Remote Sensing for Meteorology PDF

Remote Sensing & Meteorological Satellites  Remote Sensing The science or art to sense an object without being in physical contact with it. The International Society for Photogrammetry...

Remote Sensing & Meteorological Satellites  Remote Sensing The science or art to sense an object without being in physical contact with it. The International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) definition of RS: “The art, science and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment, through the process of recording, measuring, and interpreting imagery and digital representation of energy patterns derived from non- contact sensor system.”  Primary Stages in Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Platforms A: Emission of EM radiation B: Transmission of energy from source to object C: Interaction of EMR with object Ground-based: Primarily for calibration & validation D: Transmission of energy from object to sensor Airborne: Fine spatial resolution for limited area & time E: Recording of energy by sensor [LiDAR, Analog photography, videography, F: Transmission of recorded info to ground thermal imagery, digital photography] station G: Processing of data H: Analysis of data Advantages of Remote Sensing Limitations of Remote Sensing Provides data of large region of the globe Needs certain skill to interpret data Provides data of remote and inaccessible areas Requires verification with ground observations Temporal data consistency Data from multiple sources may create confusion Easy and rapid data collection Objects can be misclassified Relatively inexpensive Relative motion of sensor & source may create Rapid data interpretation distortions in an image  Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) All satellite remote sensing systems involve the measurement of electromagnetic radiation. EMR has the properties of both waves and discrete particles, although the two are never manifest simultaneously. Energy propagated in the form of advancing interaction between electric and magnetic fields. Electric and magnetic fields are mutually perpendicular to each other. All EMR moves at the speed of light.  EM Spectrum relevant to RS 1. UV [3-400 nm] 2. Vis [0.4-0.7 µm] 3. IR [0.7-100 µm] 1. Reflected IR [0.7-3 µm] 1. Near IR [0.7-1.5 µm] 2. Shortwave IR [1.5-3 µm] 2. Emitted IR or TIR [3-100 µm] 1. Midwave IR [3-8 µm] 2. Longwave IR [8-15 µm] 3. Far IR [15-100 µm] 4. MW [1 mm – 1m] 1. P band: 0.3 - 1 GHz (30 - 100 cm) 2. L band: 1 - 2 GHz (15 - 30 cm) 3. S band: 2 - 4 GHz (7.5 - 15 cm) 4. C band: 4 - 8 GHz (3.8 - 7.5 cm) 5. X band: 8 - 12.5 GHz (2.4 - 3.8 cm) 6. Ku band: 12.5 - 18 GHz (1.7 - 2.4 cm) 7. K band: 18 - 26.5 GHz (1.1 - 1.7 cm) 8. Ka band: 26.5 - 40 GHz (0.75 - 1.1 cm)  Terminology of Radiant Energy Normalized black body spectra representative Spectral Distribution of Energy of the sun (left) and earth (right), plotted on a Radiated from Blackbodies at logarithmic wavelength scale. The ordinate is Various Temperatures multiplied by wavelength so that the area under the curves is proportional to irradiance.  EMR Laws Blackbody Which can emit and absorb all frequencies of light, and is supposed to be a great absorber and reflector. Energy released by a black body is known as black body radiation. Kirchhoff’s law Good radiators are also good absorbers. Validity until the body is in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding. Stefan-Boltzmann’s law Amount of radiation which is emitted per unit given time, from a particular area of a blackbody at an absolute temperature T will be directly proportional to the fourth power of the temperature Wien’s displacement law It tells us about the relationship between the temperature of a black body and the particular wavelength at which it emits the most light. Planck’s law It describes the amount of radiation emitted by a blackbody at each wavelength as a function of temperature.  Interaction of EMR EMR reaching from the sun to the Earth’s surface is reflected, transmitted or absorbed. Reflected energy travelsupward and interacts with the atmosphere. Before reaching the surface, EMR interacts with the Earth’s atmosphere. The interaction is usually described in terms of absorption and scattering. Rayleigh scattering: Very small particles with radii less than the wavelength of EMR of interest. Mie scattering: Size of particles approximately equal the wavelength of EMR of interest. Non-selective scattering: Size of particles far larger than the wavelength of EMR of interest. Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Transmission and Sensing Systems Active & Passive RS  Resolutions Four fundamental properties to design a satellite sensor: 1. Radiometric resolution (smallest radiance difference detected from two targets) 2. Spectral resolution (spectral bandwidth in which data is collected) 3. Spatial resolution (size of the object that can be discerned) 4. Temporal resolution (Revisit time) Satellite Satellite Orbits Types Sputnik-1 Sputnik-1 was the first artificial Earth satellite. It was launched into an elliptical LEO on 4 October, 1957 by the USSR. Mission purpose was technology demonstration. Mission duration of 22 days. TIROS-1 TIROS-1 (Television Infrared Observation Satellites) was the first weather satellite. It was launched into LEO on 1 April, 1960 by the USA. Mission duration of 75 days. First image from TIROS-1 in 1960  Current & Future Geostationary Satellites Current Future Satellite Launch Satellite Exp. Launch GOES-14 [105ºW] 06/2009 GOES-15 [128ºW] 03/2010 GOES-U [75ºW] 2024 GOES-16 [75.2ºW] 11/2016 GOES-17 [137.2ºW] 03/2018 GOES-18 [89.5ºW] 03/2022 INSAT-3D [82ºE] 07/2013 INSAT-3DS [74ºE] 2023 INSAT-3DR [74ºE] 09/2016 Meteosat-10 [9.5ºE] 07/2012 MTG-I2 [0º] 2025 Meteosat-11 [0º] 07/2015 MTG-I3 [0º] 2032 Meteosat-9 (IODC) [45.5ºE] 07/2022 MTG-I4 [0º] 2036 MTG-I1 [0º] 12/2022 MTG-S1 [0º] 2024 MTG-S2 [0º] 2034 FY-2G [105ºE] 12/2014 FY-4 MW1/2 [0º] 2025/29 FY-2H [79ºE] 06/2018 FY-4C [86.5ºE] 2025 FY-4A [104.7ºE] 12/2016 FY-4D [105ºE] 2026 FY-4B [133ºE] 06/2021 FY-4E [86.5ºE] 2027 FY-4F [105ºE] 2030 FY-4G [86.5ºE] 2033 Electro-L N4 [166ºE] 2023 Electro-L N2 [14.5ºW] 12/2015 Electro-L N5 [76ºE] 2024 Electro-L N3 [76ºE] 12/2019 Electro-M N1 [14.5ºW] 2025 Electro-M N2 [76ºE] 2026 Source: WMO Electro-M N3 [165.8ºE] 2029 Himawari-8 [140.7ºE] 10/2014 Himawari-9 [140.7ºE] 11/2016 GEO-KOMPSAT-2A [128.2ºE] 12/2018 GEO-KOMPSAT-2B [128.2ºE] 02/2020  The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) Meteorological Satellite Satellites Payload Period VHRR Channels Spatial Temporal Resolution Resolution INSAT-1A (04/1982 – 09/1982) INSAT-1B (08/1983 – 08/1993) VHRR Vis (0.55-0.75 µm) 2.75 km 3-hourly INSAT-1C (07/1988 – 11/1989) DRT TIR (10.5-12.5 µm) 11 km INSAT-1D (06/1990 – 05/2002) INSAT-2A (07/1992 – 05/2002) VHRR Vis (0.55-0.75 µm) 2 km 3-hourly INSAT-2B (07/1993 – 07/2004) DRT TIR (10.5-12.5 µm) 8 km SAS & R INSAT-2E (04/1999 – 2012) VHRR Vis (0.55-0.75 µm) 2 km 3-hourly WV (5.7-7.1 µm) 8 km TIR (10.5-12.5 µm) 8 km Vis (0.62-0.68 µm) CCD 1 km Six times during day (03,05,06,07,09 & 11 UTC) NIR (0.77-0.86 µm) DRT SWIR (1.55-1.69 µm) SAS & R Kalpana-1 (09/2002 – 09/2017) VHRR Vis (0.55-0.75 µm) 2 km 3-hourly with 3 triplet (00,06,12 UTC) during 2002 – 2005 (MetSat-1) DRT WV (5.7-7.1 µm) 8 km Hourly with 3 triplet (00,06,12 UTC) during 2005 – 2008 TIR (10.5-12.5 µm) 8 km Half hourly during 2008-2017 INSAT-3A (04/2003 – 09/2016) VHRR Vis (0.55-0.75 µm) 2 km 3-hourly (2003 – 2008) WV (5.7-7.1 µm) 8 km Hourly (2008 – 2016) TIR (10.5-12.5 µm) 8 km Vis (0.62-0.68 µm) CCD 1 km Six times during day (03,05,06,07,09 & 11 UTC) NIR (0.77-0.86 µm) DRT SAS & R SWIR (1.55-1.69 µm) INSAT-3D (07/2013 – Present) VHRR Vis (0.55-0.75 µm) 1 km INSAT-3DR (09/2016 – Present) Sounder (19) SWIR (1.55-1.70 µm) 1 km DRT MIR (3.80-4.00 µm) 4 km Half-hourly SAS & R 8 km WV (6.5-7.1 µm) 4km TIR1 (10.3-11.3 µm) 4 km TIR2 (11.5-12.5 µm)  (74ºE) (82ºE) (93.5ºE) (74ºE) (93.5ºE) (83ºE) (83ºE) (74ºE) 1. Imager/VHRR (6) 2. Sounder (19) 3. DRT 4. SAS & R  INSAT-3D/3DR Imager Key improvements over INSAT-3A & Kalpana-1 INSAT-3DR is used in MIR introduced to provide nighttime low clouds & fog staggered mode with TIR channel is splitted into TIR1 & TIR2 to provide more accurate SST INSAT-3D to provide Finer spatial resolution in Vis and TIR temporal resolution of Combined use of SWIR & MIR enables better land-cloud discrimination & detection 15 minutes. of surface features e.g., snow Flexible mode of operation (e.g., Full frame, Program mode & High Resolution mode) INSAT-3DR Rapid Scan Current Science (2021) 120, 1026-1034. 3D [1800-1826 UTC] 3DR [1802-1807 UTC] 3DR [1815-1819 UTC] 3DR [1819-1824 UTC] 3DR [1802-1807 UTC] 3DR [1807-1812 UTC] 3DR [1824-1828 UTC] 3DR [1828-1832 UTC]  MMDRPS at IMD ❖ Multi-mission Meteorological Data Receiving & Processing System ❖ INSAT-3D/3DR/3DS Day/Night Microphysics (RGB) product Atmospheric Motion Vector (AMV) Products Wind Derived Products Few New Products (Cloud & Agromet) https://satellite.imd.gov.in/ https://www.satmet.imd.gov.i n/ Diurnal changes in TIR imageries Monsoon onset Active monsoon INSAT-3D/3DR Monsoon Monitoring from Break monsoon Fog Monitoring from INSAT-3D/3DR WD monitoring from INSAT-3D/3DR WD & Fog from INSAT-3D/3DR ITCZ BD Enhancement IMD/NHC Enhancement TC relevant imageries  INSAT-3D/3DR Sounder Central Freq Principal absorbing Detector Ch. No. Purpose (µm) gas 1 14.67 CO2 Stratosphere temperature 2 14.32 CO2 Tropopause temperature 3 14.04 CO2 Upper-level temperature Long wave 4 13.64 CO2 Mid-level temperature 5 13.32 CO2 Low-level temperature 6 12.62 water vapor Total precipitable water 7 11.99 water vapor Surface temp, moisture 8 11.04 window Surface temperature 9 9.72 ozone Total ozone Mid wave 10 7.44 water vapor Low-level moisture 11 7.03 water vapor Mid-level moisture INSAT-3D 12 6.53 water vapor Upper-level moisture Sounder has 13 4.58 N2O Low-level temperature 14 4.53 N2O Mid-level temperature been declared 15 4.46 CO2 Upper-level temperature its end of life Short wave 16 4.13 CO2 Boundary-level temp. 17 3.98 window Surface temperature in May 2020. 18 3.76 window Surface temp, moisture Visible 19 0.695 visible Cloud  INSAT-3D/3DR Sounder Products ❖ Profiles of Geo-potential height [10-1000 hPa] 17 levels ❖ Profiles of Temperature [10-1000 hPa] 17 levels ❖ Profiles of Humidity [100-1000 hPa] 12 levels ❖ Dry Microburst Index ❖ L1 Prec Water (1000-900 hPa) ❖ L2 Prec Water (900-700 hPa) ❖ L3 Prec Water (700-300 hPa) ❖ Total Prec Water Vapour ❖ Total Ozone ❖ Lifted Index ❖ Wind Index  INSAT-3D/3DR DRT Satellite Aided Search & Rescue (SAS & R) INSAT-3D/3DR is equipped with a Search and Data Relay Transponder (DRT) on-board INSAT-3D will Rescue payload (operating at 406 MHz) that picks up be used for receiving meteorological, hydrological and and relays the alert signals originating from the oceanographic data from remote, uninhabited distress beacons of maritime, aviation and land locations over the coverage area from Data Collection based users to the Indian Mission Control Centre Platforms (DCPs) like Automatic Weather Station (INMCC) located at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and (AWS), Automatic Rain Gauge (ARG) and Agro Met Command Network (ISTRAC), Bengaluru. The major Stations (AMS). The data is relayed back for users of SAS & R service in India are the Indian downlinking in extended C-Band. Coast Guard, Airports Authority of India (AAI), Directorate General of Shipping, Defence Services and fishermen. The Indian service region includes a large part of the Indian Ocean region covering India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Tanzania for rendering distress alert services. INSAT Data Collection Platform Elements of Data Collection Platform  Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) ❖ Joint effort of NASA (Build & Launch) & NOAA (Operates). GOES-R Series Instruments 1. Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) 2. Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) 3. Space Environment In-Situ Suite (SEISS) 4. Magnetometer 5. Extreme UV & X-ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) 6. Solar UV Imager (SUVI) ABI 16 Spectral Channels  Meteosat Series European Space Agency (ESA) set up in 1975 Now operated by EUMETSAT ❖ Meteosat First Generation (Meteosat-1 to 7) Meteosat Visible & Infrared Imager (MVIRI) Half-hourly; Vis, IR, WV (3 channels) Spatial resolution - 2.5 to 5 km ❖ Meteosat Second Generation (MSG-1 to 4) Spinning Enhanced Visible & Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) Global Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) Full disc image in 15 minute 12 spectral channels Spatial resolution – 1 to 3 km ❖ Meteosat Third Generation (MTG) Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) Lightning Imager (LI) Infrared Sounder (IRS) Full disc image in 10 min 16 channels in solar & thermal spectral bands Spatial resolution – 0.5 to 2 km  Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) Series Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) 16 channels 10 minute Full disc image Spatial resolution – 0.5 to 2 km  FengYun (FY) Series China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Satellite Launch date LEO Mission FY-1 Series: FY-1A/B/C/D [since Sep 1988] FY-2A Jun 1997 FY-3 Series: FY-3A/B/C/D/E/F/G FY-2B Jun 2000 FY-2C Oct 2004 GEO Mission FY-2D Dec 2006 FY-2 Series: FY-2A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H 2A & 2B were experimental (3 channels) FY-2E Dec 2008 2C, 2D & 2E enhanced (5 channels) FY-2F Jan 2012 2F, 2G & 2H improved performance Stretched Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer FY-2G Dec 2014 (S-VISSR) Full disc image in 30 minutes Spatial resolution – 1.44/1.25 to 5.76/5 km FY-2H Jun 2018 FY-4A Dec 2016 FY-4 Series: FY-4A/B Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) FY-4B Jun 2021 14 channels, 0.5-4 km, 15 minutes Geo Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) – 913 channels Lightning Mapping Imager (LMI) Space Environment Package (SEP) Solar X-EUV imaging telescope (SXEUV) Data Collection Service(DCS)  Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) ❖ Four satellite program following a precursor National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – 20 SNPP (NOAA-20/JPSS-1) Five instruments: (a) SNPP (2011-2023) (i) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) (b) NOAA-20 (2017-2024) (ii) Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) (c) JPSS-2 (2022-2029) (iii) Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) (d) JPSS-3 (2027-2034) (iv) Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) (e) JPSS-4 (2032-2039) (v) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS-nadir) ❖ Joint program between NOAA & NASA ❖ Programme lifetime: 2011-2039 ❖ Sun-synchronous orbit JPSS-2 ❖ Altitude: 824-834 km Six instruments: (i) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) ❖ Equatorial crossing time: 13:25-13:30 (ii) Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) (iii) Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) (iv) Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) (i) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS; 22 PMW Six instruments: (v/vi) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS-limb/nadir) channels for temperature & humidity sounding) (ii) Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS; 1305 channels for T & q JPSS-3 & JPSS-4 sounding, ozone profile and total column green-house gases) (iii) Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES; 3 Six instruments: channels for upward SW& LW irradiance at TOA) (i) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) (iv) Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS; 22 channels (ii) Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) for biomass & cloud related parameters) (iii) Libera (v) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS-limb/nadir; for (iv) Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) atmospheric chemistry) (v/vi) Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS-limb/nadir)  EUMETSAT Polar System (MetOp) ❖ Three satellite program (a) MetOp-A (2006-2021) (b) MetOp-B (2012-2024) (c) MetOp-C (2018-2027) ❖ Programme lifetime: 2006-2027 ❖ Sun-synchronous orbit ❖ Altitude: 817-827 km ❖ Equatorial crossing time: 07:50 (A) /09:30 (B & C) Meteorological Operational Satellite (MetOp-A & B) Twelve instruments: MetOp-C Eight instruments:  Satellite with ARGOS and AltiKa (SARAL) ❖ ISRO and CNES collaborative mission ❖ First Ka-band altimeter – AltiKa ❖ Programme lifetime: 2013-2021 ❖ Sun-synchronous orbit ❖ Altitude: 800 km ❖ Equatorial crossing time: 05:56  Megha-Tropiques ❖ ISRO and CNES collaborative mission ❖ Launched on 12 Oct 2011 ❖ Programme lifetime: 2011-2021 ❖ Altitude: 867 km & swath: 1700 km ❖ Part of the GPM constellation Four instruments: (i) Microwave Analysis & Detection of Rain & Atmospheric Structures (MADRAS; 5 PMW freq/ 9 channels for precipitation, CLW, IWV, snow cover/status) (ii) Sondeur Atmospherique du Profil d’Humidite Intertropicale par Radiometrie (SAPHIR; 6 channels in 183 GHz for all-weather humidity sounding, IWV & surface precipitation intensity) (iii) Scanner for Radiation Budget (ScaRaB; 4 channels for upward SW& LW irradiance at TOA) (iv) Radio Occultation Sounder of the Atmosphere (ROSA; T/q sounding with highest vertical resolution & space weather) JJAS-2012  Satellite for the Ocean (OceanSat) (1) Oceansat-1 (IRS-P4) [05/1999-08/2010] Alt: 723 km ECT: 12:00 Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR; 4 PMW freq/8 channels for SST & surface wind speed) Ocean Color Monitor (OCM; 8 narrow-bandwidth VIS/NIR channels for Colour Dissolved Organic Matter, Ocean chlorophyll concentration, Ocean Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient, etc.) (2) Oceansat-2 [09/2009-2021] Alt: 730 km ECT: 11:53 OceanSat Scatterometer (OSCAT; Ku-band for Sea surface wind vector, dysfunctional since 02/2014) Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) Radio Occultation Sounder of the Atmosphere (ROSA; T/q sounding with highest vertical resolution & space weather) (3) ScatSat-1 [09/2016-02/2021] Alt: 732 km ECT: 8:45 Gap-filler for the OSCAT instrument of OceanSat-2 OceanSat Scatterometer (OSCAT; Ku-band for Sea surface wind vector) (4) Oceansat-3 [2022-2027] Alt: 723 km ECT: 12:00 OSCAT, OCM (13 band), A-DCS Sea Surface Temperature Monitor (SSTM; 2-channel TIR radiometer around 11 and 12 μm) (5) Oceansat-3A [2023-2028] OSCAT, OCM, SSTM  Geo Imaging Satellite (GISAT) ❖ Indian imaging satellite in GEO orbit ❖ To provide near real-time pictures of large areas of the country, under cloud-free conditions. ❖ Temporal resolution of 30 min for entire Indian landmass & 5 min for selected field image ❖ GISAT-1 failed to orbit on 12 Aug 2021 ❖ GISAT-2 to be launched in 2023  NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR) ❖ NASA-ISRO collaborative satellite mission ❖ Near-polar orbit with altitude of 747 km ❖ To observe Earth’s land, ocean and ice-covered surfaces ❖ L-band and S-band SAR (first satellite SAR mission to collect data in two MW bands) ❖ 3-10 m spatial resolution depending on modes ❖ Repeat cycle of 12 days ❖ Swath of 240 km ❖ To be launched in 2023 ❖ Mission lifetime of 3 years (NASA L-band) & 5 years (ISRO S-band)