverpool”, he wrote to his family, “is a big and beautiful city and its with celebrated port is worthy of its great fame. The entrance is magnificent and they then turned with the customhouse is quite good. Life in London On May 25, 1888 went to London He stayed as a guest at home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, and exile of 1872 and practicing lawyer in London By the end of May, he was a boarder of the Beckett family Mr. Beckett, an organist at St. Paul Church, Mrs. Beckett, his wife, his three son’s and four daughters the eldest of the sister was Gertrude (“Gettie”/”Tottie”) Rizal came to know Dr. Reinhold Rost, the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the authority on Malayan Languages and Customs. He called Rizal, “A pearl of a man” (una perla de hombre) Riizal spent of his time the British Museum. News from home, Good and bad The bad news were injustices commits by Spanish authorities on the Filipino people and the Rizal family. Among which were as follows: Persecution of Filipino patriots who signed the “Anti-Friar Petition of 1888” Relatives persecution of Calamba tenants, including Rizal’s family and furious attack on Rizal by Senators Salamanca and Vida. Rizal’s brother-in- law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, was exiled to Bohol without due process of Law. A friend of Rizal, Laureno Viado, was jailed in Bilibid prison, because copies of “Noli Me Tangere” were found in his house One good news cheered Rizal and that was Rev. Vicente Garcia’s defense of the Noli against the attack of the friars. Annotating Morga’s Book The greatest achievement of Rizal was annotating of Morga’s Book, Sucesos De Los Islas Filipinas which was publish in Mexico, 1609. Rizal laboriously read the old histories of the Philippines written by Fr. Chirino, Fr. Colin, Fr. Argensola, Fr. Plasencia etc. Short visit to Paris and Spain Early September 1888, he visited Paris for a week. He was entertained in this gay French metropolis by Juan Luna and his wife, Paz Prado de Tavera. On December 11, 1888, he went to Spain, visiting Madrid and Barcelona: He met Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce Rizal returned to London on December 24 and spent Christmas and New Year with the Beckett Family He sent Christmas gifts to his friends: To Blumentritt: bust of Emperor of Augustus. To Dr. Carlos Czepelak, a bust of Julius Caesar. To Rizal’s landly, Mrs. Beckett a book entitled “The Life and the Adventures of Valentine Vox, The Ventriliquist”. Romance with Gertrude Beckett Rizal had a romantic interlude with the oldest of the four Beckett sisters, Gertrude, Gettie as she was affectionally called was a Buxom English girl with brown hair, blue eyes and rosy cheeks Rizal eventually called the finish 4 sculptural work: Prometheus Bound, The Triumph of Death over life, Triumph of science over death,A composite carving of the Beckett sisters (The last name carving was a farewell gift to the Beckett sisters) Adios to London Suddenly on March 19,1889, Rizal bade goodbye to the kink Beckett Family (particularly to Gertrude) and he left in London for Paris He was sad as he crossed the English channel for he cherished so many beautiful memories of London In Belgian Brussels (1890) When Rizal moved to Brussel, he lived in a modest boarding house on 38 Rue Philippine Champagne accompanied by Jose Albert, who later on left the city and was replaced by Jose Alejandro. During his stay in the city, Rizal was busy writing his second novel which was the continuation of Noli. Aside from this, he also writes articles for La Solidaridad and letters to his family and friends. As a physician, Rizal spent part of his time in a medical clinic. For recreation, Rizal had gymnastics at the gymnasium and target practice and fencing at the armory. As early as in September, 1886, when he was in Leipzig, Rizal adopted the Filipinized Tagalog orthography in his Tagalog translations of Schiller’s Wilhelm Tell and Andersen’s Fairy Tales and again used it in his first novel Noli Me Tangere (Berlin, 1887). While Rizal was in Brussels, his article entitled “Sobre la Nueva Ortografía de la Lengua Tagala” (The new Orthography of the Tagalog Language) was published in La Solidaridad on April 15, 1890. Rizal received bad news from home, the letter said that Calamba Agrarian reform was getting worse. The sad news from home depressed Rizal. His heart bled to know the sorrow of his parents, brothers and brother-in-laws.  In the face of suffering which afflicted his family, Rizal planned to go home. He could not stay in Brussels writing a book, while his family in the Philippine were persecuted All his friends including Blumentritt, Jose Ma. Basa and Ponce were horrified by Rizal’s decision. They warned him of the danger that awaited him from home but he ignored it. A letter from Paciano changed his mind, it tells that they lost the case against the Dominicians in Manila, but they appealed it to the Supreme Court in Spain but a lawyer is needed to handle it in Madrid. Rizal announced that he was leaving Brussels at the beginning of the following month and would arrive in Madrid about the 3rd or 4th. Misfortune in Madrid (1890-1891) Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid. He tried all legal means to seek justice for his family and Calamba tenants, but to no avail. On top of his misfortunes, his fiance for eleven years, Leonor Rivera married a British engineer. That unfortunate event broke his heart. Upon arrival in Madrid, Rizal Immediately sought the help of Filipino colony, the Asociacion Hispano-Filipina and the Liberal Spanish newspaper (La Justicia, El Globo, La Republica, El Resumen, etc.) in securing justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants, including his family. Failure to Get Justice for Family Together with M. H. Del Pilar (who acted as his lawyer) and Dr. Dominador Gomez (Secretary of the Asociacion Hispano- Filipina) he called on the Minister of Colonies (Senior Fabie) in order to protest in the injustices committed by Governor General Valeriano Weyler and the Dominicans against the Calamba folks. Nothing came out with Rizal’s interview with Minister Fabie. As El Resumen, a Madrid newspaper which sympathized with the Filipino caused said: “To cover the ears, open the and fold the arms – this is the Spanish colonial policy”. More terrible news reached Rizal in Madrid as he was waging a futile fight for justice. From his brother-in-law, Silvestre Ubaldo, he received a copy of the ejectment order of the Dominicans against Francisco Rizal and other Calamba tenants. From his sister, Saturnina, he learned about the deportation of Paciano (Rizal), Antonio (Lopez), Silvestre (Ubaldo), Teong (Mateo Elejorde), and Dandoy (Dr. Rizal’s relative) to Mindoro; these unfortunate deportees were arrested in Calamba and were shipped out of Manila on September 6, 1890. He further learned from Saturnina’s letter that their parents had been forcibly ejected from their home and were then living in the house of Narcisa ( Antonino’s wife). Rizal’s Eulogy to Panganiban Rizal experienced another disappoinment when his friend and co-worker in the Propaganda movement, Jose Ma. Panganiban died in Barcelona on August 19, 1890. With his sorrowing heart, Rizal took his pen and wrote an eulogy to Panganiban as follows: Aborted Duel with Antonio Luna At the end of August, Rizal attended a social reunions of Filipinos in Madrid wherein Antonio Luna is also there. That time, Luna is bitter because of his frustrated romance with Nellie Boustead. He blames Rizal for what happened. In a fit of jealousy, and also the effect of alcohol, Luna uttered unsavor remarks to Nellie. Rizal heard him and because of his anger he challenged Luna into a duel. Rizal Challenges Retana to Duel Wenceslao E. Retana, his bitter enemy of the pen, a talented Spanish scholar, was then a press agent of the friars in Spain. He used to attack the Filipinos in various newspapers in Madrid and other cities in Spain. Retana wrote an article in La Epoca, asserting that the family and friends of Rizal had not paid their rents so they were ejected from their lands in Calamba by the Dominicans. Such as insult stirred Rizal to action, immediately he sent his seconds to Retana with his challenge to a duel. Infidelity of Leonor Rivera Rizal received a letter from Leonor, announcing her coming marriage to an Englishman (the choice of her mother) and asking his forgiveness. Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry & Rizal Abdicates his leadership.  Toward the closing days of 1890 phere arose an unfortunate rivalry between Rizal and M.H. del Pilar for supremacy. Because of this, the Filipinos were divided into two hostile camps-the Rizalistas and the Pilaristas. The situation was becoming explosive and critical. Despite of winning the votes, Rizal graciously declined the coveted position. ADIOS, MADRID Rizal wrote a brief note thanking his patriots for electing him as responsible. He packed up his bags, paid his billsz and boarded a train leaving for Biarritz. It was the last time he saw Madrid. His agonizing heart bade goodbye to the metropolis, of which he had written years ago. BIARRITZ VACATION AND ROMANCE WITH NELLY BOUSTEAD (1891) To seek solace for his disappointments in Madrid, Rizal took a vacation in the resort city of Biarritz on the fabulous French Riviera. He was aguest of the rich Boustead family at its winterresidence – Villa Eliada. On March 29, 1891, the eve of his departure from Biarritz, he finished the manuscript of his first novel, El Filibusterismo and He wrote a letter to Blumentrit. Rizal arrived in Biarritz on February 1891 Stayed in the residence of the Boustead In February 11, 1891 he wrote a letter to Mariano Ponce. Romance with Nellie Boustead Rizal described Nellie as a real Filipina, highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament, and morally upright. His friend like M.H. del Pilar teased him a letter from his friends came to answer his letters about there opinion to Rizal’s letter. They didn’t get married because of two thing: 1). Rizal doesn’t want to be converted to a protestant. 2). Nellie’s mother was against the wedding. To Paris Back to Brussles Retirement of Propaganda Movements He departed from Biarritz on March 30, 1891 by train. He stayed with his friend Valentin Ventura. By the middle of April 1891 he was back to Brussels. He was happily greeted by his landladies. Since January,1891 he abdicated his leadership in Madrid. Rizal wanted to expand his knowledge about being an ophthalmologist. May 1, 1891 he notified the Propaganda authorities in Manila to cancel his allowance. EL FILIBUSTERISMO PUBLISHED IN GHENT (1891) OCTOBER 1887 While practicing medicine in Calamba, Rizal began writing the manuscript for El Filibusterismo. JULY 05, 1891 Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university in Belgium. His reasons for moving to Ghent: 1. The cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels. 2. To escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne. IN GHENT Rizal live in a cheap boarding house and met two compatriots: Jose Alejandro from Pampanga and Edilberto Evangelista from Manila DURING THE PRINTING OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO F. Meyer-Van Loo Press (No. 66 Viaanderen Street) A printing shop that offered Rizal the lowest price for the publication of his novel and was willing to print it in installments. Rizal pawned his jewels in order to pay the down payment and the early partial payment. AUGUST 6,1891 The printing of his book had to be suspended because Rizal could no longer give the necessary funds to the printer. Valentin Ventura (The savior of the Fili) When Ventura learned of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent him the necessary funds. With his financial aid, the printing of El Feli was resumed. September 18, 1891 El Filibusterismo came off the press. Rizal immediately sent on this date two printed copies to Hong Kong, one for Basa and other for Sixto Lopez. Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript and an autographed printed copy to Valentin Ventura. NEWSPAPER WHICH GIVES TRIBUTE TO EL FILI ARE: La Publicidad A Barcelona newspaper, where in it published a tribute eulogizing the novel’s original style which “is comparable only to the sublime Alexander Dumas” and may well be offered as “a model and a precious jewel in the now decadent literature of Spain”. El Nuevo Regimen A liberal Madrid newspaper that serialized the novel in its issues of October, 1891. September 22, 1891 Rizal wrote to Blumentritt that he planned to write the third Novel. Gom-Bur-Za Rizal dedicated the new book to the three priests, Gomez, Burgos and Zamora, who were executed because of their supposed participation in the first revolutionary campaign of modern Philippine nationalism, the mutiny of Cavite. Synopsis of El Filibusterismo El Filibusterismo is a sequel to the Noli. It has little humor, less idealism and less romance than the Noli Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary, more tragic than the first novel. Riizal had an inspiration to write his own novel with the same topic to expose Spanish colonial abuse in print. The theme and plot of El Filibusterismo was changed to convey the message that the present system of government in the Philippines through corrupt officials, dominated by the friars can lead to the downfall of Spain. The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo In Rizal’s own handwriting is now preserved in the Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila. Had been acquired from Ventura for 10,000. It consists of 279 pages of long sheets of paper. Two features in the manuscript do not appear in the printed book, namely: Foreword and Warning October 18, 1891 Rizal boarded the steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hong Kong. OPHTHALMIC SURGEON IN HONG KONG (1891-1892) Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong, where he lived from November 1891 to June 1892. His reasons for leaving Europe were: Liife was unbearable in Europe because of his political differences with M.H. del Pilar and other Filipinos in Spain. To be near his idolized Philippines and family October 3, 1891 two weeks after the publication of Fili, Rizal left Ghent for Paris, where he stayed a few days to say goodbye to the Lunas, the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas and other friends; Rizal proceeded by train to Marsilles. October 18, 1891 Rizal boarded the steamer Melbourne bound for Hong Kong. Father Fuchs a Tyrolese, Rizal enjoyed playing chess. Rizal describe him to Blumentritt as “He is a fine fellow, A Father Damaso without pride and malice”. November 20, 1891 Rizal arrived in Hong Kong Rizal established his residence at No. 5 D’ Aguilar Street No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace, where he also opened his medical clinic. December 1, 1891 Rizal wrote his parents asking their permission to return home. On the same date, his brother-in-law, Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent him a letter relating the sad news of the “deportation of twenty-five persons from Calamba, including father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest of us.” The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s life: For he had a happy family reunion. January 31, 1892 Rizal wrote to Blumentritt, recounting pleasant life in Hong Kong. To earn a living for himself and for his family, Rizal practiced medicine Dr. Lorenzo P. Marques- a Portuguese physician, who became Rizal’s friend and admirer, who helped him to build up a wide clientele. In recognition of Rizal’s skill as an ophthalmic surgeon, he turned over to him many of his eye cases. Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s left eye so that she was able to read and write again. LAST TRIP ABROAD (1896) While Rizal was patiently waiting on the cruiser Castilla for the next steamer to take him to Spain, portentous events occurred, presaging the downfall of Spanish power in Asia. August 19, 1896 The Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano Gil Augustinian cura of Tondo. August 30, 1896 Departure of Rizal for Spain. The day when the state of war was proclaimed in the eight provinces. Rizal received from Governor General Blanco two letters of the introduction for: 1. The Minister of War 2. The Minister of Colonies with a covering letter which absolved him from all blame for raging revolution Rizal in Singapore (September 7) The Isla de Panay arrived at Singapore. Don Pedro/ Don Manuel Camus devised Rizal to stay and take advantage of the protection of the British Law Rizal had given his word of honor to Governor General Blanco. VICTIM OF SPANISH DUPLICITY By refusing to break his word of honor in Singapore, Rizal sealed his own doom. For without his knowledge, Governor Blanco was secretly conspiring with the Ministers of War and the Colonies (ultramar) for his destruction Great hero and genius that he was, Rizal proved to be as gullible as Sultan Zaide another victim of Spanish intrigue RIZAL ARRESTED BEFORE REACHING BARCELONA September 8, 1:00 PM The Isla de Panay, with Rizal onboard, left Singapore, unaware of the Spanish duplicity particularly of Governor General Blanco’s Infernal deceit. September 25 He saw the steamer Isla de Luzon, leaving the Suez Canal crammed with Spanish troops. He realized that he was fooled by the Spanish officials. That made him to write a letter to his best friend. He was officially notified by Captain Alemany that he should stay in his cabin until further orders from Manila. ARRIVAL IN BARCELONA AS A PRISONER September 30, 6:25 P The steamer anchored at Malta. Rizal confined to his cabin and was not able to visit the famous island-fortress of the Christian crusaders. October 3, at 10 o’clock in the morning The Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona, with Rizal a prisoner on board. The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days. His jailor was no longer the ship captain but the Military Commander of Barcelona, who happened to be General Eulogio Despujol The same one who ordered his banishment to Dapitan in July, 1892. He was taken out of prison by the guards and brought to the headquarters of General Despujol. The ship left Barcelona, with Rizal on board S.S. Colon arrive at FORT SANTIAGO RIZAL’S CELL. RIZAL’S PEN NAMES 1. Laong/Laan (Ever Prepared/Constantly Ready) The pen name of Dr. Jose Rizal when he was a contributor of poems and articles for the Spanish newspaper “La Solidaridad” was Laong Laan which was the name of a railway station in Manila. Others who contributed to La Solidaridad and used pen names were Marcelo H. del Pilar (who used Plaridel), Mario Ponce (who used the aliases Naning, Kalipulo or Tigbalang), Antonio Luna (who used Taga Ilog) and Jose Maria Panganiban (who used Jomapa.)  “La Solidaridad” was an organization created in Spain and issued a newspaper of the same name published in Barcelona, Spain. Jose Rizal’s cousin Galicano Apacible headed the organization. 2. Dimasalang (He Who speaks/The Unfathomable) Jose Rizal also used the pen name Dimasalang when he served as a correspondent of the same Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad. Rizal also wrote a literary work in Spain titled “Amor Patrio’ meaning love of country. The piece was included in “Diarong Tagalog” which was a daily newspaper released in Manila. Jose Rizal used the pseudonym or pen name Laong Laan for this article to hide his identity. Rizal also used the pseudonym “May Pagasa” when he transferred to Madrid and became a member of Freemasonry. La Solidaridad was an organization that was created to inform Spain of the needs of her colony, the Philippines and to develop better relationships between the two countries. La Solidaridad was a biweekly newspaper which not only includes articles and essays regarding the cultural, economic, political, and social situation of the country, but also current local and foreign news.