Proteins Part 2: Lecture Notes (BIQC-101)
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Dr. Saleh Mahdi Salman
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Summary
These lecture notes cover the fundamental principles and perspectives in biochemistry, focusing on protein classification. The document details various methods for classifying proteins, including examples based on chemical composition, shape, biological function, and solubility in water.
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ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ www.onlinedoctranslator.com - 26/3/2023 ﻣﻴﺤﺮﻻﻧﻤﺤﺮﻻ ﷲ ﻣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ...
ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ www.onlinedoctranslator.com - 26/3/2023 ﻣﻴﺤﺮﻻﻧﻤﺤﺮﻻ ﷲ ﻣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰء2 2ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲﻣﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ )(BIQC-101 ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃ.ﺩ /ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻬﺪﻱ ﺳﻠﻤﺎﻥ 1 ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ .1ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎً ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﺎء. .2ﺻﻒ ،ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ .3ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ 2 1 26/3/2023 ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻝ ﻃﺮُﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻢﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ.ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ،ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰﺃﺳﺎﺱ .1ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ .2ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ .3ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ .4ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ. ﺷﻜﻞ 3 ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء -ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ )ﻛﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ،ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ، ﺇﻳﻼﺳﺘﻴﻦ( ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎءGlobu -ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻻﺭ ) ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء( ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺰﻻﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ)ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻓﻖ( )ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ( ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ، ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻳﻼﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﻴﻜﻮﻓﺮﻳﻦ ،ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻭﻧﻜﺘﻴﻦ ، ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ،ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔﻛﺎﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺐ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﻛﺮﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰﺍﺕﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ )ﻫـﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ( )ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻴﺮﻳﻦ ،ﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ،ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ( )ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ،ﻛﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ،ﺇﻳﻼﺳﺘﻴﻦ( )ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺩﻋﻢﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻓﻴﺮﻳﺘﻴﻦ( )ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ( ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭ )Nﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ( ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻞ )ﺃﻧﺎﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ،ﺟﻠﻮﻛﺎﺟﻮﻥ ،ﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﻂ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ( ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ )Iﻧﺘﺮﻓﻴﺮﻭﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺒﺮﻳﻨﻮﺟﻴﻦ 4 2 26/3/2023 ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺉﻢﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ ﻋﻠﻰﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺉﺘﻴﻦ:ﺑﺴﻴﻂﻭﻣﻌﻘﺪ.1.ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﻌُﺮﻑﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔﻓﻘﻂ.ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺯﻻﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ. .2ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ )ﻣﺘﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ( ﺗﺴﻤﻰﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎً ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰﺟﺰء ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻲ.ﻫﻢ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻓﺉﺎﺕ- : 5 (1ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺎً ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ.ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ 20-15ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞﺍﻷﺭﺍﺑﻴﻨﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻛﻮﺯ )-6ﺩﻳﻮﻛﺴﻲ ﺟﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ( ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻻﻛﺘﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﺯﻭ GlcNAc) N-acetylglucosamineﺃﻭ (NAGﻭﺣﻤﺾ Neu5Ac) N-acetylneuraminicﺃﻭ .(NANA ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ: .ﻭﻫﻮﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء ، 1. Glycophorin .2ﺍﻟﻔﺒﺮﻭﻧﻜﺘﻴﻦ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ. .3ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ،ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﻮﻣﻴﻦ. .4ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ. 6 3 26/3/2023 (2ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻃﺮﻑﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﻧﻬﺎﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ. ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ: ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﻴﻢﺭﺑﻂ، ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ ،ﺃﻱّ ﻣﻦﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﻓﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺫﺭﺓﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ. (3ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﻬﺎﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭﻳﻚ ﺑﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺮﻳﻮﻧﻴﻦ.ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ،ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ. 7 ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺉﺘﻴﻦ :ﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻛﺮﻭﻱ. .1ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ -ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ. -ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ،ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻫﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء. -ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻫﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺗﻌﺒﺉﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ. -ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻴﻮﻃﺎً ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﺎﺉﺢ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﺮﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ. -ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ).ﻛﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺇﻳﻼﺳﺘﻴﻦ( 8 4 26/3/2023 ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ -ﻻﻳﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﻮﻳﺎ ً) 29ﻧﻮﻋﺎً ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ( ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﻴﺞﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ ، -ﺗﻮﺟﺪﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻈﺎﻡ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍً ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﻗﺮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ. -ﻓﻲﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺟﺔﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ.ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻴﺔ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ،ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻓﺎً ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻜﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ،ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ. -ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ:ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻏﺬﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻘﺼﻬﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ،ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻓﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ(. 9 -ﺗﺸﻜﻞﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ. -ﻛﻞﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻥ ﺃﻋﺴﺮ. -ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻼﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻷﻻﻧﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﻦ. -ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﻦ. -ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻲ. -ﻳﺴﺒﺐﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻲ ﺍﻹﺳﻘﺮﺑﻮﻁ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻳﺸﻮﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ.ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻜﺲﺩﺍء ﺍﻻﺳﻘﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻏﺬﺍﺉﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻲ. 10 5 26/3/2023 ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ﺇﻧﻬﺎﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻸﻇﺎﻓﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮ ﻭﺟﺰء ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ - ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ. ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ - ﺛﺎﻧﻲﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ،ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻓﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﻨﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ. ﻭﻫﺬﺍﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ - ﻋﺪﺩﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ،ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪﺩ ، ﻋﻠﻰﻋﻜﺲ ﻛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻇﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ. ﺍﻹﻳﻼﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺉﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ-ﻛﻴﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ. 11 .2ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺔ. - ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﻐﻮﻃﺔ ﻭﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ،ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ - ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ. ﻓﻲﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺩ ،ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ - ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ. ﺑﺸﻜﻞﻋﺎﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً - ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻣﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ )ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء( ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺉﺔ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء. 12 6 26/3/2023 -ﻫﻢﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ: .1ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ. .2ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ. .3ﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ. .4ﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺪﻡ. .5ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ. .6ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ. -ﻣﻦﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﻛﺮﻭﻡ. -ﻋﻠﻰﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻣﻌﺎء ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻳﺔﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ. 13 ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺇﻥﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻲﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﺽﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻴﻮﻝ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺜﺮﺍﺕ ، ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﺎﻣﻴﺪﺍﺕﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ،ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ. .1ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻴﻊﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺁﻻﻑ ،ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ) ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءﺑﻌﺾ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺯﻳﻤﺎﺕ ، ﺃﻱﺇﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻲ(. 14 7 26/3/2023 .2ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ -ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺉﻞ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ. -ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ: .1ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ. .2ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﺮﻳﻦ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ. .3ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ) ، (FABPﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻸﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ. 15 -4ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ،ﻭﻣﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﻞﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎءﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ؛ .5ﺍﻷﻟﺒﻮﻣﻴﻦ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺓ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﻠﻴﺮﻭﺑﻴﻦ ،ﻭﻫﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞﺍﻷﺳﺒﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺴﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ. ﺗﻠﻌﺐﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﻭﻗﺎﺉﻴﺎً ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺉﻦﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺮ. 16 8 26/3/2023 ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ -ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻏﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ. -ﻭﻫﻲﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﻯ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻭﺟﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺢ. ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﻛﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰء ﻏﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ aﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ - ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﻪ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺍﻟﻬﻴﻢ. ﻛﻞﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ+2ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ،2Oﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺠﺰﻱء - ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ .2O ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ2Oﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ+2ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ،ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ - ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ،ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻮﺻﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ.ﻳﻌُﺮﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ. ﺑﻌﺪﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ،ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﺟﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺮﺓ - ﺃﺧﺮﻯﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺞ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎً. 17 9 26/3/2023 .3ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔﻫﻲ: ﻓﻴﺮﻳﺘﻴﻦ ،ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﺰﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ. ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻴﺘﻴﻦﺻﻔﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ. ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﻻﻣﻴﻦﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﺗﻴﻠﻴﻦ ،ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻮﺏ. .4ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ.ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ α-keratinsﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻼﺳﺘﻴﻦ.ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ،ﺳﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ. 19 .4ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻚ. .5ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ.ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ) ، (NGFﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﺭﺍﺉﺪﺍً ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ. .6ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ - ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ. -ﺇﻧﻬﺎﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ.ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﻭﻫﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ).(TSH 20 10 26/3/2023 .7ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ. -ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ. -ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻓﻴﺮﻭﻥﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺒﺮﻳﻨﻮﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺠﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ. -ﻳﻌُﺮﻑﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ. -ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ. ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ "."Yﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ - ﺫﺭﺍﻉﻣﻦ ﺫﺭﺍﻋﻲ .Y 21 ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺠﺰء ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ Yﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪ ﻣﻌﻴﻦﻭﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪﺍً ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍً ﻓﻘﻂ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ. 22 11 26/3/2023 .8ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ. ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺨﺰﻥﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻭﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ، ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲﻓﻲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ،ﻗﺪ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔﻟﻠﺒﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ.ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ٪30ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﻠﺺ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ، ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ،ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ. ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ. 23 24 12