Research Methodology PDF

**Research** is a systematic pr collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information- data- in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned about. **OBJECTIVE**: DATA GATHERING AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS ARE DONE ACCURATELY, AND ARE UNAFFECTED BY THE R...

**Research** is a systematic pr collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information- data- in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned about. **OBJECTIVE**: DATA GATHERING AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS ARE DONE ACCURATELY, AND ARE UNAFFECTED BY THE RESEARCHER\'S INTUITION AND PERSONAL GUESSES. **LARGE SAMPLE SIZE:** TO OBTAIN MORE MEANINGFUL STATISTICAL RESULT, THE DATA MUST COME FROM A LARGE SAMPLE SIZE. **Sample size equation:** n= N \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 1 + nE \^2 **GENERALIZABLE & RELIABLE DATA:** DATA TAKEN FROM A SAME CAN BE APPLIED TO THE POPULATION IF SAMPLING IS DONE ACCORDINGLY. **FAST DATA COLLECTION:** IT USES STANDARDIZED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS THAT ALLOW THE RESEARCHER TO COLLECT DATA FROM A LARGE SAMPLE SIZE EFFICIENTLY **VISUAL PRESENTATION:** DATA IS NUMERICAL WHICH MAKES PRESENTATION THROUGH GRAPHS, CHARTS, AND TABLES POSSIBLE AND FOR BETTER CONVEYANCE AND INTERPRETATION **FAST DATA ANALYSIS:** THE USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS GIVE WAY FOR A LESS TIME-CONSUMING DATA ANALYSIS. **REPLICATION:** THE QUANTITATIVE METHOD CAN BE REPEATED TO VERIFY FINDINGS ENHANCING ITS VALIDITY, FREE FROM FALSE OR IMMATURE CONCLUSIONS **STRENGTHS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:** It provides the researcher with a clearer picture of what to expect in his research. The objective in approach in the sense that it only seeks precise measurements and analysis of the target concepts to answer his inquiry. **Quantitative Research design** is an excellent way of finalizing results and proving or disproving a hypothesis **IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS** **EDUCATION:** - Innovation - Academic - Topic - Teaching Strategy - Approving Theory - Assessment Educational Research is a form of organized inquire that uses empirical approaches to address educational issues. **PSYCHOLOGY** - Cultural Differences - Empirical Study on Behaviour - Intervention - Stereotypes - Patterns Quantitative Research Psychologists perform their own Research to and cooperate with other scientists in a diverse of areas to develop research projects and techniques as well as analyze the results, via quantitative research in the field of Psychology **SOCIAL SCIENCE** - Politics - Unemployment - Trend in Society. - Policy and Practices - Economic Growth Individuals mental frames and experiences within specific social and cultural situations are the target of Qualitative Research. **ECONOMICS** - Trade - Sustainable Growth - Globalization - Standard of Living - wage in order to make decisions and predict future trends of economic implications and systems, quantitative approaches and models help in the generating more accurate and efficient analysis of phenomena and issues. **HEALTHCARE** - Health Interventions Practices - Guidelines - Patterns - Food and Drug It teaches you how to examine systems and work methods that are complicated. It also teaches how to build and implement new or altered work processes or subsystems in healthcare settings. **RESEARCH METHODOLOGY** Your research methodology discusses and explains the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research. A key part of your thesis, dissertation, or research paper, the methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your research and your dissertation topic. **INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Cause** UNTOUCHED BY THE OTHER FACTORS YOU\'RE ATTEMPTING TO QUANTIFY; IN AN EXPERIMENT THIS IS METHODICALLY MANIPULATED BY THE RESEARCHER. **DEPENDENT VARIABLE- EFFECT** THIS VARIABLE IS ANTICIPATED TO BE MODIFIED AS THE OUTCOME OF THE MANIPULATION THROUGHOUT THE EXPERIMENT OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE. **PREDICTOR:** PREDICTS AN OUTCOME (CRITERION) **CORRELATION CRITERION VARIABLE,** OFTEN KNOWN AS A DEPENDENT VARIABLE, IS A TYPE OF VARIABLE THAT IS COMMONLY EMPLOYED IN NON- EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH. **INTERVENING VARIABLE** A HYPOTHETICAL VARIABLE USED TO EXPLICATE CAUSAL LINKS BETWEEN OTHER VARIABLES. AS THE TERM \[HYPOTHETICAL VARIABLE\] IMPLIES, THIS CANNOT BE OBSERVED DURING AN EXPERIMENT. **CONFOUNDING VARIABLE** ALSO KNOWN AS A THIRD VARIABLE, INFLUENCES BOTH THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE AND DEPENDENT VARIABLE. **NOMINAL** VARIABLES WITH TWO OR MORE CATEGORIES BUT NO INHERENT ORDER ARE KNOWN AS NOMINAL VARIABLES. EX. BLOOD TYPE **DICHOTOMOUS** NOMINAL VARIABLES WITH ONLY TWO CATEGORIES OR LEVELS ARE KNOWN AS DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLES. **EX.** GENDER (MALE/FEMALE) AND YES/NO. **ORDINAL:** VARIABLES THAT HAVE TWO OR MORE CLASSIFICATIONS BUT NO UNDERLYING HIERARCHY. EX. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS **INTERVAL** (\'distance between two entities\' )ARE VARIABLES THAT MAY BE ASSESSED ALONG A SPECTRUM AND HAVE A QUANTITATIVE VALUE AS THEIR CORE ATTRIBUTE. EX. TEMPERATURE (CELSIUS OR FAHRENHEIT) AND SAT SCORE (200-800). **RATIO** A RATIO VARIABLE CONTAINS JUST ABOUT ALL THE FEATURES OF AN INTERVAL VARIABLE, PLUS A DISTINCT DEFINITION OF 0.0. **SCOPE** THE SCOPE OF YOUR RESEARCH DETERMINES HOW COMPREHENSIVE IT MUST BE IN ORDER TO MEET THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES. THIS CONTAINS THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND TIMEFRAME PARAMETERS WITHIN WHICH IT WILL OPERATE. **ELEMENTS OF SCOPE** - GENERAL PURPOSE - POPULATION - SETTING / - LOCALE - TIMEFRAME **SCOPE\'s PROMPTS** 1\. This study will focus on \... 2\. The scope of this study will be\...\... 3\. The study will cover\...\... 4\. The study will consist of \...\...\...\..... **SCOPE's PATTERN** This study will focus on GENERAL PURPOSE on RESPONDENTS/PARTICIPANT at LOCALE during the TIMEFRAME. **LIMITATION** Limitations are apparent weaknesses in a study that a researcher cannot regulate, such as situations, conditions, and influences. **DELIMITATION** The parameters of the research investigation are defined and clarified by delimitations. **DELIMITATIONS\' PROMPTS** 1\. This study will be limited to \... 2\. The study is confined to\...\... 3\. The study will not cover the \...\... **DELIMITATION PATTERNS** The following will be the delimitation of the entire research: PAMAMETER 1, PAMAMETER 2, and PAMAMETER 3. Example: The following will be the delimitation of the entire research: assessment of senior high school students on the effectiveness of the school-based learning activity sheet, input for enhanced the school-based learning activity sheet, and implications of the school-based learning activity sheet on the academic performance of the senior high school students. **THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK** A **CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK**, ALSO KNOWN AS A RESEARCH MODEL OR CONCEPTUAL MODEL, IS A GRAPHIC DEPICTION OF VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH ONE ANOTHER (CORRELATION) OR ONE VARIABLE INFLUENCES ANOTHER ONE. THE CRAFTED CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK MUST BE ANCHORED TO THE FORMULATED RESEARCH TITLE. **TYPES OF** **QUESTIONING** - FACTOR ISOLATING QUESTION - FACTOR RELATING QUESTION - SITUATION RELATING QUESTION - FACTOR ISOLATING QUESTION **FACTOR ISOLATING QUESTION** They isolate, categorize, describe, or name factors and situations. Sometimes called factor-naming question. 1\. What is the level of description of the study habits of senior high school in terms of? 1.1. Review Time 1.2. Place of Review 1.3. Techniques for studying 2\. What is the level of school effectiveness in terms of: 22 School Performance° a\. drop-out rate b\. Completion rate c\. Achievement Rate d\. Awards received by students. FACTOR RELATING QUESTION Their goal is to determine the relationship among factors that have been identified. Aim to establish relationship. 1\. What is the relationship of the level of performance of the college instructors the OJT performance of the HRM students of the Tacloban School of Business? 2\. What relationships are observed between and among the following variables? a\. Interpersonal competency b\. Intrapersonal competency; and c\. School effectiveness? 3\. How does the study habits influence the achievement level of the Grade 11 students in their major subjects? **SITUATION RELATING QUESTION** The researchers manipulate the variables to find out what will happen. (What will happen if..?) 1\. What are the effects of the traditional methods of teaching on the level of performance of the ABM students? 2\. How significantly different is the performance of the morning call center agents to that of the evening call center agents? 3\. What is the most effective food supplements to be given to increase the productivity of the tilapia farming. 4\. How does the management procedure applied by the store managers affect the level of customer satisfaction as experienced by selected regular clients of Jollibee stores in the Province of Leyte? **SITUATION PRODUCING QUESTIONS** These questions require a proposed output. It suggests developmental and action plans where the researchers have to establish areas for proposals of plans to achieve the goals. (How can I make it happen?) 1\. What policy is to be formulated to manage the effective involvement of high school students in social media? 2\. How can counseling services be organized to promote family bonding among parents and elementary school pupils? 3\. Based on to elinding impove sholife iresion program can be 4\. What developmental plan is to be implemented to improve the teacher-parent relationship in the Basa Air Base Senior High School? **CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK** - **FRAMEWORK** THE FRAMES ARE USED TO SET UP THE KEY VARIABLES SUCH AS IV, DV, PREDICTOR, AND CRITERIA. - **→ ARROW** THE ARROW BETWEEN THE TWO FRAMES DENOTES THE CAUSE (FROM WHICH THE ARROW ORIGINATED) AND EFFECT (FROM WHICH THE ARROW IS POINTED) - **LINE** A LINE IS EMPLOYED WHEN A RELATIONSHIP (CORRELATION) BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES IS PREDICTED. **CRAFTING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK** 1\. SELECT A TOPIC WHICH FALLS UNDER YOUR AREA OF SPECIALIZATION 2\. Read Various sources Literature Review) 3\. DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PARTICULAR VARIABLES PRESENTED IN THE LITERATURE. 4, CREATE A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR YOUR RESEARCH I UNDERTAKING. **TYPES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:** - Iv-Dv MODEL - Predictor-Criterion Model - IPO Model - -P model - POM Model - propose original model **DEFINITION OF TERMS** **CONCEPTUAL** AND **OPERATIONAL** DEFINITIONS ARE THE TWO MOST PREVALENT FORMS OF DEFINITIONS EMPLOYED IN RESEARCH. A CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION DESCRIBES A VARIABLE USING WORDS AND CONCEPTS. ALSO, THE GENERAL MEANING ASCRIBED TO A WORD OR COLLECTION OF WORDS THAT IS GRASPED BY A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF PEOPLE IS KNOWN AS CONCEPTUAL. IT IS HOW A DICTIONARY DEFINE A TERM. THE DEFINITION OF THE IDEA OR PHRASE AS EMPLOYED IN A GIVEN STUDY IS OPERATIONAL. ON AN OPERATIONAL LEVEL, THE VARIABLES IN THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ARE SPECIFIED. **EXAMPLE** Academic Performance. Lee & Stankov (2016) explains it is the end result of the learners\' cognitive and non-cognitive qualities. In this study, it is the scores attained after the post-tests. Infographics. Ritchie described it as combination of information and graphics which captures and enhances the attention of the learners. In this study, it is an instructional tool which is presented in data visualization. **RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS** A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS IS A PROJECTION OR ASSERTION OF ASSUMPTION (TENTATIVE ANSWER) THAT WILL BE EVALUATED VIA STUDY. THE SAID PREDICTION OF RESULT MIGHT BE DIFFERENCES AND/OR RELATIONSHIP OF THE VARIABLES PRESENT IN THE STUDY. THE NULL HYPOTHESIS AND THE ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS MUST BE CAREFULLY CONSTRUCTED BEFORE HYPOTHESIS TESTING SHOULD COMMENCE. A DESCRIPTOR (VARIABLE) OF YOUR SAMPLE MUST BE IDENTIFIED BY THE RESEARCHER AS HAVING THE POTENTIAL TO INFLUENCE, IMPACT, OR AFFECT ANOTHER DESCRIPTOR. BLENDED LEARNING - MOTIVATION Ho: There is no significant relationship between blended learning and level of motivation of Grade 11 students. H,: There is a significant relationship between blended learning and level of motivation of Grade 11 students.