Regulatory Contexts of Biomedical Research in Developing Countries PDF

Regulatory Contexts of Biomedical Research in Developing Countries HSC 3492 Maina Muniafu  How To Identify a Developing Country 1. Low living standards (World Bank) Tied to incomes and is expressed as annual incomes per capita (i.e. the gross national income (GNI) that is...

Regulatory Contexts of Biomedical Research in Developing Countries HSC 3492 Maina Muniafu  How To Identify a Developing Country 1. Low living standards (World Bank) Tied to incomes and is expressed as annual incomes per capita (i.e. the gross national income (GNI) that is calculates as the dollar value of a country’s final income in a year divided by its population). For low income countries, it is less than US$ 3,995 INCOME CATEGORIES FOR COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD (4 COMPARISONS) SWITZERLAND (2021): USD 90,360 (3rd) GNI COUNTRY CHINA (2021): CATEGORY  12,375 HIGH INCOME USD 11,890 3.996 – 12, 375 UPPER MIDDLE KENYA (2021): INCOME USD 2010 1,026 – 3,995 LOWER MIDDLE INCOMES RWANDA < 1,035 LOW INCOME (2021): USD 850  How To Identify a Developing Country 2. Undeveloped industrial base (SDG 9) (UNDER UNIDO) The base is measured via the competitive industrial performance index (CIP) which takes into account (a) the country’s capacity to produce and export manufactured good, (b) technology deepening and upgrading and (c) world impact ( https://composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/explorer/explo rer/indices/cipi/competitive-industrial-performance-index ) CIP Ranks (2023) China (2) (0.37) Sweden (7) (0.3) Kenya (103) (0.01) 6th in Africa Rwanda (141) (0.002) 25th in Africa Both Kenya and Rwanda have a world impact of 1% or less.  HDI COUNTRY CATEGORY 0.8 – 1.0 VERY HIGH 3. Low Human Development Index (HDI) (UNDP). HUMAN HDI comprises life expectancy, education and per capita income (linked to living standards) indicators. DEVELOPMENT SWITZERLAND 0.7 – 0.79 HIGH HUMAN (2020): 0.956 DEVELOPMENT (LE=84) 0.55 – 0.70 MEDIUM CHINA (2020): HUMAN 0.768 (LE=78.2) DEVELOPMENT KENYA (2020):  0.55 LOW HUMAN 0.575 (61.4) DEVELOPMENT RWANDA (2019): 0.534 (LE=66.1)  Biomedical Research in Developing Countries The scope and pace of international collaborative research has been increasing in this past decade. Purposes of this research include: (a) to solve complex scientific problems (some global in nature) (b) to promote various political, economic and social agendas. The research itself involves the sharing of research data and equipment, conducting joint experimentation and the building of databases and conferences. Nature of the collaborations Directed research attempts to link knowledge generation, productivity enhancement and economic growth. This formula works well in developed countries with good infrastructure and technology. Nature of the collaborations Developing countries on the other hand are looking to build scientific capacities and given the low national funding (