PHY 101 Lecture_1 _2023 (1).pdf

PHY101: Introduction to Physics I Monsoon Semester 2023 Lecture 1 Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR Instructors: Dr. Sucheta Mondal ([email protected]...

PHY101: Introduction to Physics I Monsoon Semester 2023 Lecture 1 Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR Instructors: Dr. Sucheta Mondal ([email protected] ) Dr. Syed M. Kamil ([email protected] ) Dr. Susanta Sinha Roy ([email protected] ) Dr. Rana Nandi ([email protected]) Dr. Binson Babu ([email protected])  Aims of this course v To bridge the gap between 10, +2 and standard undergraduate levels. v To develop an understanding of the basic Physics laws and skills to apply various physical concepts to science and engineering through problem solving. Course outline and syllabus Mechanics: q Reference frames and coordinate systems q Newton’s laws of motion in vector notation q Conservation of energy q Application of Newton’s laws of motion q Dynamical stability of systems: Potential energy diagram q Collisions: Impulse, conservation of energy and linear momentum q Conservation of angular momentum and rotation of rigid bodies in plane Thermal Physics: q Averages, probability and probability distributions q Thermal equilibrium and macroscopic variables: Pressure of an ideal gas from Newton’s laws - the kinetic theory of gases. Maxwell’s velocity distribution q Laws of Thermodynamics and the statistical origin of the second law of thermodynamics q Application of thermodynamics: Efficiency of heat engines and air-conditioners, Thermodynamics of batteries and rubber bands At the end of the course you should be able to: Understand the laws of Newtonian mechanics and apply these laws to study dynamics of many body and rigid body systems. Demonstrate the understanding of kinetic theory of gases, laws of Thermodynamics, concept of entropy etc., and apply this understanding to various physical systems. Course Materials Text/Reference books: 1. An Introduction to Mechanics, by Kleppner and Kolenkow 2. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, by J. W. Jewett, R. A. Serway 3. Fundamentals of Physics, by Resnick, Halliday and Walker 4. Feynman Lecture Series, Vol. 1 Other relevant materials Lecture slides from instructor, Videos, animations, web sources Additional Details: Attendance requirements: As per SNIoE policy (75%). Will be strictly followed. Failure to meet attendance criteria will invite F* grade for the student. Course prerequisite: This is a calculus-based introductory physics course and the students should have taken elementary calculus course prior to this course. Reasonably good mathematical background (Calculus, Differential equation, Algebra, Geometry, Graphical analysis, Coordinate system, Transformation of coordinate system, vectors) Weekly Homework: Tutorials will start from 28th August, 2023 Evaluation scheme: Quiz 1 : 15 % (each having 20 marks): MCQ type Quiz 2 : 15 % (each having 20 marks): Tutorial based Mid-semester exam: 35% End-semester examination: 35% Note: Any unfair means during the examination will invite “F” grade.  Grading Scheme Less than 35 % - F grade 80 % above - A grade Meeting hours with the instructor (Group L1) A student may contact his/her respective instructor for any academic issues during the following contact hours without prior notification: Instructor: Prof. Susanta Sinha Roy Meeting hours: Monday (2 pm – 4 pm) Office: A021B Meeting hours with the instructor (Group L2) A student may contact his/her respective instructor for any academic issues during the following contact hours without prior notification: Instructor: Dr. Rana Nandi Meeting hours: Wednesday (2 pm – 4 pm) Office: A021C Meeting hours with the instructor (Group L3) A student may contact his/her respective instructor for any academic issues during the following contact hours without prior notification: Instructor: Dr. Sucheta Mondal Meeting hours: Thursday (10 am – 12 pm) Office: R004E (Research block) Meeting hours with the instructor (Group L4) A student may contact his/her respective instructor for any academic issues during the following contact hours without prior notification: Instructor: Dr. Binson Babu Meeting hours: Thursday (3 pm – 5 pm) Office: R004D (Research block) Meeting hours with the instructor (Group L5) A student may contact his/her respective instructor for any academic issues during the following contact hours without prior notification: Instructor: Dr. Syed M. Kamil Meeting hours: Wednesday (2 pm – 4 pm) Office: A017B  Syllabus for the examinations Quiz 1: Topics covered till the last week’s lecture. (Tentative exam date – 21th September, 2023) Mid Sem.: Syllabus will be informed before the exam (starting from the 1st day of the course). (During mid-sem exam period – 3rd October to 9th October, 2023) Quiz 2: Topics covered till the last week’s lecture. (Tentative exam date – 16th November, 2023) End Sem.: Topics covered up to mid-sem. exam: 30%-40% and topics covered from mid sem. to the end sem. exam: 70%-60% (During end-sem exam period – 6th December to 16th December, 2023) Note: This is a tentative plan. Any alteration will be communicated a week in advance. NB: Tutorial questions can be expected in the Exam.  What is Physics? Physics, the most fundamental physical science, is concerned with the fundamental principles of the Universe. It is the foundation upon which the other sciences— astronomy, biology, chemistry, and geology—are based. The beauty of physics lies in the simplicity of its fundamental principles and in the manner in which just a small number of concepts and models can alter and expand our view of the world around us. Identify the limited number of fundamental laws Predict the results of the future! Mathematical relation between quantities  Classifications in Physics? The study of physics can be divided into six main areas: Classical mechanics: Concerning the motion of objects that are large relative to atoms and move at speeds much slower than the speed of light Relativity: A theory describing objects moving at any speed, even speeds approaching the speed of light Thermodynamics: Dealing with heat, work, temperature, and the statistical behavior of systems with large numbers of particles. Electromagnetism: Concerned with electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic fields. Optics: The study of the behavior of light and its interaction with materials. Quantum mechanics: a collection of theories connecting the behavior of matter at the submicroscopic level to macroscopic observations.  Physics and Measurement Quantities Physics is based on experimental observations and quantitative measurements and it is developed by learning how to measure the quantities involved What is a Physical quantity? It is used to refer anything that can be measured such as length, time, temperature, pressure, etc. Physical quantities Basic Physical quantities Derived Physical quantities Length velocity = length/ time Mass Acceleration = length /(time)2 Time Force = Mass * Acceleration Electric current etc.. Temperature Amount of substance Luminous intensity  Physics and Measurement Units Each quantity is measured with its own unit, by comparison with a standard Unit is a universal name assigned for measuring a quantity Modern scientific and engineering quantifications are based on the Système International d’Unités (International System of Units, commonly abbreviated as SI) that was adopted in 1960  Physics and Measurement Length 1 Meter = The distance traveled by light in vacuum during a time of 1/299 792 458 second  Mass Physics and Measurement Kilogram (kg), is defined as the mass of a specific platinum– iridium alloy cylinder (90% platinum and 10% iridium) kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sèvres, France. “Le Grand K” https://phys.org/news/2019-05- adieu-le-grand-kilogram- redefined.html Latest Definition. (November 2018 ) Kilogram (kg), is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant h to be 6.626 070 15 x 10–34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s–1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of c and ΔνCs. ΔνCs = hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom c = speed of light in vacuum https://www.bipm.org/en/si-base units/kilogram Mass Physics and Measurement Solution  Physics and Measurement Mass  Physics and Measurement Time One second is defined as 9 192 631 770 times the period of vibration of radiation from the cesium-133 atom. The primary time standard in the United States is a cesium fountain atomic clock developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology laboratories in Boulder, Colorado. The clock will neither gain nor lose a second in 20 million years.  Physics and Measurement Time  Physics and Measurement Dimensional of a Physical Quantities Dimension of a quantity signifies its relation to the assumed set of fundamental quantities. It denotes the physical nature of a quantity Length [L] Mass [M] Time [T] Temperature [K] Electric Current [A] Amount of Substance [mole] Luminous Interest [cd] Derived Quantities  Physics and Measurement Dimensional of a Physical Quantities Derived Quantities Area of a plane, [A] = [L]2 ® 2 Dimension Volume, [V] = [L]3 ® 3 Dimension q What would be the dimension of density which is mass/volume? [ML-3] q What’s about acceleration? [LT -2]  Physics and Measurement Dimensional Analysis The time period T of small oscillations in a simple pendulum of length l is given by (g is the acceleration due to gravity) ! (a) 𝑇 = 2𝜋 " , (b) T= 2𝜋 𝑙𝑔, " (c) T = 2𝜋 !  Physics and Measurement Dimensional Analysis => Quantities can be added or subtracted if they have same dimension => The terms on both sides of an equation must have the same dimension  Physics and Measurement Dimensional Analysis Q1 Suppose the acceleration a of a particle moving with uniform speed v in a circle of radius r is proportional to some power of r, say r n, and some power of v, say vm. Determine the values of n and m and write the simplest form of an equation for the acceleration. a 𝛼 rnvm a = k rnvm [a] = [k rnvm ] [L/T2] = [Ln] [L/T]m = Ln+m/Tm n+m =1 m =2 n = -1 a = k r-1v2 = k v2/r  Physics and Measurement Theory of relativity reveals that the mass can be converted into Q2 energy. Einstein found that the energy E is proportional to certain power of mass (m) and speed of light (c). Find out a simple relation among E, m and c using dimensional analysis. Suppose E = macb Writing the dimension formula on both sides [ML2T-2] = [M]a [LT-1]b [ML2T-2] = [MaLbT-b] Equating the dimensions of both sides, we have a =1, b=2 Thus E = mc2