PSY1101 Lecture Notes PDF

PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES RENE DESCARTES: the mind and body are THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY separate (Dualism). Mind controlled actions of a...

PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES RENE DESCARTES: the mind and body are THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY separate (Dualism). Mind controlled actions of a mechanical body. The concept of “Reflex”; the actions of the body PSYCHOLOGY are reflex actions, but actions of the mind are meaningful, conscious, and voluntary. ETYMOLOGY: Psychology coming from the root Humans are born with an innate store of word psyche (meaning mind or soul) and logos knowledge and understanding (meaning the study of) (1590’s, Rudolph NATIVISM. Immanuel Kant believes that humans Goclenius). are born with a certain mental structure; some kinds GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY (Acronym of knowledge and ideas are inborn or innate "DUPIA"): NATURE VS NURTURE. 1. Describe. What happened? Traits = Nature 2. Understand and Explain. Why it happened? Experience = Nurture 3. Predict. When can it possibly happen again? 4. Influence. How can we modify or exert control over it? D SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT 5. Apply. How can we use this knowledge? STRUCTURALISM (1879). Breaking down the mind A KINDS OF PSYCHOLOGISTS into elemental parts Wilhelm Wundt: study of the innate conscious experience. Based on what people sense and CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS. Focuses on perceive when they reflect inward. diagnosis and treatment. Edward Titchener: Identify the elements, and APPLIED PSYCHOLOGISTS. Focus on applying earn how these elements combine to produce psychological methods on practical problems (i.e., meaningful wholes foresnics). There are some human factor Systematic (objective) Introspection considerations: FUNCTIONALISM (1890’s). Focused more on the purpose or function rather than the structure of consciousness. William James focused more on how our minds adapt to a changing environment PSYCHOANALYTIC (1890s). Sigmund Freud focused on the unconscious mind to explain personality and mental illness. Dream analysis is used as one of the main tools of assessment by Sigmund Freud. BEHAVIORISM (1910s). Focus are on objective, scientific analysis of observable data, namely, RESEARCH PSYCHOLOGISTS. Focus on behavior discovery and development of theories and John Watson: data pertaining to consciousness principles of behavior and mind should be discarded as they can not be publicly observed. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY (1910s). Focused on B RESEARCH PROCESS describing the organization of mental processes Max Wertheimer: The whole is greater than the (1) THEORIES are created and lead to… sum of its parts. (2) HYPOTHESIS making which lead to… (3) RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS which are either confirmed, rejected, or revised. C HISTORY EMPIRICISM. Knowledge arises directly from experience. Aristotle quotes “Tabula Rasa” (echoed by John Locke) Latin for blank slate. [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 1 PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES Law of Figure and Ground: "The human mind is a pattern creating and pattern recognizing machine." E PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY. BIOLOGICAL. Explains behavior in terms of underlying biological processes. BEHAVIORAL. Emphasis on how the environment and experience affects our actions. COGNITIVE. Focus on cognitive processes such as thinking, memory etc. that underlie behavior. PSYCHODYNAMIC. Unconscious motivation and early childhood experiences are bases in determining behavior and thought. SUB 0 MAJOR TYPES OF NEURONS HUMANISTIC. Focuses on the aspects of personality that make people uniquely human such as freedom of choice and personal growth (centers 1. Sensory neurons. These neurons are triggered or on the self; it is choice based). activated by stimuli through. EVOLUTIONARY. Origin of behavior and their 2. Inter-neurons. This neuron enables communication purpose (everything we do is to survive/for through the sensory neurons or the motor neurons pleasure). and the central nervous system. They also play a SOCIO-CULTURAL. Social and indigenous part in reflexes. psychology. 3. Motor neurons. Are responsible for sending ECLECTIC APPROACH. Uses a combination of messages from the brain to the body for commands various perspectives. that allow us to perform breathing, moving our muscles, speaking, and other functions. F ACCOMMODATIVE SURFACE VALUES A NEURAL TRANSMISSIONS HIYA: Loosely translated as 'shame' by most Western psychologists, while hiya is actually 'sense RESTING POTENTIAL: electrical properties present of propriety'. when neurons are at rest. UTANG NA LOOB: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are Caused by ions within and outside the cell expected by their neighbors to return favors–whether (+) charged Na and K ions and (-) charged Cl these were asked for or not–when it is needed or ions wanted. Distribution is uneven as the cell membrane PAKIKISAMA AND PAKIKIPAGKAPWA: Smooth allows certain ions to pass in and out through Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by channels Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily ACTION POTENTIAL: Firing of the cell’s message guided by conformity with the majority (kapwa (Nerve Impulse) means fellowbeing). Two types of messages: Excitatory and Inhibitory 1. Excitatory: Excitatory neurotransmitters THE BRAIN AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM “excite” the neuron and cause it to “fire off the message,” meaning, the message continues NEURONS to be passed along to the next cell (encourages action). NEURONS: neurons are the basic components of 2. Inhibitory: Inhibitory neurotransmitters block the nervous system. Neurons communicate or prevent the chemical message from being electrochemically. passed along any farther (discourages GILIAL CELLS: perform functions such as action) removing waste, holding the cell in place, absorb REFRACTORY PERIOD: Follows generation of nutrients and help neurons communicate action potentials. The refractory period is a state efficiently. of recovery that occurs after a neuron has fired an action potential. [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 2 PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES Senses the body’s internal functions and controls the glands as well as the involuntary muscles Responsible for involuntary functions as well as aspects of motivation, emotion and stress responses Composed of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems (both divisions aims to maintain Homeostasis which is the balanced internal state of the body) SUB B4 | SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM It functions as an activator and is responsible for our Fight-or-Flight response Tends to act towards the body as a total unit. SUB B5 | PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM B DIVISONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM More specific in its actions, only affects one or few organs at a time; "rest or digest" Slows down body processes to maintain a sense of tranquility SUB B2 | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CN) Contains the Brain and the Spinal Cord ○ Spinal Cord is protected by the vertebrae. Sensory nerves enter the back side while motor nerves exit the front side. ○ Simple stimulus-response sequences can be triggered by the spinal cord without brain involvement, these are called Spinal Reflexes ○ Brain is the most active energy consumer of all body organs SUB B1 | PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Contains all the neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord. Carries out the input functions for sensation inside and outside the body Output functions that enables the muscles and glands to respond Divided into the Somatic and Autonomic nervous systems SUB B2 | SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Consists of sensory neurons whose function is to transmit messages from sensory receptors as well as motor neurons that send messages from the CNS to muscles that control voluntary movement. SUB B3 | AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 3 PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES ○ Hypothalamus: plays a role in motivation, C PARTS OF THE BRAIN emotion, sexual behavior, sleeping, temperature regulation, satiety, aggression ○ Limbic System (Hippocampus and Amygdala): coordinates behaviors needed to satisfy motivational and emotional urges as well as has a role in memory CEREBRAL CORTEX: Composed of four lobes: 1. Frontal lobe: planning and coordinating voluntary behavior and decision making 2. Parietal lobe: Contains the somatosensory cortex responsible for sensations of touch, temperature and pain 3. Temporal lobe: Auditory information and language comprehension 4. Occipital lobe: Visual processing D THE BRAINS HEMISPHERES Though the brain functions as a whole, hemispheres SUB C1 HINDBRAIN are lateralized, meaning, each part performs unique and independent functions that allows the brain to Lowest and most primitive level of the brain divide its labor for efficient processing ○ Composed of the brain stem (Medulla, pons) Hemispheres are connected through the corpus and the cerebellum. callosum ○ The Medulla controls vital body functions such as heart rate and respiration ○ Pons (latin for bridge) carries nerve impulses E INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENDOCRINE between higher and lower levels of the nervous SYSTEM system ○ Cerebellum primarily deals with muscular movement and coordination Endocrine system: A system of hormone secreting glands throughout the body. ○ Hormones: chemical messengers secreted from SUB C2 MIDBRAIN the glands to the blood stream Contains important relay centers for visual and auditory systems ○ Reticular Formation: acts as a checkpoint for messages that arrive at the brain. ○ Substantia Nigra: releases dopamine ○ Tectum: Component structres are the Superior and Inferior Colliculus, serve as relay points for visual and auditory information and coordinate reactions to sensory events in the environment SUB C2 FOREBRAIN Most advanced part of the brain from an evolutionary standpoint ○ Thalamus: Acts as a switchboard that organizes inputs from sensory organs and routes them to the appropriate parts of the brain. [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 4 PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES SENSATION AND PERCEPTION PURITY Mixture of wavelengths present SENSATION The retina has receptor cells and which transduce the message and changes the visual stimulus into Sensation: Process of detecting and encoding of an electrochemical impulses the received stimulus from various sensory organs ○ Rods: light sensitive ○ Eyes - Visual ○ Cones: for processing fine detail (Visual acuity) ○ Ears - Auditory and early processing of color (Cones are ○ Tongue - Gustatory (taste) bunched in the fovea). ○ Nose - Olfactory (smell) The points where the optic nerves leave the retina ○ Skin - Tactile have no room for visual receptor cells and creates a Transduction: the process by which external biological blind spot. messages are translated into signals that can be understood by the brain Sensation Process: SUB A1 COLOR VISION Trichromatic theory. Cone receptors are divided into three that are most receptive to various A VISION wavelengths (Blue, Green, Red). ○ Explains certain kinds of color blindness ○ Theory fails to account for the color yellow Opponent-Process theory. Three receptors respond positively and negatively towards certain colors (Ex: receptor A is positive towards red and negative towards green) SUB A2 VISUAL PERCEPTION The brain likes to combine all parts of the message into a whole. ○ Bottom-up processing. ○ Top-down processing. The need to organize all individual elements of our sensation is considered by Gestalt psychology STIMULUS Light Biederman: Recognition by components ○ People recognize objects perceptually through ORGAN Eye smaller components called geons Depth Perception. Our way of processing and WAVELENGTH Hue creating a three-dimensional world. ○ Usage of depth cues. INTENSITY/AM Brightness ○ Depth cues can be monocular (one eye only) or PLITUDE Binocular (two eyes) ○ Our brain has perceptual constancy through constancy cues [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 5 PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES ○ Perceptual illusions are created by the brain to INTENSITY Also known as pressure maintain a stable image. (Ex: Pareidolia: seeing amplitude familiar patterns where there is none) Change in intensity represents a change in volume Measured in decibels SUB B1 THEORIES ON AUDITION Place Theory. Pitch is determined by the placement of auditory receptor cells on the basilar membrane. Frequency Theory. Pitch perception is determined by the frequency of neural impulses up the auditory pathway SUB B2 AUDITORY PERCEPTION Processed in the auditory cortex at the temporal lobe of the brain Our brain organizes auditory messages to make information easy to process. ○ Influenced by environment and experience B AUDITION ○ Perceptual constancy Sound location. The ability of our brain to pinpoint location through the use of sound ○ Intensity differences affect sound localization. C TOUCH AND MOVEMENT STIMULUS Sound ORGAN Ear STIMULUS Temperature, pain, pressure FREQUENCY Change in frequency represents a change in pitch ORGAN Skin (processed by the Measured in Hertz somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe of the brain) [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 6 PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES SUB C1 TEMPERATURE ORGAN Tongue (taste buds contain the actual receptor cells) Sensed by: Cold and warm fibers. Perception of temperature is based on the actual temperature of a real-world object. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Temperature change determines perception. (Ex: The brain perceives the loss of heat as a cooler temperature) DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY The study of biological, physical, psychological SUB C2 PAIN and behavioral changes that occur as we age. ○ Issues tackled by developmental An adaptive reaction by the body generated during psychologists tissue damage Nature vs Nurture ○ Pain receptors can be activated internally or Critical and sensitive periods externally when it comes to a physical stimulus. Continuity vs discontinuity Gate-Control Theory. Theory that incorporates Stability vs change physical and psychological perceptions of pain Development ○ Neural impulses generated by pain receptors ○ Age-related physical, intellectual, social and can be blocked or gated. personal changes in an individual’s lifetime ○ Endorphins are the body’s natural painkillers. SUB 0 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT SUB C3 SENSES RELATED TO THE SENSE OF TOUCH Consists of the germinal, embryonic and fetal stage ○ Teratogens: Disease, alcohol, Nicotine etc. ○ Genetics influence the sex of the baby Kinesthetic Sense: Sense of Movement Females: XX ○ Kinesthesia: The ability to perceive and sense Males: XY the position and movement of one’s own body parts. Vestibular Sense: Sense of balance A INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD ○ The vestibular sacs and semicircular canals in the ear contribute to the body’s sense of balance After birth, the visual systems of a newborn are Chemical Senses: immature ○ Olfaction: Sense of Smell Certain reflexes are innate in response to specific stimuli STIMULUS Chemical odors ○ Rooting reflex ○ Sucking reflex ORGAN Nose ○ Step reflex ○ Startle reflex ○ Airborne molecules enter the nose and interact with receptor cells located in the upper nasal SUB A1 MATURATION cavity. ○ Receptor cells contain tiny hairs called cillia that generate the neural impulse Genetically programmed process that governs the ○ Receptor cells for both chemical senses are body’s growth called “Chemoreceptors” Motor skills develop rapidly during infancy and ○ Gustation: Sense of Taste childhood The perception of flavor is influenced by Physical and motor development can be taste, smell and the visual appearance of cephalocaudal or proximodal the food, and in some cases, the Maturation of the brain starts from the deep brain expectations on meal quality. (basic survival functions) and ends with the frontal cortex (high-level cognitive functions) 4 BASIC TASTES Sweet, sour, salty, bitter [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 7 PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES ○ Imprinting SUB A2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES SUB C1 ATTACHMENT PROCESS Diet 1. Indiscriminate attachment behavior Environmental interaction 2. Discriminate attachment behavior Experience 3. Specific attachment behavior 4. Stranger anxiety 5. Separation anxiety SUB A3 3 POINTS ACROSS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Biology sets limits on environmental influence. Environmental influences can be powerful. Biological and environmental factors interact. B PIAGET'S STAGE OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT SCHEMATA. An organized pattern of thought and action (a mental flowchart for every decision in one's life). ASSIMILATION. The incorporation of new experiences into existing schemas ACCOMMODATION. The process of changing schemas based on experiences. D MORAL DEVELOPMENT Situation: Heinz’s wife is dying from cancer. There was a rare drug that might save her, but the druggist made the drug for $200 will not sell it for less than $2,000. Heinz tried hard but he can only raise $1,000. The druggist refused to give Heinz the drug for that price even if Heinz promised to pay the rest later, so Heinz broke into the store to steal the drug. C SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Expressed through facial expressions, vocalization, and other behaviors EMOTIONAL REGULATION. The evaluation and modification of our emotional reactions TEMPERAMENT. Biologically-based general style of reacting emotionally and behaviorally toward the environment. ATTACHMENT. Strong emotional bonds that develop between children and their primary caregivers [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 8 PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES Declines are partly due to poorer perceptual speed, memory, vision, and hearing "Use it or lose it" Dementia SUB D4 | SOCIO-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Influenced by a social clock E ADOLESCENE E ERIK ERIKSON Developmental and transitional period between childhood and adulthood ○ Puberty – period of rapid maturation in which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction Brain growth slows from late childhood to adolescence Cognitive: Abstract thinking improves and is practiced Social: adolescent egocentrism ○ Personal fable ○ Imaginary audience F ROBERT HAVIGHURST Studied Developmental Tasks Identified 6 major stages in human life SUB F2 SIX MAJOR STAGES IN HUMAN LIFE 1. Infancy and Early Childhood (Birth to 6 years old) 2. Middle Childhood (6-13) 3. Adolescence (13-18) D ADULTHOOD 4. Early Adulthood (19-30 5. Middle Age (30-60) SUB D1 | PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 6. Later Maturity (60 and above) Mid-20s. Vision, hearing, reaction time, SUB F2 THREE SOURCES FOR DEV. TASKS coordination peak 25-30s years old. Muscles reach peak strength 40s. Muscles become weaker and less flexible; Tasks that arise from physical maturation basal metabolism slows. Tasks that arise from personal values 50s. Decline of visual acuity, menopause for Tasks that are sourced from the pressures of society women. 70s. Bones become brittle, hardened ligaments make movements stiffer and slower. SUB D2 | COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Memory performance worsens at late 30s Steady decline of memory performance after the age 50 SUB D3 | INTELLECTUAL CHANGES [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 9 PSY1101-LEC-SEC2-MN | PROFESSOR JAMES FLORES SUB F3 | DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS (0-6) Learning to crawl, walk, talk, eat solid food Formation of solid concepts, learning sexual differences and modesty Learning proper language to describe reality SUB F4 | DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS (6-18) Getting along with other people (friends) Learning how to play games/sports Masculine/feminine social roles Development of conscience, morality, and personal values Personal independence SUB F5 | DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS (18-30) Selecting an occupation Mature relations with others both socially and sexually Emotional independence [email protected] FOR CONCERNS 10