Psy TEST 3 study guide COMPLETE.docx

**Physiology Test 3 Notes** **What Materials does the cardiovascular system carry?** The cardiovascular system carries gases, nutrients, and waste. It also uses this system as a means of defending against pathogens, temperature instability, and homeostasis.\*\*\*\* **What are the basic components...

**Physiology Test 3 Notes** **What Materials does the cardiovascular system carry?** The cardiovascular system carries gases, nutrients, and waste. It also uses this system as a means of defending against pathogens, temperature instability, and homeostasis.\*\*\*\* **What are the basic components that make up the cardiovascular system?** Heart Blood Vessels Blood **What component of the cardiovascular system divides the left and right halves of the heart?** Septum **What components comprise the entirety of the blood vessel system?** 1.Veins 2.Arteries 3.Capillaries **What side of the thoracic cavity is the heart on? Which Organ is it sandwiched between?** \*Ventral Side \*Lungs **Name of the membrane ours filled sac that the heart is encased in** Pericardium **Anatomically speaking, is the pericardium ABOVE or BELOW the Diaphragm?** Above **What occupies the bulk of the heart?** Ventricles **Where do the arteries and veins attach to the heart?** At the base **The heart is composed mostly of what?** Myocardium **How many sets of valves ensure ONE WAY flow** 2 SETS **Where are the atrioventricular valves located (3 points of reference)** Between the atria and ventricles Tricuspid valve on the right side. Bicuspid valve/ mitral valve, on the side. **[VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION]** 1\. During ventricular contraction, what do the AV valves do? 2\. They remain CLOSED to prevent blood flow back into the atria. 3\. Muscles that are TENSE in ventricular contraction \*Papillary Muscles \*Chordae Tendineae **Muscles that are OPEN in ventricular contraction** \*Aortic Semilunar **Muscles that are CONTRACTED in ventricular contraction** LEFT VENTRICLE **During ventricular relaxation, what do the semilunar valves do?** Prevent the blood that has entered the arteries from flowing back into the ventricles during relaxation. **Muscles that are OPEN in ventricular relaxation** 1.Mitral Valve 2\. Muscles that are RELAXED in ventricular relaxation 3.. Papillary Muscles 4\. Chordae Tendineae **Muscles that are DILATED in ventricular relaxation** 1.LEFT VENTRICLE **What types of cells are considered CARDIAC MUSCLE?** 1. 2. **What are contractile cells?** 1\. These are STRIATED fibers that collect into Sarcomeres. **What are autorhythmic cells?** 1\. There are signals intended for contraction. They are SMALLER and fewer in numbers than contractile cells. **Do Cardiac cells/ Muscles have organized sarcomeres?** 1\. NO **What are some defining characteristics about Myocardial Muscle?** - - - **What are Intercalated Disks?** 1\. These are the spatial junctions where the Myocardial disks link up. They kind of connect like a zipper **What do Intercalated disks contain?** 1\. \*Desmocromes 2\. \*Gap Junctions **What is the importance of desmocromes?** 1\. They have the function of transferring force from cell to cell. **The quickness of muscle twitches between Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle (Fastest to Slowest)** 1. 2. 3. **Action Potential Starts with the "pacemaker" cells T/F** TRUE **T/F Stimulation by parasympathetic nerves decreases heart rate** TRUE **T/F Parasympathetic nerves increase heart rate by increasing K+ efflux and decreasing Ca2+ influx** FALSE! PARAsympathetic nerves DECREASE heart rate **T/F Sympathetic Neurons increase heart rate by increasing Na+ AND Ca2+ Influx?** TRUE **Where is the cardiovascular control center located?** Medulla oblongata **How does the parasympathetic system slow down the heart rate?** It does this by hyperpolarize the membrane potential of the autorhythmic cell and SLOWS depolarization **How does the sympathetic system ACCELERATE heart rate?** It does this by depolarizing the autorhythmic cell and SPEEDS UP the pacemaker potential **T/F Pacemaker potential is STABLE** False **\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* START OF PART B\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*\*** **What is the function of the Atria?** It receives blood RETURNING to the heart **What is the function of the ventricles?** It pumps blood OUT **What is the function of the septum?** It acts as a barrier to separate the LEFT and RIGHT halves of the heart **T/F TWO sets of valves ensure ONE-WAY flow** TRUE **Where are the atrioventricular valves located?** Between the atria and the ventricles **Which side of the heart is the tricuspid valve located on?** The RIGHT side **Which side of the heart is the Bicuspid/mitral valve located on?** The LEFT side **Where are the semilunar valves located?** They Are located between the ventricles and the arteries **What two valves are considered the SEMILUNAR valves?** 1.Aortic Valve 2.Pulmonary Valve **What are Purkinje Fibers?** They transmit ELECTRICAL signals down the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) to the LEFT and RIGHT bundle branches **How does the heart conduct itself 5 STEPS?** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **What waves encompass an electrocardiogram?** P\