Physics Lecture Notes (PDF)

1 PHYSICS FOR FACULTY OF COMPUTER AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Prof. Dr. Essam Fadl Abo Zeid Vice Dean of Faculty of Science for Community Service and Environmental Development. Physics Department - Faculty of Sc...

1 PHYSICS FOR FACULTY OF COMPUTER AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Prof. Dr. Essam Fadl Abo Zeid Vice Dean of Faculty of Science for Community Service and Environmental Development. Physics Department - Faculty of Science Assiut University 3rd floor, Room 308 10/5/2024  Information 2 Course Title: Physics Course Code: Schedule: Saturday, 9:00AM~11:00AM Instructor: Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid Office Hours: Saturday, during the lecture Office:4th floor Artificial and intelligence Building Email: [email protected], [email protected] Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Information 3 Textbook: Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics by Serway and Jewett, 8th edition, 2011. G. Rowell & S. Herbert,(2005) Physics, Cambridge University Press, 4th edition. Other reading materials will be informed on the spot. Lecture Notes. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Evaluation and Grading 4 The following activities are evaluated as it follows: Midterm Exam (20%) Practical Exam (20%) Assignments (10%) Final Exam (50%) Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Policy 5 Attend lectures ON TIME. Attend lab sessions on time. Late work will NOT be accepted. Attend your exams by the declared dates and times. Excuses must be informed prior the exam. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Policy 6 Your cellphone must NOT disturb any lecture or session. Cheating, abusing and plagiarism are strongly punished according to university regulations. You must handle the facilities you use very carefully. Pre-reading is necessary for your success. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Why to Study Physics? 7 Physics improves your skills. Physics teaches you how to think. Physics is the science of nature. Physics puts your math on use. Physics makes things possible, computers, cameras, cellphones,… And finally, it is a compulsory course! Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Objectives 8 The Objectives of this course are To provide a firm understanding of classical physics including areas of mechanics and heat. To improve the ability of using scientific thinking in problem solving. To enable students to analyze logical hypothesis, evaluate evidences, and tolerate ambiguities. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Schedule No. of Topic Chapter 9 Weeks Introduction Two Chapter 1 Physics and Measurements Two Motion in one Dimension Chapter 2 Two Vector Analysis Chapter 3 Two Waves oscillation and Sound Chapter 4 Two Light lenses & mirrors Chapter 5 Two Heat and Thermodynamics Chapter 6 Two Electricity & Magnetism Chapters 7 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Schedule 10 Note: Mid Term Exam November 2024. (details will be informed) Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 11 Content of the Course ❖ Chapter 1: Physical Quantity, Units and Dimensions (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 2: Motion in one Dimension (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 3: Vector Analysis (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 4: Waves, Oscillations and Sound (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 5: light lenses and mirrors (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 6: Heat and Thermodynamics (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 7: Electricity & Magnetism (2 weeks) Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 12 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 13 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 14 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 15 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 16 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 17 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 18 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Nucleolus consists A neutron has no charge and a mass that is about equal to that of a 19 proton. One of its primary purposes is to act as a “glue” that holds the nucleus together. If neutrons were not present in the nucleus, the repulsive force between the positively charged particles would cause the nucleus to come apart. Protons, neutrons, and a host of other exotic particles are now known to be composed of six different varieties of particles called quarks, which have been given the names of up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. The up, charm, and top quarks have charges of +2/3 that of the proton, whereas the down, strange, and bottom quarks have -1/3 charges of that of the proton. The proton consists of two up quarks and one down quark which you can easily show leads to the correct charge for the proton. Likewise, the neutron consists of two down quarks and one up quark, giving a net charge of zero. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 20 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 21 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 22 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 23 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 24 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 25 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 26 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  HW-1 Serway Version 8 Problems 5,7,15 and 17 27 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 28 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 29 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 30 3 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 31 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 32 Thanks for your attention Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 33 Content of the Course ❖ Chapter 1: Physical Quantity, Units and Dimensions (1 week) ❖ Chapter 2: Motion in one Dimension (2 week) ❖ Chapter 3: Vector Analysis (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 4: Waves, Oscillations and Sound (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 5: light lenses and mirrors (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 6: Heat and Thermodynamics (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 7: Electricity & Magnetism (2 weeks) Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension 34 2.6 Vector analysis Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  2.1 Displacement, Velocity and Speed 35 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Average Velocity 36 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 37 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 38 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  2.2 Instantaneous velocity and speed 39 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  2.2 Instantaneous velocity and speed 40 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  2.2 Instantaneous velocity and speed 41 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 42 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 43 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  2.3 Acceleration Average Acceleration: 44 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Instantaneous Acceleration (Acceleration) 45 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Example 2.5 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration The velocity of a particle moving along the x-axis varies in time according to the expression vx = 40 -5t 2 m /s, where t is in seconds. 46 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  (b) Determine the acceleration at t = 2.0 s. 47 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  2.5 One Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration 48 When the velocity of an object changes at the same rate throughout the motion the acceleration is said to be constant. Thus, the velocity-time graph becomes a straight line Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  2) Displacement as a function of velocity and time 49 3) Displacement as a function of time Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  4) Velocity as a function of displacement 50 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 SUMMARY 51 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Ex. 2.7 Carrier Landing A jet lands on an aircraft carrier at 140 mi/h (~ 63 m/s). 52 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Quick Quizzes 53 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Answer to Quick Quizzes 54 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  HW- 2 Serway Version 8 Problems 4, 12, 21 and 25 55  4. A particle moves according to the equation x = 10t2 where x is in meters and t is in seconds. (a) Find the average velocity for the time interval from 2.00 s to 3.00 s. (b) Find the average velocity for the time interval from 2.00 to 2.10 s.  12. A particle starts from rest and accelerates as shown in Figure P2.12. Determine (a) the particle’s speed at t =10.0 s and at t =20.0 s, and (b) the distance traveled in the first 20.0 s. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 56  21. An object moving with uniform acceleration has a velocity of 12.0 cm/s in the positive x direction when its x coordinate is 3.00 cm. If its x coordinate 2.00 s later is –5.00 cm, what is its acceleration? ❑ 25. A particle moves along the x axis. Its position is given by the equation x = 2 + 3t - 4t2 with x in meters and t in seconds. Determine (a) its position when it changes direction and (b) its velocity when it returns to the position it had at t = 0. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  HW- 2 Solutions 57 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 58 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 59 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 60 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 61 Thanks for your attention Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 62 Content of the Course ❖ Chapter 1: Physical Quantity, Units and Dimensions (1weeks) ❖ Chapter 2: Motion in one Dimension and (2 week) ❖ Chapter 3: Vector Analysis (2 week) ❖ Chapter 4: Waves, Oscillations and Sound (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 5: light lenses and mirrors (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 6: Heat and Thermodynamics (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 7: Electricity & Magnetism (2 weeks) Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Chapter 3 63 Vectors  Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Vectors 64  Topics 3.1 Coordinate Systems 3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities 3.3 Some Properties of Vectors Equality Addition Commutative associative Negative of a Vector Subtracting Multiplying a Vector by a Scalar 3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Vectors 65  Physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction are represented by vectors. 3.1 Coordinate systems a) Cartesian (rectangular) coordinate system Any point P is labeled with the coordinates (x, y) b) Plane polar coordinates Any point P is labeled with the coordinates (r, θ) Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Relations between both systems 66 Ex.3.1: The Cartesian coordinates of a point in the x- y plane are (-3.50, -2.50) m. Find its polar coordinates ? Note that: the point lies in the third quadrant Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities 67  A scalar quantity has only magnitude and no direction. Examples: Temperature, mass, time interval, pressure, ….. etc.  A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. Examples: Displacement, velocity acceleration, force, …..etc. Vector’s notations Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Displacement Vector 68 A particle is moved from point A to point B The magnitude of the displacement vector is the shortest distance between the end points (A and B) of the displacement vector regardless of the trajectory. Note That: The distance travelled is different from the magnitude of the displacement vector. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  3.3 Some Properties of Vectors 69 Equality of two vectors 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 𝐶Ԧ Addition: Two vectors Parallelogram method Triangle method 𝐷 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Addition: More than two vectors 70 Commutative Law Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Associative law 71 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Subtraction of vectors 72 Multiplication of a vector by a scalar Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 Ex.3.2 A car travels 20.0 km due north and then 35.0 km in a direction 60.0° west of north, as shown below. Find the magnitude and direction of the car’s resultant displacement? 73 Using the law of cosines from trigonometry. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors 74  Components of a vector Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Unit Vectors 75  Vector quantities often are expressed in terms of unit vectors Representing a vector using unit vectors Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Sum of vectors using components 76 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Vectors in three-dimensions 77 Vectors components Vectors summations Similar to the two-dimensions case, we can write Ex.3.3: Find the sum of two vectors A and B lying in the x-y plane and given by: Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 78 Find the magnitude and direction of R ? Why ? Answer : The vector lies in the fourth quadrant. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Ex.3.4 The resultant displacements 79 a) Find the components of the resultant displacement and its magnitude. The components are: (b) Find the magnitude of R? Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 Example 3.5 Taking a Hike A hiker begins a trip by first walking 25.0 km southeast from her car. She stops and sets up her tent for the night. On the second day, she walks 40.0 km in a direction 60.0° north of east. 80 (A) Determine the components of the hiker’s displacement for each day? (b) Determine the resultant displacement? (C) Find the resultant displacement magnitude and direction???????? Engineering Physics I Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Quick Quizzes 81 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 82 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Answer to Quick Quizzes 83 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 84 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  HW- 3 Serway Version 8 Problems 5, 15, 31, 37 and 43. 85 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 86 HW- 3 Solutions Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 87 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 88 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 89 Thanks for your attention Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 90 Content of the Course ❖ Chapter 1: Physical Quantity, Units and Dimensions (1 weeks) ❖ Chapter 2: Motion in one Dimension and (2 week) ❖ Chapter 3: Vector Analysis (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 4: Waves, Oscillations and Sound (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 5: light lenses and mirrors (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 6: Heat and Thermodynamics (2 weeks) ❖ Chapter 7: Electricity & Magnetism (2 weeks) Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 91 Chapter 4 Waves, Oscillations, and Sound Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 92 Disturb the surface of water and you create water waves. Disturb the molecules of air in the room and you create a sound wave. Disturbing the electromagnetic fields filling space causes electromagnetic waves (light!). Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Electromagnetic Waves 93  Actually, it is a bit more subtle than that.  If the electric field is varying at some location, that will cause changing magnetic fields nearby.  And the changing magnetic fields will cause new electric fields beyond that. And so on. ❑Shaking a magnet causes changing magnetic fields, which cause electric fields, which cause magnetic fields, etc. ❑Any changes to electric or magnetic fields causes electromagnetic waves to propagate away from the disturbance. ❑Electromagnetic waves are light. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 A picture of light  Light is a transverse wave of varying electric and magnetic fields.  This pattern of fields moves through space, each location experiencing oscillating fields. Physics 10/5/2024 94 Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid  Radio Lowest Learn the EM Spectrum frequency and energy 95Microwave Part of radio category Infrared Frequencies just below visible Visible Light What we can see Ultraviolet Higher energy than visible X-Rays Still higher energy and frequency Gamma Rays ❑ Again, higher frequency is higher energy. Highest frequencies ❑ All EM waves travel at the speed of light, c = 3 x 108 m/s. ❑ c = λ f, λ = wavelength, light with higher Physics frequenciesProf.has Dr. E.aF.shorter Abo Zeid wavelength. 10/5/2024  Introducing … Roy G Biv 96  We perceive the different frequencies of visible light as different colors.  The rainbow is in the order of frequencies.  Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet (ROY G BIV) is the order from lowest frequency to highest among light. Q. Why we can’t see infrared? Our eyes contain chemicals that can be triggered into sending a nerve impulse when hit by light. Our eyes have evolved to detect a range of frequencies that we call visible light. If we could see infrared, then we would have called those wavelengths visible light! Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Q. Why are ultraviolet (UV), X-ray, and Gamma Ray dangerous? 97  These are high-energy forms of radiation.  They have enough energy to break chemical bonds in cells - like in strands of DNA.  The body can usually repair such damage but too much and the repairs don’t happen, and you get problems like cancers (cells that grow out-of-control). Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Q. How do microwave ovens work? 98  The frequencies of microwave radiation happen to be frequencies that are readily absorbed by water molecules.  Microwaves produced in the oven bounce off the walls until they are absorbed - usually by water molecules.  Wet things get hot in the oven, dry things do no get as hot. Q. Does red light really have less energy than blue light? Yes. Higher frequency light carries more energy and blue has a higher frequency than red. For various reasons, we commonly associate red with hot and blue with cold, but the blue light waves carry more energy than the red ones. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Simple Harmonic Motion - Perfect Periodic Motion 99 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Simple Harmonic Motion Parameters 100 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 101 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Mechanical Waves 102 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Sinusoidal Waves 103 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Example 104 Figure. A sinusoidal wave of wavelength λ= 40.0 cm and amplitude A= 15.0 cm. The wave function can be written in the form y = A cos(kx-wt ). H.W. Find the maximum velocity &acceleration. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Superposition of Waves Interference 105 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 Standing Waves and Resonance 106 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Resonance in Air Columns 107 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Example: 108 1. A pipe open at both ends resonates at a fundamental frequency fopen. When one end is covered and the pipe is again made to resonate, the fundamental frequency is fclosed. Which of the following expressions describes how these two resonant frequencies compare? 2. A section of drainage culvert 1.23 m in length makes a howling noise when the wind blows. (a) Determine the frequencies of the first three harmonics of the culvert if it is open at both ends. Take v=343 m/s as the speed of sound in air. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 109  Calculate the 1 st harmonic frequency for a one closed end air column if the speed of sound in air is 320 m/s and the column length is 2.5 cm. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Sound Waves 110  Sound is a periodic motion results from the atoms displacement from the equilibrium position. This makes a change in pressure. Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 Example: 111 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024  Sound level in Decibels (dB) 112 Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024 113 Thanks for your attention Physics Prof. Dr. E. F. Abo Zeid 10/5/2024