BIO 101 Chapter 1: The Science of Biology PDF

BIO 101 Cassie Foster [email protected] S-51 Office Hours: MWF 10-11a; Tue 1:30-2:30p; by appointment © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-1  Unit 1 Chapters 1, 2, 3.1, and 3.2 Exam September 11 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-2...

BIO 101 Cassie Foster [email protected] S-51 Office Hours: MWF 10-11a; Tue 1:30-2:30p; by appointment © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-1  Unit 1 Chapters 1, 2, 3.1, and 3.2 Exam September 11 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-2 Chapter 1: The Science of Biology © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-3  1.1 The Science of Life Biology unifies much of natural science Living systems are the most complex chemical systems on Earth. Life is constrained by the properties of chemistry and physics. Science is becoming more interdisciplinary A combination of multiple fields. Life defies simple definition © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-4  Characteristics of all living organisms 1. Cellular organization 2. Ordered complexity 3. Sensitivity to environment 4. Growth, development, and reproduction 5. Energy utilization 6. Homeostasis 7. Evolutionary adaptation © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-5  Hierarchical organization (1 of 2) Living systems show hierarchical organization Cellular level. Organismal level. Populational level. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-6 Hierarchical organization – cellular level © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-7 Hierarchical organization – population level © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-8 Hierarchical organization – organismal level © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-9  Hierarchical organization (2 of 2) Each level has emergent properties. Result from interaction of components. Cannot be deduced by looking at parts themselves. “Life” is an emergent property. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-10  1.2 The Nature of Science Science aims to understand the natural world through observation and reasoning. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-11  Scientific Reasoning Deductive reasoning uses general principles to make specific predictions. Inductive reasoning uses specific observations to develop general conclusions. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-12  The Scientific Method: A Hypothesis-Driven Approach 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Experiment 4. Analysis and Conclusions 5. Communicate Results © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-13  Experimental Design Independent variable Dependent variable Constant/control variables Replication Repeatable © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-14 Example of Hypothesis-Driven Science © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-15  Philosophical Approaches to Science Reductionism – to break a complex process down to its simpler parts Systems biology – focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking at simpler parts © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-16  Models in Science Way to organize thought Parts provided by reductionist approach Model shows how parts fit together Models can suggest experiments to test how components work together © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-17  Scientific Theory Refers to a proposed explanation or a body of interconnected concepts Is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning Expresses ideas of which we are most certain Compare to general meaning of theory © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-18  Basic vs Applied Research Basic research is intended to extend the boundaries of what we know Applied research entails practical use of the findings from basic research Both rely on peer review © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-19  1.3 Darwin and Evolution Example of how a scientist develops a hypothesis and a theory gains acceptance Charles Darwin served as naturalist on a mapping expedition around coastal South America 30 years of observation and study before publishing On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-20 Voyage of the HMS Beagle © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-21  Natural selection as a mechanism for evolution Darwin was not the first to propose evolution Living things have changed over time. Darwin’s contribution was a mechanism Natural selection. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-22 Darwin observed differences in related organisms © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-23 Artificial vs Natural Selection © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-24  Evidence for Natural Selection (1 of 2) Evidence supporting Darwin’s theory has only grown Fossil record. Transitional forms have been found at predicted positions in time. Life on Earth - 3.5 billion years ago Earth’s age. Physicists of Darwin’s time were wrong about the age of the Earth. Earth is very old – 4.5 billion years old. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-25  Evidence for Natural Selection (2 of 2) Mechanism for heredity Mendel’s laws of inheritance were unknown to Darwin. Comparative anatomy Homologous – same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure and function. Analogous – structures of different origin used for the same purpose (e.g. butterfly and bird wings). © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-26  Homology of mammal limbs as evidence for evolution Figure 1.9 © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-27 Molecular evidence for evolution © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-28  1.4 Core Concepts in Biology Five core concepts in biology Life is subject to chemical and physical laws Structure determines function Living systems transform energy to matter Living systems depend on information transactions Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-29  Life is Subject to Chemical and Physical Laws (exam – write) Biological systems follow known chemical properties, such as molecular bonding. Properties of physics, such as thermodynamics, are also key determining factors of biological systems. © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-30  Structure Determines Function Study structure to learn function Know a function – look for that structure in other organisms © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-31  Living Systems Transform Energy and Matter All life constantly requires energy Energy enters environments in one form, typically as solar energy, and is constantly transformed by organisms Photosynthetic organisms transform solar energy into chemical energy as matter (carbohydrates). Other organisms, humans included, transform chemical energy into other forms of energy (e.g. kinetic) and matter (e.g. proteins). © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-32  Living Systems Depend on Information Transactions (1 of 2) © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-33  Living Systems Depend on Information Transactions (2 of 2) © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-34 Evolution Explains Unity and Diversity of Life © 2020 McGraw-Hill Education. 1-35