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PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 FIRST SEMESTER ➔ PSYCHOMETRIC SOUNDNESS (OR TECHNICAL QUALITY) OF TESTS THE ASS...

PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 FIRST SEMESTER ➔ PSYCHOMETRIC SOUNDNESS (OR TECHNICAL QUALITY) OF TESTS THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS - how consistently and how ASSESSMENT accurately a psychological test - the evaluation or estimation of the nature, measures what it purports to quality, or ability of someone or something measure. PROCESS OF ASSESSMENT ➔ PSYCHOMETRICS The process begins with a REFERRAL - the science of psychological FOR ASSESSMENT from a source such measurement as a teacher, school psychologist, ➔ PSYCHOMETRIC TEST UTILITY counselor, judge, clinician, or - usefulness or practical value corporate human resources specialist that a test or other tool of (Cohen and Swerdlik, 2018) assessment has for a - Referral questions: Does a child have a particular purpose reading disability? Does a young adult ➔ INTERVIEW have schizophrenia? Can the child be - a method of gathering eligible for certain services or information through direct accommodations? Is the defendant communication involving competent to stand trial? How well reciprocal exchange can this employee be expected to METHODS perform if promoted to a managerial - face-to-face, telephone, position? online, e-mail, text, sign The assessor selects tools of language assessment. Consider here the TYPES assessor’s competence in test use - panel interview, motivational (i.e., levels). Research can also guide interviewing the test selection process. ➔ PORTFOLIO Formal assessment begins. - a tool of evaluation consisting After assessment, the assessor of samples of one’s ability and writes a report of the findings that is accomplishment designed to answer the referral ➔ CASE HISTORY DATA question - records, transcripts, and other TOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT accounts in written, pictorial, ➔ TEST or other form that preserve ➔ TEST CONTENT archival information, official - (i.e., subject matter of the test) and informal accounts, and ➔ TEST FORMAT other data and items relevant - (i.e., form, plan, structure, to an assesse arrangement, layout of test ➔ BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION items, and manner of test - monitoring the actions of administration – others or oneself by visual or computerized, electronic means while paper-and-pencil) recording quantitative and/or ➔ TEST ADMINISTRATION PROCEDURES qualitative information - (individual versus group tests) regarding those actions 1 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 PARTIES IN THE ASSESSMENT ENTERPRISE ASSESSMENT SETTINGS ➔ TEST DEVELOPER AND PUBLISHER ➔ EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS - (the creators and distributors achievement tests (measuring amount of tests and other methods of of learning) assessment) diagnostic tests (tools of assessment ➔ TEST USER used to help narrow down and identify - (clinicians, counselors, school areas of deficit to be targeted for psychologists, human interventions) resources personnel, ➔ CLINICAL SETTINGS consumer psychologists, hospitals, in-patient and out-patient experimental psychologists, clinics, private practice consulting social psychologists, etc.) rooms, schools, other institutions - Must be QUALIFIED test users, intelligence tests, personality tests, and also PERMITTED TO neuropsychological tests, and other PURCHASE specialized instruments ➔ TEST TAKER mostly individual assessment, with - Issues to consider group testing usually for screening (i.e., Test anxiety determining individuals who need Understanding and further diagnostic evaluation agreement with the ➔ COUNSELING SETTINGS rationale of the schools, prisons, government and assessment private institutions Capacity and measures of social and academic willingness to skills, personality, interest, attitudes, cooperate with the values examiner ➔ GERIATRIC SETTINGS Physical pain and housing designed for assisted living emotional distress long-term care facilities (hospitals, experienced; physical “home for the aged”) discomfort; alertness, assessment of quality of life (whether wakefulness during self-report or observed) assessment assessment of cognitive decline Test acquiescence; (Dementia: loss of cognitive social desirability functioning – affecting memory, issues; thinking, reasoning, psychomotor Prior coaching speed, attention, personality – that received occurs as a result of damage to or loss “psychological of brain cells) autopsy” Alzheimer’s Disease (best known of ➔ SOCIETY AT LARGE the many forms of dementia) - (creates needs for new Pseudodementia: a condition usually variables to measure) caused by severe depression in the ➔ OTHER PARTIES elderly that affects cognitive functioning (mimicking dementia) 2 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 ➔ BUSINESS AND MILITARY SETTINGS Scoring and interpretation must Decision making about careers of conform to established procedures personnel and ethical guidelines. Achievement, aptitude, interest, motivational tests (affecting decision USES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS to hire, promote, or transfer) ➔ Earliest use of tests ➔ GOVERNMENTAL AND - To identify mentally retarded ORGANIZATIONAL CREDENTIALING persons Licensures, certification, membership ➔ Assessment needs in education in organizations Intelligence testing ➔ ACADEMIC RESEARCH SETTINGS Classification of students as to Measuring variables being explored by their ability to profit from the researcher instruction Identification of fast or slow OBLIGATIONS OF THE ASSESSMENT learners PROFESSIONAL Educational and occupational Select and use only the tests that are counseling most appropriate for the individuals ➔ Selection and classification of being tested. industrial personnel The test should be stored in a way ➔ Individual counseling that reasonably ensures that its ➔ Research and data gathering specific contents will not be known to the test taker in advance. TEST Ensure that a prepared and suitably - A test is a measurement device or technique trained person administers the test used to quantify behavior or aid in the properly. understanding and prediction of behavior. Examiner must be familiar with test (Kaplan and Saccuzzo, 2018) materials and procedures; all materials - A psychological test is a set of items that are (stop watch, pencils, protocols – designed to measure characteristics of human form/sheet/booklet where test taker’s beings that pertain to behavior. (Kaplan and responses are entered) must be ready Saccuzzo, 2018) to properly administer the test. - A psychological test is an objective and Ensure a conducive testing area. standardized measure of a sample of behavior Rapport is important, especially in (Anastasi and Urbina, 1997) one-on-one or small group testing. ➔ ASSESSMENT VS. TESTING Rapport must not compromise any PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT rules of the test administration - is the gathering and process. integration of Safeguarding test protocols. psychology-related data for Conveying results in a clearly the purpose of making a understandable fashion. psychological evaluation that Report presence of third parties is accomplished through the during testing, or anything out of the use of tools such as tests, ordinary that happened during testing. interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and 3 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 specially designed TEST ITEM apparatuses and Item measurement procedures. - a specific stimulus to which a PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING person responds overtly; this - is the process of measuring response can be scored or psychology-related variables evaluated by means of devices or Item procedures designed to obtain - specific questions that make a sample of behavior. (Cohen up the test and Swerdlik, 2018) MEASURED BEHAVIOR PSYCHOMETRICS Overt : observable activity ➔ PSYCHOMETRICS Covert: takes place within the - the science of psychological individual and cannot be directly measurement observed (feelings, thoughts) ➔ PSYCHOMETRIC SOUNDNESS - (of a test) refers to how consistently and how accurately a test measures what it purports to measure WHAT A TEST MEASURES -... a sample of behavior... Just a PORTION, for instance, a child’s vocabulary, a clerk’s ability to perform arithmetic computations, or a pilot’s eye-hand coordination - For example, give a test to measure the extent TYPES OF TESTS of a child’s vocabulary with only five (5) items, Individual Tests or 20 items consisting of purely biological - given to one person at a time terms Group Tests - Would it give an accurate estimate of the - can be administered to more child’s overall vocabulary? than one person at a time by a single examiner 4 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 ➔ ACCORDING TO TYPE OF BEHAVAIOR ➔ OBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT OF MEASURED DIFFICULTY ABILITY TEST - The administration, scoring, - (contains items that can be and interpretation of scores scored in terms of speed, are independent of the accuracy, or both) subjective judgment of the - Achievement: previous individual examiner. learning - Difficulty level of the test/test - Aptitude: potential for learning item is determined based on or acquiring a specific skill objective, empirical - Intelligence: general potential procedures. to solve problems, adapt to - e.g., arrangement of order of changing circumstances, think test items, as well as selection abstractly, and profit from of items for inclusion in a test. experience ➔ RELIABILITY PERSONALITY TEST - the consistency of scores - (related to the overt and obtained by the same persons covert dispositions of an when retested with the individual) identical test or with any - May be self-report or equivalent form of the test projective ➔ VALIDITY - the degree to which the test ESSENTIAL TEST ELEMENTS measures what it purports to ➔ STANDARDIZATION measure - implies uniformity of procedures in administering CONTROL AND USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL and scoring the test. TESTS Directions ➔ TWO REASONS Materials used To ensure that the test is given Time limits by a qualified examiner and Oral instructions that the scores are properly Preliminary used; demonstrations To prevent general familiarity Ways of handling with the test content, which questions from test would invalidate the test takers ➔ Qualified Examiner is needed for the ➔ ESTABLISHMENT OF NORMS three major aspects of the testing - (imply average or normal situation: performance) Selection of the test; - Psychological tests have no - Consider technical predetermined standards of aspects like validity, passing or failing. An reliability, difficulty individual’s test score is level, and norms interpreted by comparing it Administration and scoring of with the scores obtained by the test; and others on the same test. Interpretation of the test. 5 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 Ethnicity SECURITY OF TEST CONTENT Professional/socio-economic - Test content has to be restricted in order to status prevent deliberate efforts to fake scores Training and experience Personality characteristics COMMUNICATION OF TEST INFORMATION Appearance ➔ PURPOSE OF TEST COMMUNICATION ➔ Self-fulfilling prophecy (i.e., Rorschach Helps dispel any mystery case) associated with testing; ➔ Test-takers’ activity prior to the test Concern with technical procedures – reliability, EFFECT OF TRAINING ON TEST validity, other test properties; PERFORMANCE and - The distinction between COACHING and Familiarize test takers with EDUCATION testing procedures, dispel - A test score is invalidated only when a anxiety, ensure good particular experience raises the score without performance appreciably affecting the behavior domain that the test is designed to measure. TEST ADMINISTRATION - Test sophistication – effect of test taking - A test score helps us to predict how the client practice will feel and act outside the test situation Achievement in college; Job performance HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING Etc. ➔ Advance Preparation of Examiners Memorize exact verbal ANTIQUITY TO THE 19TH CENTURY instructions It is believed that tests and testing Prepare test materials programs first cam into being in China as Familiarity with testing early as 2200 B.C. procedure, time limits - Testing was instituted as a means for ➔ Testing Conditions selecting who or many applicants Testing room (suitable) would obtain government jobs ➔ Introducing the Test - In a culture where one’s position in Rapport refers to the society was largely determined by the examiner’s efforts to arouse family into which he was born, the fact the test-taker’s interest in the that one could improve his lot by test, elicit their cooperation, scoring high in exams was a significant and encourage them to step forward respond in a manner that is Ancient Greco-Roman writings indicative of appropriate to the test’s attempts to categorize people in terms of objectives. personality types (i.e., reference to abundance or deficiency in some bodily EXAMINER & SITUATIONAL VARIABLES fluid such as blood or phlegm) ➔ Effects of certain extraneous factors - Blood, sanguine = happy Age - Phlegm = mabagala kumilos Sex - Black = melancholic 6 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 - Yellow = choleric, madaling magalit Francis Galton 19th century: strong awakening of interest - English biologist; Darwin’s half cousin in the humane treatment of mentally - Aspired to classify people according retarded and insane persons to their natural gifts and to ascertain - It became necessary to distinguish their deviation from the average between mentally retarded and - His initial work on heredity was done insame persons with sweet peas in part because there 1838: Esquirol tended to be fewer variations among - French physician whose two-volume peas in a single pod work made the first explicit distinction - Relized the need for measuring the between mentally retarded and insane characteristics of related and individuals unrelated persons - More than 100 pages of his work - Focused on individual differences devoted to mental retardation - Was instrumental in inducing a - Esquirol pointed out that there are number of educational institutions to many degrees of mental retardation keep systematic anthropometric - The individual’s use of language records of their students provides the most dependable - 1884: set up an anthropometric criterion of his intellectual level laboratory at the International Seguin Exposition where visitors could be - Another french physician measured on certain variables such as - Pioneered in the training of mentally height (standing), height (sitting), arm retairded persons span, weight, breathing capacity, - 1837: established the first school keenness of vision and hearing, devoted to the education of mentally strength of pull, strength of squeeze, r4etarded children swiftness of blow, memory of form, - 1848: migrated to the USA made discrimination of color, hand suggestions regarding the training of steadiness, reaction time and other mentally retarded persons simple sensorimotor functions - Some of the procedures developed by - For all these efforts, galton is credited Seguin were eventually incorporatd to be primarily responsible for the into performance or nonverbal tests of launching of the testing movement intelligence - Galton also pioneered in the On the origin of Species by Charles Darwin application of rating scale and (1859) questionnaire methods (including - He argued that chance variation in self-report inventories) species would be selected or rejected - He is also responsible for the by nature according to adaptivity and development of statistical methods survival value for the analysis of data on individual - Darwin spurred interest in individual differences (coefficient correlation) differences. According to him, individual differences are of the highest importance for they afford materials for natural selection to act on 7 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 Wilhelm Wundt Herman Ebbinghaus (1897) - The problems studied in their - German psychologist laboratories were concernd largely - Administered tests of arithmetic with sensitivity to visual, auditory, and computation, memory span and other sensory phenomena. This was sentence completion to reflected in the nature of the first schoolchildren psychological tests. - Only sentence completion the most - Emphasis on the need for rigorous complex of the three tests, showed a control of the conditions under which clear correspondence with the observations were made children’s scholastic achievement - Examples: wording of directions, Alfred Binet manual for the administration of many - French psychologist tests provide explicit instructions - Urged that children who failed to designed to hold constant or respond to normal schooling be standardize the conditions under examined before dismissal and if which the test is administered considered educable, be assigned to James McKeen Cattell special classes - American psychologist, student of - His advocacy for the cause of Wilhelm Wundt mentally retarded children led to the - 1888: while lecturing at Cambridge, establishment (in France) of a came in contact with Francis galton ministerial commision for the study of whom he regarded as the “greatest retarded children to which he was man I have known” appointed - momentous event in the - Galton stimulated his interest in the history of psychological testing measurement of individual difference - 1895: Alfred Binet and Victor Henri, - Boring 1950: “Cattell, more than any criticized most of the available tests other person was in this fashion, as being too largelt sensoy and as responsible for getting mental testing concentrating unduly simple underway in America, and it is plain specialized abilities that his motivation was similar to - An extensive and varied list of tests Galton’s and that he was influenced or was proposed, covering such at least reinforced by Galton” functions as memory, imagination. - He became active in the spread of the Attention, comprehension and testing movement; first to use the aesthetic appreciation term mental test - 1895: led to the development of the - Instrumental in founding the famous binet intelligence scales Psychological Corporation which ➔ 1905 Scale named 20 of the country’s leading - In collaboration with Theodore psychologists as its directors Simon - The goal of the corporation was the - Also known as the Binet-Simon advancement of psychology and the Scale promotion of the useful applications - Made use of a standardization of psychology sample of 50 children - Test of mental ability more performance than paper and pencil 8 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 - Scale consistend of 30 STANDARDIZED ACHIEVEMENT TESTS problems or tests arranged in - irst standardized tests for measuring the ascending order of difficulty outcomes of school instruction appeared in which measured judgement, 1900; spearheaded by the work of E.L. comprehension and reasoning, Thorndike seen by Binet as essential - 1923 - Stanford Achievement Test components of intelligence - 1930: Phaseout of essay tests; introduction of - The scale was designed to test-scoring machine help identify mentally retarded ➔ 1939: David Wechsler (clinical psychologist Paris schoolchildren at Bellevue Hospital in New York City) ➔ 1908 Scale - Introduced a test designed to - Nearly twice as many items as measure adult intelligence the 1905 Scale - Defined intelligence as the aggregate - Some unsatisfactory tests in or global capacity of the individual to the 1905 scale were eliminated think rationally, act purposefully and - All tests were grouped into age deal effectively with his environment levels - Originally called the - Score obtained corresponded Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, to the child’s mental level later renamed as the Wechsler Adult (mental age) Intelligency Scale (WAIS) ➔ 1911 Scale - Standardization sample: 3,000 - Third revision, coincided with individuals Binet’s untimely death ➔ RISE OF GROUP INTELLIGENCE TEST - No fundamental changes, more - Response to an urgent need to screen test added at several year military recruits levels extended to the adult - By the late 1930s, approximately level 4,000 different psychological tests ➔ Binet and the Rise of Intelligence were in print and clinical psychology Scales was synonymous with mental testing - As a testing instrument, the Binet-Simon Scale was ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY (1920-1940) outdistanced by the more ➔ PERSONAL DATA SHEET extensive and - Developed by Robert Woodworth psychometrically refined during World War I, the prototype of Stanford-Binet Scale, the personality questionnaire developed by Lewis terman - Answerable by yes or no to disguise its and his associates at Stanford true nature University - Designed as a rough screening device - Standardization sample was for identifying seriously disturbed men increased to 1000 who would be disqualified for military - Terman was the first to use the service term IQ - He chaired the government’s ➔ Kuhlman-Binet Revision committee on Emotional Fitness, - Extended the scale downward tasked to develop a measure of to the age of three months adjustment and emotional stability (1912) 9 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 that could be administered quickly despite suspicion, doubt, and and efficiently to new recruitss criticism from the scientific - Led to the development of the community Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory, THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST the first widely used self-report test - Developed by Henry Murray - Interpretation of the gtest depend on and Christina Morgan (1935) the now-discredited assumption that - Consisted of 20 pictures, of the content of a test item could be various scenes and one blank accepted at face value. For example if card the person marked False for the - Subjects are askecf to make statement, I wet the bed, then it was up a story about the assumed that he or she did not wet ambiguous scene the bed - In addition to being dishonest, the NEW APPROACHES IN PERSONALITY person responding to the question TESTING may not interpret the meaning of wet - Projective techniques have not withstood a the bed the same wat as the vigorous examination of their psychometric administrator does properties - After an initial surge of interest and - In 1943, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality optimism during most of the 1920s, Inventory (MMPI) introduced the use of stucted personality tests declined by empirical methods to determine the meaning the late 1930s and early 1940s of a test response ➔ PROJECTIVE TESTS - The problem with the early structured - To overcome limitations of self-report personality tests was that they made far too - In contrast to structured personality many assumptions that subsequent scientific tests, projective personality tests investigations failed to substantiate provide an ambiguous stimulus and - The authors of the MMPI argued that the unclear response requirements meaning of a test response could be - Lowers motivation of the taker determined only by empirical research RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST - The MMPI and its updaed version - the - First published by Hermann MMPI-2 is currently the most widely used and Rorschach in 1921 in referenced personality test Switzerland - Emergence of personality tests based on the - Consisted of 10 inkblots with Factor Analytic strategy in the 1940s the colors black, gray, red and - Factor Analysis is a method of finding the various pastels; subjects are minimum number of dimensions asked what the inkblots might (characteristics, attributes) called factors to be account for a large number of variables - Introduced in the US by David - J.R Guilford made the first serious attempt to Levy use factor analysis - Sam beck (Levy’s student) - Late 1940s, Raymond B. Cattell introduced the wrote the first doctoral Sixteen Personality Factors (16PF) dissertation using the Questionnaire Rorschach in 1932. After this time, the popularity of the Rorschach technique grew, 10 PSYCHOMETRICS 1 LCTSIBAL ‘24-’25 require practicing psychologists to be POST-WORLD WAR II licensed Development of applied branches of ➔ 2009 psychology (industrial, clinical, counseling, Republic Act 10029 or the Psychology educational and school psychology) Law was ratified, giving way to the Psychological testing as a unique function of conduct of licensure exams for the clinical psychologist Psychologists (RPsy) and Applied psychology acknowledge the use of Psychometricians (RPm) tests to solve practical human problems ➔ 2014 The potentially intrusive nature of tests and The first board exams were conducted fears of misuse began to create public for psychologists and suspicion, distrust and contempt for tests psychometricians Testing underwent another decline in status in the late 1950s until the 1970s ASSESSMENT DURING THE PANDEMIC ➔ 2020 THE CURRENT ENVIRONMENT The Covid-19 pandemic made Emergence of several more branches of face-to-face assessment a health risk, applied psychology (neuropsychology, health which led to the rise of psychology, forensic psychology, and child tele-assessment procedures psychology) all of which make extensive use of psychological tests Psychological testing again grew in status and use Tests are ucrrently in use in developed countries around the world THE PHILIPPINE SCENE ➔ 1962 The Philippine Psychological Corporation is founded. The corporation offers psychological services and is the main retailer of psychological tests ➔ 1970s Psychology becomes the most popular undergraduate major in many colleges and universities. Psychological testing flourishes as the overseas contract workers boom begins ➔ 1982 The PAP decides the time has come for quality control in the practice of psychology. It introduces a bill in the Batasang Pambansa that would 11