Pharmacology Questions PDF

## How has historical use of chemicals contributed to the advancement of pharmacology? 1. Weaponized poisons at higher doses were found to have therapeutic effects. 2. Use of sulfa drugs lead to the development of the first synthetic antibacterial compounds. 3. Historical use of natural compoun...

## How has historical use of chemicals contributed to the advancement of pharmacology? 1. Weaponized poisons at higher doses were found to have therapeutic effects. 2. Use of sulfa drugs lead to the development of the first synthetic antibacterial compounds. 3. Historical use of natural compounds at ultra low doses resulted in therapeutic effects. 4. Extraction of chemical compounds from man-made poisons that resulted in large-scale human epidemics led to the discovery of drugs still used today. ## Which one of the historical drugs listed is still used clinically today? 1. Ma Huang 2. LSD 3. Morphine 4. Curare ## Phase 3 clinical trials can employ a placebo. Which one of the statements most accurately describes a placebo? 1. A placebo is defined as an inert substance masquerading as a drug. 2. Placebo therapy provides satisfactory relief in approximately 55% of sick anxious patients. 3. The likelihood of placebo effects is greater in normal volunteers than in sick anxious patients under stress. 4. Placebo responses are well understood and thus need not be controlled in a phase 3 study. ## The sound and long established way to prove or disprove the value of a new medication or treatment is a randomized controlled trial (RCT). This means that: 1. Patients are selected and assigned to various test groups based on their characteristics. 2. All patients receive the new drug or the control drug (gold-standard or placebo) on alternating days. 3. The people who administer the drugs do not know who is receiving the new drug. 4. The outcomes measured should preferably be subjective. | Purpose | Stage | |---|---| | Effectiveness and safety in large number of patients | Phase 3 Clinical Trial | | Safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers | Phase 1 Clinical Trial | | Discovery of lead compounds | Research and Discovery Target | | Effectiveness and safety in small number of patients | Phase 2 Clinical Trial | | Post-market surveillance for adverse effects and safety | Phase 4 Clinical Trial | | Safety and potential efficacy in laboratory animals | Preclinical Trial | ## Drug A can only relieve pain of mild intensity. Drug B, on the other hand, relieves pain of very marked intensity. From this information, one can conclude that 1. Drug A has greater efficacy than Drug B. 2. Drug B has greater efficacy than Drug A. 3. Drug A is more potent than Drug B. 4. Drug B is more potent than Drug A. ## The therapeutic range is best described as? 1. The maximum pharmacological response that can be produced by a specific drug in that biological system. 2. The dose or concentration of a drug that is required to produce a response of a certain magnitude usually 50% of the maximal response for that drug. 3. The dose that is appropriate to treat most individuals. 4. The range of blood concentrations where the drug is effective and unacceptable toxicities do not occur. ## The ultra-short duration of action of thiopental is due to: 1. Redistribution of the drug from the brain to muscle and fat. 2. Rapid breakdown in the liver. 3. Poor penetration into the brain. 4. Rapid excretion by the kidney. ## A drug can be given to a patient both intravenously and orally. What should be considered when selecting the most appropriate dosage for the patient's situation? 1. The pharmacokinetics would be the exact same because it is the same drug. 2. The same dose of the drug needs to be provided but I V administration is preferable because it is more reliable. 3. Differences in bioavailability need to be carefully considered. 4. More I V drug needs to be given as the onset of action is slower. ## Penicillin has the ability to combine with proteins to form antigens, and a small percentage of the population receiving penicillin experience adverse effects. This adverse effect is properly classified as: 1. An extension of the therapeutic effect 2. Teratogenesis 3. A drug allergy ## The T D50 of a drug in rats was found to be 50 milligrams/kilogram. The E D50 of the same drug in rats was 1 milligram/kilogram. From this information, one can calculate that the therapeutic index of the drug in rats is: 1. 0.02 2. 50 3. 49 4. 51 ## The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is: 1. Glutamate 2. Dopamine 3. Norepinephrine 4. GABA ## Which statement most accurately describes chemical transmission? 1. Chemical transmitters have specific binding sites on the cell membrane called retinoids. 2. Chemical transmission is usually terminated by diffusion of the transmitter out of the synaptic cleft. 3. Chemical transmission is a slow process taking several minutes. 4. Most synaptic transmission is chemically mediated.