Politics & Governance PDF Review Notes

POLITICS & GOVERNANCE 12-HUMSS SECOND QUARTER FINALS REVIEWER | MR. JEFFERSON DE JESUS COURSE OUTLINE TO NOTE ! Decen...

POLITICS & GOVERNANCE 12-HUMSS SECOND QUARTER FINALS REVIEWER | MR. JEFFERSON DE JESUS COURSE OUTLINE TO NOTE ! Decentralization and Local Governance The Legislative Department LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF 1991, R.A The Executive Department 7160 The Judicial Department This Code establishes the system and defines Elections in the Philippines powers of provincial, city, municipal and barangay governments in the Philippines. It provides for a more responsive local government A DECENTRALIZATION & LOCAL structure instituted through a system of GOVERNANCE decentralization whereby Local Government Units are delegated more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources. Government: organized body of people that makes, enforces, and interprets laws. TECHNICAL TERMS/KEY TERMS: → An entity that carries the weight/will of the people. ★ BARANGAY – serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies. It is the smallest unit of local gov’t yet they are the closest to TO NOTE ! the people. ARTICLE II. SECTION 4: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES HOW BARANGAYS GET CREATED The prime duty of the Government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may I. Ordinance from sangguniang panlungsod / call upon the people to defend the State and, in panlalawigan the fulfillment thereof, Page 2 all citizens may be II. Plebiscite: election wherein the people required, under conditions provided by law, to render personal, military or civil service. from the community are asked whether they’re in favor of creating a barangay or not. A1 DECENTRALIZATION BARANGAY 2,000 inhabitants BUT if where local sectors of the government are given GOVERNMENT they’re located in a city, they powers and adequate support by the national should have at least 5,000 government in managing their affairs. inhabitants Basic unit of local → the process of distributing power and government functions from national government to local government to manage their affairs. MUNICIPAL Collection of barangays GOVERNMENT (also called ‘bayan’), they have an average income of PURPOSES OF DECENTRALIZATION: 2,500,00.00 for at least 2 years. ★ Empower local government ★ Efficiency of local gov’t sources Population: at least 2,500 ★ It allows people to become more participative Territory unit: 50 square KM PROVINCIAL Group of municipalities and A2 LOCAL GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT cities. Income: annual of It encompasses provinces, cities, municipalities, 20,000,000.00 and barangays. Territory unit: 2,000 square Page 1 By: Rhein Sison & Arianna Santos & Francesca Flores  POLITICS & GOVERNANCE 12-HUMSS SECOND QUARTER FINALS REVIEWER | MR. JEFFERSON DE JESUS KM Wherein the department is separated into 2 sectors: Population: 250,000 at → Senate of the Philippines least → House of Representatives CITY GOVERNMENT Has a higher rate of economic growth, larger SENATE They are voted by all population, and territory. (upper chambers) citizens of the nation. Income: 20,000,000.00 for Composition: the senate at least 2 years shall be composed of 24 senators who shall be Territory: at least 100 elected at large by the square KM qualified voters of the country. Population: 150,000 inhabitants → only 12 are voted at a time so that the other 12 may be left to guide the COMPONENTS: newly elected senators. ★ COMPONENT CITY – those under a province’s jurisdiction, administratively managed by province QUALIFICATIONS: ★ Natural born Filipino citizen ★ INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITY – have ★ 35 yrs & above charters that explicitly prohibit their residents from ★ Lived sa Pinas for at least 2 yrs. voting for provincial officials. ★ Registered voter ★ Must be literate. ★ PROVINCIAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT – outside the lone autonomous region, they are the → Senators can serve for 2 consecutive terms, with highest-level local government., it’s governed by the 6 years per term. After serving for 2 terms, they are governor and a legislature known as ‘Sangguniang no longer allowed to run for the senate. Panlalawigan’ HOUSE OF Composition: the house ★ HIGHLY URBANIZED CITY – city w/ a minimum of REPRESENTATIVES should always be 250 200,000 inhabitants (lower chambers) (recently updated into 316) members, 20% of that population must come from party representatives. B PHILIPPINE GOV’T & ITS BRANCHES They are able to serve 3 consecutive terms that consist of 3 years per term. The Philippine government has three branches: ★ Executive dept. QUALIFICATIONS: ★ Legislative dept. ★ Natural born Filipino citizen ★ Judiciary dept. ★ 35 yrs & above ★ Lived sa Pinas for at least 2 yrs. ★ Registered voter TO NOTE ! ★ Must be literate. Primary duty of the government: ★ A Bona fide member of the party/org they To serve and protect the people seek to represent 90 days preceding the day of the election. B1 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT It is the lawmaking department of the government. 1987 Constitution: legislative power shall be vested in the Congress. Page 2 By: Rhein Sison & Arianna Santos & Francesca Flores  POLITICS & GOVERNANCE 12-HUMSS SECOND QUARTER FINALS REVIEWER | MR. JEFFERSON DE JESUS Third reading: POWERS OF THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH ★ The Senate & House have their own versions of the bill (like not same basta ★ Remove from office impeachable gov’t ganun) officials ★ Declare existence of a state of war → if these version are different, they will create a ★ Revoke president’s declaration of martial committee that’s tasked to combine the bill before law its sent to the president (BICAMERAL ★ Authorize president to exercise power in CONFERENCE COMMITTEE) times of war & national emergencies ★ Conduct hearings in aid of legislation III. PRESIDENTIAL ACTION ★ Approve the national budget ★ Appointment of gov’t officials Final reading and voting for the bill to turn into a (COMMISSION ON APPOINTMENT) law. → a vetoed bill (rejected) can still become a law if the majority deems it so. GROUNDS FOR IMPEACHMENT: ★ Betrayal of public trust TO NOTE ! ★ Bribery IF a transmitted bill was not signed/vetoed by the ★ Treason President 30 days after its submitted, it will turn ★ graft/corruption into a law. HOW DOES A BILL BECOME A LAW? B2 EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT I. PROPOSAL a bill is drafted by a legislator and filed in the Tasked with the execution of laws of the state. As chamber they are a member of well as the creation and implementation of policies and programs for the benefit of the people. The congress / senador, hihingi ng proposal from president or people 1987 Constitution: all executive power shall be vested to the president of the Philippines. Binubuo commission and bill title QUALIFICATIONS: ★ he/she must be a natural born Filipino II. THIRD READING ★ Registered voter ★ Literate ★ At least 40 yrs. old & above The house secretary reads the bill ★ Lived in the country for 10 or more years on the day of the election First reading: ★ Binabasa bill no., authors, bill title POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT ★ Passed onto the agency Second reading: ★ Control over all executive departments, ★ Period of sponsorships bureaus, offices ★ Providing support to the bill ★ Power to nominate, appoint, remove ★ Period of debates, they invite concerned officials groups and people (why/why not in favor) ★ Budgetary and fiscal power ★ Period of amendments ★ Military power ★ Charges that happen to the bill ★ Power to contract/guarantee foreign loans (add/deducting according to the house) on behalf of the country ★ Voting (if it’ll be passed sa third reading) ★ Pardoning power ★ Power of general supervision of local gov’t and autonomous regions Page 3 By: Rhein Sison & Arianna Santos & Francesca Flores  POLITICS & GOVERNANCE 12-HUMSS SECOND QUARTER FINALS REVIEWER | MR. JEFFERSON DE JESUS sec. 1 of the 1987 Constitution). Its duty is to settle actual controversies involving rights which are PARDON Pagpapatawad ng presidente sa isang legally demandable and enforceable (Art. VIII Sec. criminal. 1 (2)). Conditional: may limits Absolute: all your rights are The judiciary enjoys fiscal autonomy. Its given back to you appropriation may not be reduced by the Legislature below the appropriated amount the Grounds for pardon: good previous year (Art. VIII, Sec. 3). conduct COMMUTATION Lowering of a sentence It is made up of the Supreme Court and lower courts. – the Supreme Court is the highest court REPRIEVE Temporary suspension of and it leads the judicial branch sentence The Constitution expressly grants the Supreme AMNESTY Agreement with the Congress Court the power of Judicial Review as the power to declare a treaty, international or executive agreement, law, presidential decree, proclamation, TERM LIMITS order, instruction, ordinance or regulation unconstitutional. The president and VP can serve for 2 consecutive terms (6 years), after that the PRES is no longer QUALIFICATION TO BE PART OF THE eligible to run in the government SUPREME COURT: FUNCTIONS OF THE VP: ★ Natural born citizen of the Philippines ★ Must at least be 40 years of age ★ May be appointed as member of the ★ Must have been for fifteen (15) years or cabinet, requires no confirmation more a judge of a lower court or engaged ★ Vice president will replace the president in the practice of law in the Philippines ★ A person or proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence CABINET → they can serve until they’re 70 years old. Composed of departments that deal with various aspects of governance and address specific POWERS OF THE SUPREME COURT national issues. 01. THE POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW ★ Department of Tourism (DOT) a. The power to determine whether ★ Department of Public Works and Highways there has been a grave abuse of (DPWH) discretion, lack or excess or ★ Department of Science and Technology jurisdiction of any branch or (DOST) instrumentality of the government ★ Department of Transportation (DOTr) ★ Department of Information and 02. ADJUDICATORY POWERS Communication Technology (DICT) a. The power to settle actual ★ Department of Migrant Workers (DMW) controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable. B2 JUDICIARY DEPARTMENT 03. Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other functions as public interest may POWER TO INTERPRET LAWS. require. Judicial power rests with the Supreme Court and the lower courts, as established by law (Art. VIII, Page 4 By: Rhein Sison & Arianna Santos & Francesca Flores  POLITICS & GOVERNANCE 12-HUMSS SECOND QUARTER FINALS REVIEWER | MR. JEFFERSON DE JESUS 04. Order the change of venue or place of trial ARTICLE V OF THE 1987 PHILIPPINE to avoid a miscarriage of justice CONSTITUTION: 05. Appoints all officials and employees of the (THE RIGHT TO SUFFRAGE) judiciary in accordance with the civil SECTION I. suffrage may be exercised by all service law. citizens of the Philippines. No literacy, property or otherwise substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage. ARTICLE III (BILL OF RIGHTS) ↪ guarantees all Pinooys the right to vote SECTION 7. No person shall be deprived of life, SUFFRAGE: right to participate in elections liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws. DISQUALIFICATION OF VOTERS: RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED ★ Have been imprisoned for at least one year w/o pardon or amnesty. ★ The right to be presumed innocent until ★ Committed crimes against national security proven guilty (presumption of ★ Have been deemed mentally incapable to innocence) vote (evidence should be presented) ★ The right to be informed of the nature and QUALIFICATION OF VOTERS: cause of accusation he or she is facing ★ Citizen of the Philippines ★ The right to personally defend himself or ★ At least 18 yrs old on the day of election take part in all of the phases of the criminal ★ Resident of the Philippines for at least 1 yr. procedure. ★ Residing in the place where they propose to vote ★ The right to testify as a witness in his or ★ They should not be disqualified by the her behalf gov’t ★ The right to refuse to testify against C1 TYPES OF ELECTORAL SYSTEMS himself/herself ★ The right to confront or cross-examine the witness against him/her at the trial PLURALITY Whoever gets the most SYSTEM votes, wins ★ The right to be guaranteed of the attendance of the witnesses and Used for almost all positions production of other evidence in his behalf EXCEPT party representatives ★ The right the be guaranteed of a speedy, PROPORTIONAL Quota, they need to meet a objective, and transparent rial REPRESENTATION certain number of votes to win. ★ The right to appeal in all cases allowed or in the manner prescribed by law. Used by partylists–get 2% of all votes cast in the election C ELECTION IN THE PHILIPPINES [ the U.S uses this even for presidential elections, 270 ELECTION: formal and democratic decision making EC votes to win as process by which people select public officials president. ] through voting. Page 5 By: Rhein Sison & Arianna Santos & Francesca Flores  POLITICS & GOVERNANCE 12-HUMSS SECOND QUARTER FINALS REVIEWER | MR. JEFFERSON DE JESUS ABSENTEE VOTING: Election held before the day VOTER EDUCATION: of election for people who need to perform vital tasks on election day. ★ Term used to describe the dissemination of information about the elections and its Who is eligible? procedures ★ Media personnel TO NOTE ! ★ OFWs ★ Law enforcement personnel K.K.K ★ Other gov’t officials who have special tasks KARAKTER, KAKAYAHAN, KATAPATAN TO NOTE ! EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 157 March 30, 1987 PROVIDING FOR ABSENTEE VOTING BY OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES OF GOVERNMENT WHO ARE AWAY FROM THE PLACE OF THEIR REGISTRATION BY REASON OF OFFICIAL FUNCTIONS ON ELECTION DAY. TO NOTE ! R.A NO. 9189 “The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003.” AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A SYSTEM OF OVERSEAS ABSENTEE VOTING BY QUALIFIED CITIZENS OF THE PHILIPPINES ABROAD, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. C2 COMELEC ★ Agency that oversees all elections in the country ★ Ensures that there is a free, fair, and honest election C3 ISSUES & CHALLENGES ELECTORAL FRAUD: illegal interventions in the elections. Any issues or events that jeopardies elections. ★ Vote buying ★ Under the table negotiations ★ “Dagdag-bawas” (dadagdagan boto mo, babawasan yung sa kalaban) Page 6 By: Rhein Sison & Arianna Santos & Francesca Flores