Planning-a-Healthy-Diet.pdf

PLANNING A HEALTHY DIET NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN OBJECTIVES: Define balanced diet Identify food groups and their placement on MyPyramid Describe information commonly found on food labels List some food customs from various cultural groups De...

PLANNING A HEALTHY DIET NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN OBJECTIVES: Define balanced diet Identify food groups and their placement on MyPyramid Describe information commonly found on food labels List some food customs from various cultural groups Describe development of food customs Includes all essential nutrients in appropriate amounts Preserves and promotes good health NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  DIETARY GUIDELINES Key recommendations: Adequate nutrients within caloric needs Consume nutrient-dense foods Weight management Balance calories consumed with calories expended Physical activity To prevent chronic diseases, manage body weight, prevent weight gain, and sustain weight loss NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Key recommendations: Food groups to encourage Consume variety of fruits and vegetables Consume half of grains from whole grains Consume fish, nuts, and vegetable oils as sources of fats NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Key recommendations: Fats Have total fat intake between 20 and 35 percent calories Limit saturated fat and trans-fatty acids Consume less than 300 milligram (mg) cholesterol per day Carbohydrates Consume fiber-rich fruits, vegetables, and whole grains Limit foods with added sugars NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Key recommendations: Sodium and potassium Consume less than 2,300 mg sodium per day People with high blood pressure should have less than 1,500 mg per day E.g., African-Americans, middle-aged adults, older adults Consume 4,700 mg per day of potassium NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Key recommendations: Alcoholic beverages Limit to one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men Food safety Wash hands when handling foods Wash, store, cook, and chill foods properly Avoid foods more likely to be contaminated NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN MyPyramid NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  MyPyramid Grains Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta Vegetable group Fruit group Milk, yogurt, and cheese group Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs, and nuts group Fats, oils, and sweets group NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Takes guidance from Dietary Guidelines Calorie level individually determined 12 different pyramids according to caloric needs Recommendations for each food group depend on caloric needs Encourages physical activity NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  FOOD LABELING Mandatory labeling for nearly all processed foods started in May 1994 Result of Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) Primary objective: Ensure labels on most foods provide consistent nutrition information NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Sets health claims allowed Determines serving sizes Standardizes descriptive terms NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  FOOD LABELING: NUTRITION FACTS REQUIRED Total calories Calories from fat Total fat Saturated fat Trans fat Cholesterol NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN (continues)  Sodium Total carbohydrates Dietary fiber Sugars Protein Vitamin A Vitamin C Calcium Iron NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  FOOD CUSTOMS Food habits may be based on nationality, culture, and religion Foods available in certain area may be favored for economic reasons Economic status and social status contribute to food habits NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Native American Influence Influenced half of edible plants commonly eaten in U.S. today E.g., corn, potatoes, squash, cranberries, pumpkins, peppers, beans, wild rice, sunflower seeds, sweet potatoes, avocadoes, papayas, cocoa beans Influenced wild fruits, game, and fish Prepared as soups and stews or dried NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  U.S. Southern Influence Diversity of foods congruent with diversity of its people African-American influence Popular foods: Down-home breads, biscuits, greens, black-eye peas, okra, etc. Soul foods High in fat, sodium, and carbohydrates May be deficient in iron, calcium, fiber, potassium, and vitamin C NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Diversity of foods congruent with diversity of its people French-American influence Cajun and Creole cuisine are fusion of French and Spanish cooking Popular foods: Wild game, seafood, vegetables, herbs, rice, tomatoes, sausage, hot peppers, and crawfish NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Diversity of foods congruent with diversity of its people French-American influence Lacking in fruits Creole cooking adds rich sauces and calories May be deficient in calcium, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin C NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Spanish Influence Mexican influence Combination of Spanish and Native Americans foods Popular foods: Beans, rice, tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, masa harina, corn tortilla stuffed with cheese, beef, and pork Flan Favorite dessert NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Mexican influence Combination of Spanish and Native Americans foods Often lacking in vitamin C and green and yellow vegetables and fruits Lactose intolerance common NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Puerto Rican influence Influenced by Spanish, Africans, and Taino Indians Popular foods: Corn, wheat, seafood, beef, pork, rice, olive oil, chicken, pinto beans, and okra Often use starchy vegetables and tropical fruits Lacking in milk and non-starchy vegetables NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Mediterranean Influence Healthiest in the world Italian influence Popular foods: Pastas, rice, beans, olives, fruits, vegetables, seafood, and cheese Use olive oil Eat small portions Seldom eat beef Eat main meal at lunch Could benefit from increase in low-fat milk and meat NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Healthiest in the world Greek influence Popular foods: Broccoli, cauliflower, wild greens, artichokes, fava beans, green beans, eggplants, legumes, olives, yogurt, and feta cheese Includes fish, seafood, lamb, goat, and pork Use bread as basis of meal Use fruity olive oil as primary fat Eat fruit for dessert NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Northern and Western European Influences Have given U.S. “meat and potato” mentality Lots of meat, poultry, or fish with small amounts of vegetable and starch Essential to have sausages, blood sausage, head cheese, dark breads, and dairy Could benefit from more fresh fruits and vegetables NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Central European Influences Popular foods: Pork, chicken, beef, sausages, fish and game, cabbage, carrots, turnips, potatoes, beans, lentils, and onions Use eggs and dairy products abundantly Consume spatzle, dark breads, and muesli NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Could benefit from limiting number of eggs, using fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and adding fresh fruits and vegetables NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Middle Eastern Influences Popular foods: Lamb, pita and flatbread, sourdough, legumes, and dairy Use dates, figs, pistachios, and fresh fruits for snacks and desserts Adding fresh fruits and vegetables would increase vitamins, minerals, and fiber NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Asian Influences Each Asian country has traditional foods Chinese influence Five essential grains of life: Rice, soybeans, barley, wheat, and millet Many vegetables: Bean sprouts, shitake mushrooms, broccoli, peppers, snow peas, etc. Protein from seafood, eggs, pork, chicken, beef, and tofu NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Each Asian country has traditional foods Chinese influence Often use water chestnuts, sesame seeds, and other nuts Season with soy sauce, garlic, ginger, and many spices Soy sauce and monosodium glutamate (MSG) may contribute to high blood pressure Lactose intolerance may cause lack in calcium sources NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Each Asian country has traditional foods Japanese influence Essentials foods: Bamboo shoots, tofu, cucumbers, eggplants, Enoki mushrooms, spinach, and ginger Protein from seafood, eggs, and chicken Season with mirin, soy sauce, miso, and wasabi NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Each Asian country has traditional foods Japanese influence Drink green tea as preferred beverage Lactose intolerance problems Could benefit from more fresh fruits NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Each Asian country has traditional foods Southeast Asian influence Influenced by India and China Many vegetables, rice, noodles, soybean paste, and soy sauce Protein from fish, pork, chicken, and beef Prefer coconut and soybean milk to dairy because of lactose intolerance High sodium may cause high blood pressure NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Indian Influences Vegetarianism prevalent due to religion Protein from lentils, beans, and dairy products for vegetarians Protein from meat and fish for non-vegetarians NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Popular foods: Wheat, rice, vegetables, garlic, eggplants, and curry Acceptable to eat with one’s fingers Lack of calcium may be problematic NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  New Immigrant Influences Somali influence No pork due to religion Popular foods: Millet, cornmeal, rice, noodles, bananas, mango, papaya, vegetables, liver, seafood, beans, etc. Frankincense often chewed after meals Lack of dairy may cause calcium deficiency High liver consumption may cause high cholesterol NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Haitian influence Influenced by African, French, and Spanish cooking Based on rice, corn, millet, yams, and beans Wealthy can afford meat, lobster, shrimp, duck, and desserts Use pig fat for flavoring Avocadoes, mangoes, pineapples, coconuts, and guava available Malnutrition and lack of dairy concerning NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Korean influence Grains: Rice, millet, soybeans, and red beans Eat chicken and seafood Little red meat National dish kimchi served with each meal NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Korean influence Season with red pepper paste, green onion, ginger, garlic, and bean paste Use soy sauce extensively Eat fresh fruits for snacks and desserts Diet usually adequate NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Dominican Republic influence Mix of Spanish and Taino Indian cuisine Meats: Goat and chicken Eat fresh seafood in seaside towns NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Dominican Republic influence Starches: Plantains, chayote, and rice Fruit smoothies common Wide variety of food can provide adequate diet NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Burmese influence Many varieties of fruits, vegetables, and tropical fruits Carbohydrates: Rice, noodles, red lentils, and mung peas Protein from pork, beef, lamb, chicken, duck, fish or prawns, tofu, and eggs NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Burmese influence Eat fresh fruits for desserts Eat sweets for snacks Wide variety of food can ensure good nutrition NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  FOOD PATTERNS BASED ON RELIGION OR PHILOSOPHY Jewish Orthodox Jews always follow dietary laws Kosher foods Prepared according to dietary laws Dietary laws forbid several foods E.g., birds of prey, flesh of animals without cloven hooves, leavened bread during Passover Food served generally rich May be deficient in fresh vegetables and milk NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Roman Catholic Meat not allowed on Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, and Fridays during Lent Eastern Orthodox Includes Christians from Middle East, Russia, and Greece Meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products restricted Wednesdays, Fridays, and during Lent and Advent NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Seventh Day Adventist Many lacto-ovo vegetarians May consume nuts, legumes, and meat substitutes (tofu) Coffee, tea, and alcohol considered harmful Mormon Coffee, tea, and alcohol prohibited NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Islamic Muslims Adherents of Islam Pork and alcohol prohibited Other meat slaughtered by specific laws During month of Ramadan, do not eat or drink during daylight hours NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Hindu All life sacred Do not eat animals or eggs Most vegetarians NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  OTHER FOOD PATTERNS Vegetarians Lacto-ovo vegetarians Use dairy products and eggs, but not meat, poultry, or fish Lacto-vegetarians Use dairy products, but not meat, poultry, or eggs NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Vegetarians Vegans Avoid all animal foods Can lack calcium, protein, vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 Diets should be carefully planned to include essential amino acids Can be very nutritious NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  Zen-Macrobiotic diets Developed from Zen Buddhism System of 10 diet plans Gradually give up the following foods: Desserts, salads, fruits, animal foods, soups, and ultimately vegetables until only cereals are consumed Usually brown rice Usually nutritionally inadequate NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN  CONSIDERATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS: Tools can be used to help clients plan healthy diets Individual food customs must be respected Registered dietitians can help plan diets Gradual corrections in dietary habits easier and more effective when reasons for food habits understood NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY BY: ROSELLE JOY C. BALAQUIT, RN