Lesson 1 Reviewer PDF

LESSON 1 AEROSTAT – “lighter than air”; uses buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. AERODYNE – “heavier than air”; uses aerodynamics to fly. Aerodynes can be classified as: AIRPLANE - This is an engine driven aerodyne that achieves lift from the dynamic act...

LESSON 1 AEROSTAT – “lighter than air”; uses buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. AERODYNE – “heavier than air”; uses aerodynamics to fly. Aerodynes can be classified as: AIRPLANE - This is an engine driven aerodyne that achieves lift from the dynamic action of air against fixed wings. ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT - These are aerodynes that achieve lift through the dynamic action of air against rotating wings. ORNITHOPTER - This is an aircraft that flies due to the lift generated by flapping wings. Airplanes can be classified whether: AMPHIBIANS - These are airplanes which can take off and land on both land and water. LAND PLANES - These can take off and land only on a land surface. SEA PLANES - These are aircraft that take off and land only on sea. Sea planes are classified further as: FLOAT SEAPLANE – Is a seaplane that is supported on water by a pair of floats instead of a hull. FLYING BOAT - This is an aircraft which has a hull as its main body. The hull also supports the aircraft on water. Aerodynes without engines are classified as: 1. Glider 2. Sail Plane 3. Kite Rotary wing aircraft are classified into: GYROPLANE - This is a power-driven aerodyne which derives lift mainly from a rotor freely rotating in the horizontal plane, but thrust is obtained from a conventional engine. HELICOPTER - This is an aerodyne which derives both lift and thrust from rotating rotors. HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT These aircraft can also be classified based on the following: Mach Number Purpose Type of Engines Number of Wings Mode of take-off and landing Size and Payload Capacity Source of Power CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MACH NUMBER SUBSONIC (Below Mach 1.0) All airflow is below the speed of sound. TRANSONIC (Mach 0.75-Mach 1.20) Most of the airflow is subsonic, but some areas, it is supersonic. SUPERSONIC (Mach 1.0-Mach 5.00) All the airflow is faster than the speed of sound. HYPERSONIC (Greater than Mach 5.0) 5 times the speed of sound. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON PURPOSE Passenger Transport Business jets Cargo Transport Experimental aircraft Trainers Military aircraft Agricultural aircraft Sports aircraft CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF ENGINE RECIPROCATING ENGINE – Also known as piston engine, is an internal combustion that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotational motion. It operates same as an automobile. TURBOPROP – Is a turbine engine that directly connects to a gearing system to turn a propeller, much like a traditional piston engine. TURBOJET – Works similar to turboprop. It generates gas steams, which creates thrust and propulsion. Big disadvantage is high fuel consumption. TURBOFAN – Can produce large amount of thrust while remaining relatively quiet even at lower speeds. TURBOSHAFT – Mostly used to power helicopters. Rather than a propeller, turboshaft engines are designed to turn a transmission, which in turn is connected to the helicopters rotor system. 4 FORCES OF FLIGHT LIFT - Opposes the downward force of weight. It is produced by the dynamic effect of the wing, and acts perpendicular to the flight path through the wings' center of lift. THRUST - Is the forward force produced by the powerplant or propeller. It opposes or overcome the force of drag. WEIGHT - Is the combined load of the airplane itself, the crew, the fuel and the cargo or baggage. Weight pulls the airplane downward because of the force of gravity. It opposes lift and acts through the airplane’s center of gravity. DRAG - Is a rearward, retarding force, and is caused by disruption of airflow by the wing, fuselage, and other protruding objects. Opposes thrust, and acts rear parallel to the relative wind.