RBL Lecture 2 - Sustainability PDF

RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS LEADERSHIP Lecture 2 - Sustainability Ferran Torres Nadal [email protected] RSM Erasmus University Department of Business-Society Management RSM – A force for positive change The bicycle exercise 4 0. What is Sustainability?...

RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS LEADERSHIP Lecture 2 - Sustainability Ferran Torres Nadal [email protected] RSM Erasmus University Department of Business-Society Management RSM – A force for positive change The bicycle exercise 4 0. What is Sustainability? – An Open Question What is sustainability? 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 https://www.tiktok.com/@givevolunteers/video/6864658440707394821?q=what%20is%20sustainability&t=1725455515764 13 0. Outline What is Why would we The “how” of sustainability? need a triple sustainability – bottom line? some key ideas SUSTAINABILITY 14  1. What is Sustainability? – The Grand Acceleration What is sustainability? Tripple Bottom Line The “How” IGPB (International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme), Planetary Dashboard, Jan. 15, 2015, https://bit.ly/1E5SXZh 15  1. What is Sustainability? – The Quadruple Squeeze What is sustainability? Rockström & Karlberg (2010) Human growth 20/80 dilemma Tripple Bottom Line Climate Ecosystems 550/450/350 dilemma 60% loss dilemma The “How” Surprise 99/1 dilemma 16  1. What is Sustainability? – The Quadruple Squeeze What is sustainability? THRESHOLD Tripple Bottom Line PLANETARY BOUNDARY SAFE OPERATING SPACE The “How” 17  1. What is Sustainability? – A Planetary Boundaries Framework What is sustainability? Steffen et al. (2015) FRESHWATER CLIMATE CHANGE CHANGE BIOSPHERE INTEGRITY STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION Tripple Bottom Line ATMOSPHERIC LAND-SYSTEM AEROSOL LOADING CHANGE The “How” NOVEL ENTITIES OCEAN ACIDIFICATION BIOGEOCHEMICAL FLOWS 18  1. What is Sustainability? – The Quadruple Squeeze What is sustainability? Rockström & Karlberg (2010) Tripple Bottom Line The “How” https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=19&v=8Sl28fkrozE&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2 F%2Fhubblecontent.osi.office.net%2F&source_ve_path=Mjg2NjY&feature=emb_logo&ab_channel=TED 19  1. What is Sustainability? – Planetary Boundaries What is sustainability? Azote for Stockholm Resilience Centre, based on analysis in Wang-Erlandsson et al. (2022) Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 20 1. What is Sustainability? – Planetary Boundaries Source: https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html “In September 2023, a team of scientists quantified, for the first time, all nine processes that regulate the stability and resilience of the Earth system.” “Now the latest update not only quantified all boundaries, it also concludes that six of the nine boundaries have been transgressed.” The Planetary Boundaries over time. Credit: Azote for Stockholm Resilience Centre, based on analysis in Richardson et al 2023. 21  1. What is Sustainability? – Economy, Society, Nature What is sustainability? Do we need to go beyond shareholder primacy? Tripple Bottom Line Exchange and dependence The “How” 22  1. What is sustainability? - Definition What is sustainability? Sustainable is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs The Brundtland report: ‘Our common future’ (1987) Tripple Bottom Line Organizational Human SUSTAINABILITY Corporate Financial Social Global The “How” Economic Environmental Ecological DesJardins, J. (2016) 23  1. What is sustainability? – Weak and Strong What is sustainability? https://directpoll.com/r?XDbzPBd3ixYqg85ArQ0kHqcT7jYnj3BpKLEvSu5fxWIoIjP3j “It does not matter whether the current generation uses up non-renewable resources or dumps CO2 in the atmosphere as long as enough machineries, roads and ports are built in compensation” Tripple Bottom Line - Neumayer, 2003, p. 1 https://etc.ch/BQRw The “How” Strong Sustainability Weak Sustainability https://directpoll.com/r?XDbzPBd3ixYqg8C5fzqWxGC5R7oTzAiE1T7KjPjQ 24  1. What is sustainability? – Range of Definitions What is sustainability? Lankoski (2016) Business context SUSTAINABILITY Essentially contested concept 3 constituent dimensions Tripple Bottom Line Scope Substitutability Goal orientation What are regarded as Can poor performance in one How do we assess sustainability issues? sustainability issue be compensated sustainability? by good performance in another? Broad Strong Absolute Environmental Each sustainability issue has an Assessment of sustainability Social The “How” acceptable range of outcomes involves a critical outcome. Economic Narrow Weak Relative Centered on issues of continuity, as Allows substitution between Assessment considers a relative represented by environmental issues sustainability issues performance 25  1. What is sustainability? - Dimensions What is sustainability? Hahn (2022) Sustainability… … is multifaceted Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 26  1. What is sustainability? - Dimensions What is sustainability? Hahn (2022) Sustainability… … is multifaceted … is systemic Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 27  1. What is sustainability? - Dimensions What is sustainability? Hahn (2022) Sustainability… … is multifaceted … is systemic Tripple Bottom Line … is complex and non-linear The “How” 28  2. Tripple Bottom Line – Why should Sustainability be Social? What is sustainability? “If we fail to address wider political, social and ethical issues, the backlash will inevitably undermine progress in the environmental area” Tripple Bottom Line John Elkington in The Triple Bottom Line: Sustainability’s Account “[S]ustainable development is most likely– and will be achieved at the lowest overall cost to the economy–in those societies The “How” where there are the highest levels of trust and other forms of social capital” 29  2. Tripple Bottom Line – Sustainable Development What is sustainability? Laasch (2024: 126) Sustainable development increases all three types BEARABLE EQUITABLE of capital simultaneously or at least does not decrease any of them. Social capital Value directly embodied in human beings. Includes Tripple Bottom Line human capital (e.g., knowledge, skills, values) and capital that is collectively created by interaction inside groups (e.g., joint values, culture). Environmental capital Comprises the amount of both renewable and non- renewable natural resources. Economic capital The “How” It comprises tangible assets, intangible assets, and financial resources. VIABLE SUSTAINABILITY 30  2. Tripple Bottom Line – Modern Slavery What is sustainability? Forced, unpaid labor, threat of violence, unable to quit In 2016, 35.8 Million slaves worldwide Tripple Bottom Line Average price of a slave across the world: $90 Slaves forced to collect natural resources The “How” Costs to ecosystems are also huge 31  2. Tripple Bottom Line – Modern Slavery and its link with Ecocide What is sustainability? Bales (2016, 2017) Deforestation due to gold mining in protected national forest in Ghana Tripple Bottom Line If slavery were a country, only China and US would emit more CO2 CO2 emissions $27 Billion could end slavery… Green The “How” consumerism and supporting local-anti slavery organizations can also help 32  2. Tripple Bottom Line – Where are we? What is sustainability? “Whereas (…) corporate leaders move heaven and earth to ensure that they hit their profit targets, the same is very rarely true of their people and planet targets” Thus, “the proper use of the TBL involves, at minimum, Tripple Bottom Line progress on two dimensions while the third remains unaffected” John Elkington (2018) Novo Nordisk’s Articles of Association: “The Company strives to conduct its activities in a financially, environmentally, and socially responsible way” The “How” For example, already using 100% renewables, aims for zero CO2 emissions for transport and own operations by 2030. 33  2. Tripple Bottom Line – Is it Enough? What is sustainability? Exchange and dependence Tripple Bottom Line How about a Quintuple P? People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnering. The “How” Strong Sustainability Weak Sustainability 34  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Some Key Ideas What is sustainability? Doing less bad Doing more good But how? Incremental efficiency Radical innovation Tripple Bottom Line Circular Life-cycle Ecological Managing economy assessment footprinting paradoxes The “How” 35 3. The “How” of Sustainability – Introduction 36  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Economy What is sustainability? Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 37  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Economy What is sustainability? How resource-efficient is the European economy? Tripple Bottom Line The “How” Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Growth within: A circular economy vision for a competitive Europe (2015) 38  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Economy What is sustainability? How resource-efficient is the European economy? Tripple Bottom Line The “How” Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Growth within: A circular economy vision for a competitive Europe (2015) 39  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Economy What is sustainability? Ellen Mac Arthur Foundation (2015) How resource-efficient is the European economy? Average European uses 16.000 kg material annually. Europe is the world’s largest net importer with €760 billion per year. Tripple Bottom Line 60% of waste landfilled or incinerated, only 40% reused or recycled, and 95% of material and energy value lost. Circular economy can increase resource-efficiency by 3% annually, saving Europe €600 bln in primary resources and yielding €1.200 in non-resource costs and externalities per year by 2030. The “How” Dutch government investing to be fully circular by 2050, expecting from a circular economy €7.3 billion per year and 54.000 jobs. 40  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Economy vs Business as Usual What is sustainability? Business as usual will also improve resource efficiency through innovation, but more so in a circular economy scenario: 1. Rebound effects can be minimized New technology can increase resource efficiency, but this may increase Tripple Bottom Line consumption, thereby reducing expected efficiency gain. The “How” 41  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Economy vs Business as Usual What is sustainability? Business as usual will also improve resource efficiency through innovation, but more so in a circular economy scenario: 1. Rebound effects can be minimized New technology can increase resource efficiency, but this may increase Tripple Bottom Line consumption, thereby reducing expected efficiency gain. 2. System-level innovation can match product-level innovation Need for conducive government policies: o Fostering legislation and regulations o Intelligent market incentives The “How” o Financing o Knowledge and innovation o International cooperation 42  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Economy vs Business as Usual What is sustainability? Ellen Mac Arthur Foundation (2015) Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 43  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Economy and the SDGs What is sustainability? UN General Assembly (2017) 12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources 12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste (…) 12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse Tripple Bottom Line 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine The “How” pollution of all kinds, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and nutrient pollution 44  The “How” Tripple Bottom Line What is sustainability? 3. The “How” of Sustainability – Linear economy 45  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Economy & Cascading Loops What is sustainability? Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 46  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Circular Design: Narrowing, Slowing & Closing Loops What is sustainability? Narrowing loops: Higher resource efficiency. Not only circular models, also linear. Slowing loops: Utilization period of products extended and/or intensified. Closing loops: Closing loop between post-use and production through recycling Tripple Bottom Line The “How” Bocken, de Pauw, Bakker& Van der Grinten (2016) 47  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Life Cycle Assessment (Narrowing Loops) What is sustainability? Laasch (2024: 134) Defining goal and scope Develop a deep understanding of why the LCA is conducted. The primary goal should be a complete description of all environmental, social, and economic impacts as a basis for subsequent management activities. A secondary goal might also be to create comparability to other products or alternative practices. Tripple Bottom Line EXAMPLE TRANSITION PETROLEUM-BASED BIODIESEL DIESEL PRIMARY Comparing Social Environmental Economic GOAL SECONDARY External communication Creation of impact GOAL purposes transparency The “How” Defining the scope of the assessment involves defining the product system to be analyzed and setting the boundaries of the LCA 48  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Life Cycle Assessment (Narrowing Loops) What is sustainability? Laasch (2024: 134-135) Life-cycle inventory Serves to quantify all inputs and outputs of the product’s life-cycle. This inventory consists of the three stages of data collection, data calculation, and the allocation of flows and releases. Allocation of Tripple Bottom Line 1 Data collection 2 Data calculation 3 flows and Measurement of quantifiable indicators Measurements releases Social The allocation of flows Relate Input: # employees with Output: employee well-being and releases to respective INPUT Environmental products in processes OUTPUT Input: amount of water used helps to reach a clear Output: water quality picture of the impact of a The “How” Specific Functional Economic processes units single product or service. Input: capital invested Output: profit made 49  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Life Cycle Assessment (Narrowing Loops) What is sustainability? Laasch (2024: 136) Life-cycle impact assessment Serves to evaluate the significance of impacts listed in the inventory and organizes them for analysis and management purposes. Impacts at this stage refer to real-life outcomes caused by the life-cycle Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 50  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Life Cycle Assessment (Narrowing Loops) What is sustainability? Laasch (2024: 136) Life-cycle interpretation Connecting element between life-cycle assessment and impact management. At the interpretation stage, the task is to plan actions based on the outcomes of the life-cycle process. Tripple Bottom Line LCA Life-cycle interpretation IMPACT MANAGEMENT The “How” A lot of assumptions need to be made, so… Interpret with care 51  3. The “How” of Sustainability – LCA: How does it Look in Practice? What is sustainability? Heijungs (2009) Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 52  3. The “How” of Sustainability – LCA: The Case of Costa Rican Cofee What is sustainability? Killian et al. (2013: 164) At what stage do you think that we have the highest CO2 emissions in the life cycle of coffee? Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 53  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Ecological Footprint (Narrowing Loops) What is sustainability? Sum of all biologically productive areas needed to meet Ecological footprint human demand (e.g., per service, per person, for all humanity. Sum of all biologically productive areas that are actually Biocapacity available (e.g., per country, for whole planet). Tripple Bottom Line The “How” Total biocapacity / World population = 1.7 global hectare per human Aim: Ecological footprint humanity ≤ Biocapacity planet 54  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Business & Ecological Footprints: vision 2050 What is sustainability? Ecological footprints can be calculated for consumers, but also for companies, or under various scenarios. Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 55  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Managing Paradoxes What is sustainability? Based on Hahn (2023: 24) SUSTAINABILITY IS NO SMOOTH SAILING Doing business as if sustainability matters means accommodating competing yet interdependent demands. Different SDGs hang together: Addressing one may adversely impact another. Tripple Bottom Line Stakeholders may disagree on what are the most important sustainability issues. There is no obvious right or wrong in how to address competing but interdependent SDGs. Navigating sustainability requires ethical judgments by leaders: One cannot make no ethical judgment. The “How” Addressing sustainability now is a leadership task that holds the opportunity of being a pioneer and industry leader. 56  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Managing Paradoxes What is sustainability? Based on Hahn (2023: 25) SUSTAINABILITY PARADOXES A paradox is a combination of simultaneously existing elements, features or situations which make sense in isolation but appear contradictory when Tripple Bottom Line juxtaposed. (Halttunen et al., 2022: 3, citing Lewis, 2000) Conflicts are an unavoidable experience for those who deal seriously with sustainability, and, therefore, it is necessary to know how to act in the face of conflict—how to behave in front of elements that are in opposition to each other but that are all of value. (Carmine & De Marchi, 2023: 150) The “How” Providing energy Fighting Poor working Providing income Offering free Data to the world climate change conditions and employment and convenient privacy online services 57  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Managing Paradoxes What is sustainability? Hahn et al. (2015: 300) HOW TO MANAGE (1) Acknowledgement of tensions Recognise that tensions in corporate sustainability can and should exist; PARADOXES? identify and characterize tensions Acceptance (2) Strategies to manage tensions In this context, acceptance means that decision- Tripple Bottom Line makers distinguish the two poles of a paradox, Different strategic options to address contradictory sustainability aspects accept the resulting tensions and seek ways to simultaneously live with this situation, thus keeping the paradox open. Iteratively Synthesis Resolution strategies In synthesis strategies, firms seek to accommodate the opposing poles of the tension. Acceptance Acceptance Transform the paradox into a more They do so by incorporating a new perspective strategies manageable situation by attending to both or element that brings both poles together, while strategies preserving their identity. poles simultaneously Opposition: Opposition: Separation Distinguish thetwo Distinguish the two Synthesis: Separation: poles polesofof the tension, the tension, Separation strategies facilitate the management of keep the paradox open paradoxes by separating the two poles either keep the paradox and and live with Introduce new livethe The “How” spatially or temporally. open with Address the two poles of tension element that links the tension at different the tension or accommodates locations or at different both poles points in time Iteratively 58  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Managing Paradoxes What is sustainability? Hahn et al. (2015: 304) Tripple Bottom Line Short- Long- term term New Long- TOP term MANAGEMENT governance structure The “How” Short- Long- term term Short- Long- term term Short- OPERATIONAL term LEVEL 59  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Managing Paradoxes What is sustainability? Coca-Cola Goes for Gold in Rio 2016 Tripple Bottom Line The “How” 60  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Managing Paradoxes What is sustainability? Iivonen (2018), based on Albertsen (2023: 8) Coca Cola’s Responses: →More product choices: “in 2013 we launched 400 new products 25% low or zero calory” Social Commercial Ambivalence –We are trying to do something! Tripple Bottom Line responsibility mission → Clear nutritional labelling for transparency Avoidance/ denial: It is up to the consumers to make healthy choices – We do not hide anything! (Outside our responsibility) → Sponsoring sports events e.g. Copa Coca-Cola = youth soccer tournament, Olympics and FIFA World Cup. The “How” Reframing: Health is about having an active lifestyle (Not about what you eat) → We support an active lifestyle 61  3. The “How” of Sustainability – Managing Paradoxes What is sustainability? Coca Cola’s Vision “Our vision is to craft the brands and choice of drinks that people love, to refresh them in body & spirit. And done in ways that create a more sustainable business and better shared future that makes a difference in people’s lives, communities and our planet.” (Coca-Cola’s Website) Tripple Bottom Line HOW CAN COCA COLA The “How” DO BETTER? 62  2.2 WORKSHOP  Workshop 1: Sustainability Leadership Global sustainability challenges such as inequality, corruption and climate change require sustainability leadership. But is it up to business to assume such a leadership role? Is that actually part of the purpose or mission of business? Workshop 1 And is it part of your own purpose or mission? Your individual purpose and mission Group Sustainability Challenge Interactive simulation of a mini-society consisting of companies, consumers and local communities, who are challenged by climate change and low wages. Slavery and ecological footprint Consumer Company Your decisions will determine your grade and the monetary outcome for local communities via a donation to Oxfam Novib 64  Workshop 1: Sustainability Leadership GRADE (a) Two assignments you have to hand in 72 hours prior to the workshop (b) Your performance in the group sustainability challenge, and (c) A participation grade for your contribution to the workshop discussions Workshop 1 Preparation Question 1: Your purpose or mission statement Try to formulate a purpose or mission statement in one sentence. Preparation Question 2: The purpose or mission of business Like above, please write in a few words what you believe to be the purpose or mission of business. Assignments 1 and 2: Ecological and slavery footprints Please calculate both your “ecological footprint” and “slavery footprint” using these two websites: https://www.footprintcalculator.org/ and http://slaveryfootprint.org/. How many earths and slaves are needed to sustain your lifestyle? Please post both these figures on Canvas (Assignment or Quizzes tab), 72 hours before Workshop 1. 65  Workshop 1: Sustainability Leadership Assessment When? Grading Criteria Preparation Question 1: Prepare for The statement is prepared in advance and Your purpose or mission Workshop 1 and May count toward participation grade. reflects serious effort. statement bring to class Preparation Question 2: Prepare for The statement or keywords are prepared in Purpose or mission Workshop 1 and May count toward participation grade. advance and reflect serious effort. statement of business bring to class Workshop 1 One’s own ecological footprint has been filled Assignment 1: Ecological 72 hours before Pass (10) or Fail (0) out accurately and submitted in time via Footprint (10%) Workshop 1 Canvas. One’s own ecological footprint has been filled Assignment 2: Slavery 72 hours before Pass (10) or Fail (0) out accurately and submitted in time via Footprint (10%) Workshop 1 Canvas. Test question correct = 10, incorrect = 0. Test question has been correctly answered Assignment 3: Group and submitted. Sustainability Challenge During Workshop 1 (20%) and test question Group Sustainability Challenge: range of (30%) grades, depending on own and others’ Calculations for grade of Group Sustainability decisions. Challenge are given below. Good comments are thoughtful, insightful, Ranges from 1 to 10, depending on Participation Grade (30%) During Workshop 1 respectful, well-researched and well- quality of participation articulated. 66  What is Why would we The “how” of sustainability? need a triple sustainability – bottom line? some key ideas SUSTAINABILITY Thanks! Q&A  REFERENCES Albertsen, R. R. (2023). Tensions and paradoxes in corporate sustainability. Slides CBS. Azote for Stockholm Resilience Centre, based on analysis in Wang-Erlandsson et al 2022. https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html. Last accessed, 16/08/2023. Bales, K. (2016). Blood and earth: Modern slavery, ecocide, and the secret to saving the world. Random House. Bales, K. (2017). 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