POLGOV Q1 PDF - Politics and Political Science

Lesson 1 – Politics and Political Science ★ Politics - Defines the process that determines the distribution of power and resources. ★ Political Science - Branch of social sciences that deals with the study of politics. ★ Political Scientists - They analyze the relationship underlying p...

Lesson 1 – Politics and Political Science ★ Politics - Defines the process that determines the distribution of power and resources. ★ Political Science - Branch of social sciences that deals with the study of politics. ★ Political Scientists - They analyze the relationship underlying political events and conditions. Fields of Study and Brances of Political Science ★ Political theory - Concerned with studying the ideas and contributions of thinkers such as the classic works of Chanakya, Aristotle, and Plato. ★ Comparative politics - Compares and analyzes various types of constitutions, political factors, legislatures, and associated fields among countries. ★ Public Administration - Study of implementation of government policy and public service. ★ Internation relations - Deals with the political-economic interaction between nation-states as well as intergovernmental and transitional organizations. ★ Public law - A field of law that studies the relationship between government and citizens. ★ Political methodology - The branch of political science that uses quantitative methods. Key concepts in Political Science ★ State - An organized political community living under a government ★ Population - Refers to people that compose the state. ★ Territory - Refers to the definite place where the people that compose the state are located. ★ Government - Administers or controls the state. ★ Sovereignty - The ability of a state to govern itself without outside influence or interference. ★ Legitimacy - The right of the government to exercise power and authority. ★ Governance - Refers to all actions and activities related to governing and territory and the population of the state. ★ Ideology - A set of ideas and beliefs that define the views and actions of individuals, groups, and institutions. ★ Political ideology - Refers to the principles and theories that the government follows or carries out. Lesson 2 – Government and Governance ★ Monarchy - Refers to a government that is ruled by a SINGLE person Constitutional Monarchy Absolute Monarchy Limited by a constitution The monarch has absolute power and sole authority ★ Oligarchy/Aristocracy - Refers to the rule of a small group of people. 🍀 ninanins  ★ Democracy - Defined as the rule of the people Representative/ Direct Democracy Republican Presidential system Democracy Rule of the people in Elect representatives Recognizes the particular. Those who who will defend their president as the directly participate in interests in the highest official and the government activities. government head of the executive branch. ★ Congressional System - Legislatures that either may be Unicameral (Composed of 1 house, such as an assembly) or (Composed of 2 houses, such as the House of Representatives and Senate). ★ Parliamentary - Characterized by a close relationship between the executive and the legislative branches, headed by a prime minister. ★ Presidential-Parliamentary system - Combination of the two systems. The president is elected by the citizens then the president appoints the prime minister. Lesson 3 – Power and Accountability Power is an important concept in understanding politics and governance. The government is understood to have authority and power over the people, and its various actions bear great influence on people’s lives in general. Nature and Dimension of Power ★ Power - the ability of a person to carry out his or her will. ★ In Politics, power refers to the ability to exercise control or impose restrictions on individuals, as well as compel other people to do certain tasks. ★ Power is closely tied to the concept of authority, which is the right to exercise power in society. Social Psychologists John French and Bertram Raven said power could be classified according to its bases. These are the following: ★ Coercive Power - is based on a person’s ability to compel other people through threats, punishment, and force. ★ Reward Power - the ability to give rewards and benefits. ★ Expert Power - relies on the knowledge and skills of the individual. ★ Legitimate Power - based on a person’s position, role, and duties in a group. ★ Referent Power - based on an individual’s personality and ability to attract followers. Max Weber, a German sociologist and philosopher, proposed a classification of power based on different types of authority. ★ Charismatic authority - based on the personal qualities of an individual who wields power. The person’s authority is recognized based on his or her traits and how he or she is perceived by other people in society. ★ Traditional Authority - rooted in traditional values and existing social ties and institutions. 🍀 ninanins  ★ Legal-Rational Authority – based on the system of laws and regulations of an established bureaucracy. A person can exercise power because he or she has been empowered by law. ★ Influence – refers to the ability to entice or convince through persuasion and other non-coercive means. Power, Legitimacy, and the Government In politics, the concept of power is closely related to the state, government, governance, and citizenship. Legitimacy is generally based on existing laws, customs, and traditions that are prevalent in a certain society. Power and Governance The government being the instrument by which the people enact its will, is empowered to enact programs, initiate activities, and take action whenever the need arises. In this sense, sovereignty is expressed by the government as a form of “national power” that is composed of various resources and instrumentalities such as economy, population, and the military. The inherent power of the Government ★ Police Power - refers to the ability of the state to use the police force to ensure law and order in society. ★ Eminent Domain - the power of the government to acquire private property for public use. ★ Power of Taxation - allows the government to impose and collect taxes from its citizens. The Philippine government, for instance, endeavors to emphasize pride in the Filipino identity and therefore identifies certain cultural traits that they consider important such as love for family and respect for elders. It also identifies certain objects, values, and traditions as significant aspects of Filipino identity. In regional and international politics, states also exercise certain forms of power as they interact with each other ★ Military Power – refers to the capability of a state to wage war against another state, and is evident in resources such as military troops and weapons. ★ Economic Power – refers to the use of economic resources and finances, and the ability of states to influence other nations by denying or giving them access to certain resources. ★ Soft Power - refers to the ability of a state to use its image or reputation to influence other countries. Power and Citizenship ★ Power and citizenship are two closely intertwined concepts within the context of a democratic society. ★ As sovereignty resides in the people that compose the state, the government provides the people with the means to exercise power. ★ The recognition of the sovereign citizens is evident in the rights and privileges guaranteed by the state. 🍀 ninanins  ★ The Bill of Rights (Article III of the 1987 Constitution) enumerates the various political, social, and economic rights that citizens enjoy. The state has instituted formal means by which citizens can directly participate in the government. ★ Suffrage – the power of the citizens that enables them to vote in public elections and also run for public office. ★ Referendum – similar to an election but instead of electing officials, citizens vote for or against the proposal of law ★ Plebiscite – refers to the process by which citizens approve of proposed changes to a constitution. ★ Initiative- a process by which citizens directly propose laws or amendments to the constitution. Power and its Effects Power, when wielded by entities such as the state, often yields significant effects on society. The exercise of political power is primarily intended to ensure social control. This generally results in government influencing the development of individuals in society as well as group behavior or identity. Responsibility and Accountability ★ Obligation – refers to an action that an individual is required to perform. ★ Accountability – refers to the acknowledgment of responsibility for an action and its consequences. ★ Public officials, in particular, are expected to uphold various responsibilities in exercising their authority. ★ Legal responsibilities – refer to a set of obligations outlined by law and moral responsibilities ★ Moral responsibilities – refer to doing actions that are considered to be morally and socially acceptable and deserving of praise. There are various ways that power can be abused by public officials ★ Abuse of Authority – refers to the use of authorized power for illegal acts or stepping beyond the bounds of authorized action. ★ Abuse of discretion- is the willful disregard for the rules or proper procedure. ★ Abuse of Power – pertains to misconduct in office, where an official performs unlawful actions while in office. The most evident example of abuse of power in government is corruption which is the use of authority or influence for private interest. ★ Corruption- the use of authority or influence for private interest. ★ Graft – is a form of political corruption where an official uses public funds for his or her gain. Various means to ensure that public official is accountable for their actions. ★ Office of Ombudsman (Tanodbayan)- empowered to investigate cases of alleged abuse, suspend officials under investigation, and recommend cases for prosecution. ★ Sandiganbayan- is empowered to hear and decide on cases involving graft corruption and abuse of power by public officials. 🍀 ninanins Agencies address abuse of power ★ Presidential Commission on Good Governance (PCGG)- tasked with investigating cases of graft and corruption and formulating safeguards to ensure that corrupt practices in government are prevented. ★ Commission on Human Rights- empowered to investigate cases of violations of civil and political rights and to look into cases of police and military abuse, extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and abuse of prisoners in jails. ★ Commission on Audit- task with reviewing expenditures of government offices and agencies to ensure that public property funds are used properly. ★ Statement of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALN)- refers to transparency and easy access to information. Lesson 4 – State, Nation, and Globalization Globalization is an important development that continually shapes and defines various aspects of the modern world. The state and nation are two significant concepts that go hand-in-hand in understanding politics and governance within the context of globalization. ★ State – Refers to the political structure of an organized society that lives under a government. ★ The state is considered the highest form of human association. The state is related to but is synonymous with government and country, which refer to elements that compose the state. The state is often combined with the concept of the nation, which gives rise to the concept of a nation-state. The state is primarily an organization with a legal purpose which is to impose law and order to ensure the welfare of the people. State is considered as a product of the interaction of its various elements, and cannot be reduced to a single institution such as the government. Elements of the State ★ Population - refers to the people that compose a state. ★ Territory - refers to a place where the people that compose the state are located. Commonly referred to as a country. ★ Government - an institution empowered by the people to control and administer the state. It is through the government that the will of the state is expressed and realized. Government Positive Negative One Monarchy Tyranny Few Aristocracy Oligarchy Many Polity Democracy ★ Sovereignty - the ability of the state to conduct its affairs and enact its authority without interference from outside forces. 🍀 ninanins  Two Aspects of Sovereignty Symbolic features Internal The ability of the state to govern Governance Sovereignty and control its people and territory. Monetary system Territory Population External Freedom from outside influences or Actorness Sovereignty foreign intervention. Security structures Types of States ★ Effective state The state controls and taxes the entire territory Laws are most obeyed The states provide general welfare and security There exists minor corruption ★ Weak Crime has penetrated politics The government is weak in fighting lawlessness, corruption, and poverty Justice is bought and elections are often rigged Governmental revenues go to private pockets ★ Failed No national government exists The state is led by warlords, private armies and militias “Gun” is the law Education and health standards decline Sovereignty and the State The sovereignty of the state is closely tied to legitimacy. The state gains legitimacy when it is recognized and respected by the people. The legitimacy of the state is most evident in the action of the government and the citizen's reaction to it. Another form of legitimacy is recognition by other states or communities of nations. In international relations, countries recognize each other as possessing the essential elements of the state and being able to exercise sovereignty. A sovereign state, therefore, is free to pursue its interests and uphold its objectives and goals independently and without undue influence from other states. It is also free to decide its affairs and cannot be forced by other states to adopt policies detrimental to its welfare. A sovereign state is considered a unified, coherent, and organized entity that can effectively exercise the powers of the state. Classification of State according to Legitimacy ★ De Jure state - has legitimacy and is understood to exercise sovereignty. ★ De Facto state - has no legitimacy but has sovereignty. 🍀 ninanins Understanding Nationhood ★ Nation - a large group of people who share common characteristics such as language, traditions, and ethnicity. The people that comprise a nation also share a common culture and history. The Emergence of Nationhood The emergence of nationhood is closely tied to the concept of identity and ethnicity. People primarily identify their belongingness to a local community based on ethnicity. This ethnic identity is determined by similarities in physical traits, language, traditions, and beliefs, among others. Benedict Anderson ★ “an imagined political community…(that is) both inherently limited and sovereign” ★ The nation is an imagined concept because it primarily exists in the mind. ★ The sense of nationhood is considered an idea or feeling among like-minded individuals who share the same background and identity. ★ The nation is considered to be limited in the sense that is defined by certain limits such as boundary and time. The concepts of the nation-state are often discussed and analyzed together, which has given rise to the idea of the nation-state. A state may emerge from a nation, as many of the unifying elements of the state are defined by the country. This is the case of many European nations whose emergence as states during the 18th century onwards was defined by cultural integration and the formation of distinct national identities. Many states throughout the world have a single national identity, and that identity is reinforced and further developed by the state through nation-building. Ex. Of national building, Pres. Manuel L. Quezon's decision to create a national language for the Philippines in 1937. By executive order, President Quezon identified Tagalog as the basis of a national language that will be developed and used by all citizens of the Philippines. This national language was later on called Filipino. Nationhood and Politics Nationhood is an integral part of politics as citizens work together and are united by the common cause arising from their shared identity. Nationhood is a source of political integrity that unites the people behind the state. Political leaders often appeal to a sense of nationhood to inspire citizen support for government initiatives. This is often seen during wars when the state calls on its people to defend the motherland against enemies. Globalization and the Nation-State Globalization refers to the gradual process of political, economic, and cultural integration brought about by the increased exchange of products, ideas, and technology throughout the world. Modern globalization has various dimensions that include political cooperation and dialogue (political globalization), economic integration ( economic globalization), and cultural exchange (cultural globalization). The United Nations (UN) was established in 1948 to promote global peace, cooperation, and dialogue among nations. The Philippines is a founding member of the UN. Globalization offers growth opportunities but also presents challenges. Nation-states must balance 🍀 ninanins national interests with global interests and collaborate with other nations to address global concerns in political, economic, and military aspects. Characteristics of Globalization ★ Declining relevance of geographical distance ★ Lessening the significance of territorial boundaries ★ Deepening and broadening of political processes such as local and national ★ Global events constantly interact Globalized Politics: Opportunities and Challenges Globalization involves nation-states determining national interests that global concerns may influence. This can lead to policies that conform to regional and international concerns, sometimes sacrificing national interests to achieve larger global objectives. International agreements also impose actions on states, and governments are obligated to initiate programs to achieve these objectives. Despite its positive effects, globalization has several challenges, including a detriment to the welfare of some states, economic globalization making developing nations helpless in the global free market, and the supranational nature of globalization limiting national sovereignty. The refusal of powerful states to abide by international laws and standards also limits global cooperation effectiveness. States should carefully weigh the consequences of participating in global politics against their state interests, protecting their citizens' interests when venturing into international relations. Governments should determine the advantages and minimize any disadvantages before entering into agreements with other states. Economic and political relations should be established with the assumption that all participating states are on equal footing as sovereign states. Globalization is an inescapable reality, and states should exercise good judgment to reap its rewards and minimize its negative effects. Lesson 5 – Political Ideology ★ Ideology refers to a set of beliefs and ideas that shape an individual’s or a group’s views, actions, and interactions with the world ★ Political ideology: a set of beliefs and ideas that define political activities, policies, and events. A political ideology is comprised of related and supporting ideas that advance a certain idea of what society and government are or what they should be. For example, liberalism emphasizes individual freedom while fascism gives primary importance to the state over the individual. Political ideology is also the basis for the development of a political culture, which is a set of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that define political processes and governance. Four Key Functions of Ideology ★ It explains how society and politics are organized and how various aspects of politics work. ★ It evaluates whether a certain political action or program is good or bad. ★ It orients those who subscribe to it to have a sense of identity and direction. 🍀 ninanins  ★ It provides a program or plan of action that will bring about political change. The Political Spectrum: A graphic representation of political ideologies along a line from left to right. The left side of the line includes those who adhere to liberal and socialist ideologies, while the right side of the line presents those who conform to conservative and fascist ideologies. The center of the line represents a moderate or “centrist” ideology that balances the ideas from the left and right sides of the political spectrum. The concept of the political spectrum is where we get the popular terms “left/wing-leaning”, “right-leaning, and “centrist” when discussing political views. The Nolan Chart and the Political Compass are diagrams that plot political ideologies along two axes based on the political spectrum (left-right) and social freedom (authoritarian-libertarian). These diagrams take into consideration the possibility that political ideas from one side of the spectrum may overlap or relate with those from the opposite side and that citizens and groups may espouse ideas that are influenced, in various degrees, by both sides of the political spectrum. Major Political Ideologies and Related Ideas Political Ideologies Definition Liberalism Ideology considers economic and social inequality as undesirable and seeks to establish a society that provides opportunities for growth to all individuals. Public policy, therefore, must be oriented toward eliminating discrimination and barriers to growth and development. All citizens must have access to essential services such as health care, education, and social security. Social Democracy This ideology seeks to implement socialist reforms in society within the framework of a democratic government and capitalist economy. Social democrats advocate government regulation of the economy, income distribution, and the promotion of social welfare. Social democracy envisions the establishment of a socialist state through legal, non-violent means. Socialism Envisions the establishment of a state characterized by public ownership of resources and the means of production. Production is done not for profit, but to meet basic human needs. There is democratic control over the use of resources and the production of goods and services is done cooperatively. Communism A socialist ideology that believes that inequality is a result of capitalism and the existence of a class system. Society therefore must be transformed to eliminate class divisions to achieve equality. 🍀 ninanins Marxism A communist ideology that believes capitalist societies are characterized by conflict or struggle between the working class and the capitalists. Marxists believe that the working class or the proletariat will lead a revolution that will establish a communist society. Anarchism This is the most extreme of the ideologies on the left as it advocates the total dismantling and elimination of the state. For anarchists, the state is undesirable as its various aspects such as control, political authority, and hierarchy represent everything detrimental to freedom and individualism. Instead of the state, anarchists advocate the establishment of self-governed communities where individuals manage their affairs through cooperative effort and mutual respect. Neoliberalism This ideology is based on laissez-fair economics which upholds free markets and trade liberalization. Neoliberals believe that economic growth is key to human progress and that the government must not intervene in the activities of markets and capitalists. This ideology gained popularity during the 1980s and was implemented by the governments of the UK and the US. In particular “Trickle down” economics – a policy that would result in economic benefits for the rest of the population of the US. Conservatism This ideology upholds a strong, stable government and the firm implementation of laws. Conservatives value continuity of tradition and are more nationalistic, religious, and moralistic in their political view. This view also upholds the existence of a free market with limited intervention from the government. Conservatives also prefer a strong military and advocate a strong presence in international affairs. Reactionism This ideology is a variation of conservatism. While conservatism seeks to maintain the status quo, reactionism advocates a return to the “old ways”. Reactionaries consider the present state of society as flawed and look to the past which they consider as a more orderly and better time. Society, therefore, should change in a way that traditional practices and previous state policies are revived. 🍀 ninanins  Fascism This is a radical right-wing ideology that is based on fierce nationalism and authoritarianism. Fascism advocates a very strong central government, with many of the aspects of democratic government subject to restrictions or even eliminated. For fascists, society is in danger from various threats such as invasion, war, or rebellion, and a very strong government with unlimited powers is needed to address these threats. The fascist government is centered on a dictatorship, and political opposition and dissent are suppressed. Lesson 6 – Development of Philippine Democracy Early Political Systems ★ Pre-colonial Philippines was marked by the Barangay system and Sultanates in Mindanao. ★ Influenced by trade and seafaring, these societies grew along rivers and seas. ★ Barangays were independent political units led by a Datu. In the Visayas, the datu represented a whole class. ★ Sultanates (Sulu and Maguindanao) were more centralized and resisted Spanish conquest due to strong unity. Spanish Colonialism ★ The Spanish period began with Miguel Lopez de Legaspi's conquest and the creation of colonial towns or pueblos. ★ The Governor-General was the most powerful official, representing the Spanish crown and holding both military and administrative powers. ★ Roman Catholic Church played a vital role in governance, with friars involved in many civil duties like censuses, health monitoring, and book censorship. Historical Revolts ★ Tondo Conspiracy (1587), Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829), and Silang Revolt (1762-1763) reflected resistance to Spanish abuses. Most early revolts were local and driven by specific grievances rather than a nationalistic sense. Rise of Filipino Nationalism ★ The execution of Gomburza in 1872 became a turning point for Filipino nationalism, inspiring leaders like Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Del Pilar. ★ The Propaganda Movement led by Ilustrados aimed for social reforms through peaceful means, emphasizing education and preparing for independence. The Katipunan and the Revolution ★ After the Propaganda Movement, the Katipunan (led by Andres Bonifacio) pushed for complete independence through armed struggle. 🍀 ninanins  ★ Bonifacio's idea of nationhood encompassed all Filipinos, uniting different ethnic groups under the term “katagalugan.” Revolutionary Government ★ The Tejeros Convention in 1897 marked the transition from the Katipunan to a revolutionary government with Emilio Aguinaldo as President. Despite factional struggles, Aguinaldo’s leadership continued the revolution, leading to the Proclamation of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898. American Colonial Period ★ Following the Spanish-American War, the U.S. established control over the Philippines despite earlier promises to Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo’s government continued its efforts to maintain Philippine independence through armed resistance, eventually leading to conflicts with American forces. 🍀 ninanins