Foundations of Physical Education and Sports PDF

PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUND TOPIC: Foundations of Physical Education and Sports (group1) American Period: 1901: Physical exercise was Nature and meaning of physical education...

PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOCIO-ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUND TOPIC: Foundations of Physical Education and Sports (group1) American Period: 1901: Physical exercise was Nature and meaning of physical education introduced in public schools; athletics Definition of sports programs developed. 1905: Baseball and track & field were JESSE FEIRING WILLIAMS (1977) taught to boys. - Express the nature ofthe human being 1909: Focus on western sports, and wholeness of the individual. including coaching tennis, in schools. ROBERT P. PANGRAZI (1998) 1910: Basketball was introduced for - Expressed total growth and girls but later discontinued in 1914; development. indoor baseball, tennis, and volleyball were introduced. Sports is a structured physical activity, 1911: The "Athletic Handbook" by the usually competitive, that requires complex Bureau of Education outlined rules for skills and a high level of individual sports like baseball, basketball (girls), commitment and motivation. volleyball, track & field, and tennis. January 1911: Philippine Amateur History of Physical Education and Sports Athletic Federation (PAAF) was formed to oversee amateur sports. Pre-Spanish Period: 1914: Teacher's Vacation Assembly Physical activities were essential for started in Manila to train Filipino survival. teachers in conducting physical Cockfighting, introduced by Malays, activities for schools. became popular. March 5, 1919: "Physical Education: Dancing served religious purposes A Manual for Teachers" syllabus was with various intentions. published to establish a formal PE Bathing and swimming were curriculum. significant in the natives' daily lives. 1920: PE became a required subject in Spanish Period: all public schools with a minimum Cockfighting remained a popular attendance-based rating for promotion "sport" and spread across the (not included in general average). archipelago. 1928: Summer School for Coaching Bathing, swimming, and traditional was launched to enhance public school native dances continued. teachers' coaching methods in athletics. 5 Traditional Philosophies of PE and SPORTS Aims & Objectives of Physical Education and Sports 1. Idealism- emphasizes understanding of concepts and self-development. 1. Physical D evelopment - an individual : Idealists say that physical education and who participates actively will develop and sport - Develops character, sportsmanship, maintain good health and high level of and creativity. physicalfitness. Focuses on self-development and recreational play. 2. Mental Dvelopment - The individual 2. Realism – stresses the importance of develops his mental capacities as he learns the training the students in the scientific method. mechaninal principles underlying movement, : Emphasizes total child development as he acquires knowledge and understanding using scientific methods. of rules and strategies of games and sports. Uses evidence-based training and focuses on fundamentals. 3. Social Development - Physical education provides ample opportunities to its 3. Pragmatism - emphasizes problem participants to interact with otherindividual solving, individuals' needs and interests, and groups. social skills, and cooperation. : Provides social activities and a 4. Emotional Development- Refers to the curriculum based on student needs and ability to recognize, express, and manage interests. feelings at different stages of life and to have empathy forthe feelings of others. 4. Naturalism - emphasizes the importance of individual's level of growth and development 5. Spiritual Development - It provides the in learning and designing experiences. development of inner self and soul. PE : Promotes self-direction, individualized through sports activities develop spirituality learning, and self-competition. by asking and seeking help from God before competition. 5. Existentialism - emphasizes the freedom of individuals. Purpose of Physical Education and Sports : Encourages freedom of choice, creativity, and self-awareness. To become physically fit to participate regularly in physical activities To know the implications and the benefits from involvement in physical activities To appreciate the value of physical activity and its contribution to a healthy lifestyle To learn and develop fundamental movement skill (GROUP 2) Educational Value of Sports What is PE and Sports? 1. Fairness: Playing with integrity, respecting the rules, and showing sportsmanship. P.E (physical Education) 2. Team Building: Collaborating to - It aims to develop students physical efficiently achieve a common goal. competence and knowledge of 3. Equality: Fair and just treatment of all movement and safety, and their ability individuals, regardless of their characteristics. to use these to perform in wide range 4. Discipline: Commitment to achieving of activities associated with the goals in training and competition, guided by development of an active and healthy rules. lifestyle. 5. Inclusion: Creating an environment where Sport everyone is welcomed, respected, and heard. - Defined as any physical activity or 6. Perseverance: Maintaining discipline and game that involves competitive skill, a desire to continuously improve. adherence to rules, and is usually 7. Respect: Promoting sportsmanship and played for entertainment or to preventing conflict. maintain physical fitness. - It can encompass a wide range of activities such as team sports, individual sports, outdoor pursuits, and more. Educational Value - it is the benefit of something that provides in helping people learn and gain knowledge. Educational Value of P.E. 1. Physical Health 2. Mental Health 3. Social Skills 4. Discipline and Responsibility 5. Cognitive Development 6. Self-Esteem and Confidence 7. Healthy Competition 8. Lifelong Fitness 9. Cultural Awareness 10. Motor Skills Development TOPIC: ANTHROPOLOGY OF PE AND SPORTS (GROUP3) What is Anthropology? EXAMPLES: - it is the study of humans, their - The passion for football in Brazil, for societies cultures , and their instance, is not just about the sport development over time. itself but also about Brazilian - Applying Anthropology to Physical culture, history, and social life. Education ( P.E.) and Sports reveals - In the Philippines, volleyball is also a that these activities are not merely key part of the culture. It’s popular in physical; they are deeply influenced schools and communities, and major byculture, traditions, and societal tournaments like the UAAP and PVL values, serving as a medium for attract widespread attention. cultural expression and the Volleyball brings people together, transmission of important values reflects national pride, and across generations. showcases Filipino teamwork and Examples: enthusiasm. ARCHERY – Mongolian warriors used archery as a crucial skill in hunting and Sports often carry ritualistic elements that warfares which was essential for survivial. reflect cultural traditions. WRESTLING – a way for Greeks to --- The Olympics, for example, are steeped in connect with their Gods and heroes and to rituals that date back to ancient Greece, where demonstates virtues like bravery, honor, the games were a religious festival as much as and physical power. a sporting event. The torch relay, the opening ceremony, and even the medals awarded are Relationships Between Culture, PE, and modern-day reflections of these ancient Sports cultural practices. - Culture includes the beliefs, practices, values, customs, and social Origin of Sports and Games behaviors of a society or group. - Physical Education (PE) and sports - The history of sports dates back at are closely connected to culture, as least 3,000 years. they reflect and strengthen - Sports originated in ancient Greece. the values, norms, and identities of - Early sports were often linked to that society. preparation for war or training as a hunter. Cultural Significance of PE and Sports - Common activities involved throwing - Sports can serve as a means of spears, stakes, and rocks, as well as expressing and reinforcing cultural one-on-one combat. identity. - For example, football (soccer) is more than just a game in many countries; it’s a source of national pride and a way to express local or regional identity. - The first Olympic Games in 776 BCE marked the introduction of formal sports by the Greeks. - Events included foot and chariot races, wrestling, jumping, discus, and javelin throwing. - The list of early sports reflects the beginnings and evolution of many of today’s popular sports. (GROUP4) 6. Ego Expanding Theories (Lange 1902, What is Play? Claparde 1911) - something you can do alone or with - a way for the ego to develop and express someone itself, enhancing cognitive skills and other - involves being active aspects of the personality. - captures your attention and gives enjoyment Current Theories of Play Early Classical Theories 1. Infantile Dynamics (Lewin, Buytendijk) - Play happens because a child's cognitive 1. Surplus Energy Theory (Schiller 1873, understanding is still developing, causing Spencer 1875) them to mix reality with imagination. - Play arises from excess energy available to - It reflects the child's approach to interacting children because their basic needs for survival with their environment. are managed by their parents. - This surplus energy is released through 2. Cathartic Theory (Freud 1908) playful and exuberant activities. - helps children deal with drives or conflicts they can't otherwise address, allowing them to 2. Relaxation Theory (Lazarus 1883, temporarily work through these issues. Patrick 1916) - Play serves as a way to relieve the stress and 3. Psychoanalytic Theory (Buhler 1930, fatigue accumulated from new and demanding Anna Freud 1937) tasks. - a means for children to master and manage - It helps replenish the child's energy and anxiety-provoking situations through reflects innate, evolutionary behaviors. repetition. - It serves both defensive and adaptive roles 3. Pre-Exercise Theory (Groos1898) in coping with anxiety. - Play is seen as essential practice for skills needed for survival. 4. Cognitive Theory (Piaget 1962) - is linked to the child’s processes of 4. Recapitulation Theory (G. Stanley Hall accommodation adjusting to interact with the 1906, Wundt 1913) environment and assimilation integrating new - Play is not about developing future skills but experiences into existing cognitive structures. about eliminating outdated instinctual behaviors inherited from ancestors. - Children go through play stages that mirror the developmental stages of human civilization. 5. Growth Theory (Appleton 1919) - Play is driven by a general urge for growth, helping children master skills needed for adult behaviors. Roles of Play 1. Child Development: Boosting Self-Esteem – Learning and Cognitive Development – Success in play activities, whether through Play helps children explore their environment, games, sports, or creative endeavors, can solve problems, and develop critical thinking build confidence and a sense of skills. accomplishment. Emotional Regulation - Play allows children to express their 5. Physical Development: emotions, cope with stress, and develop Motor Skills – resilience. Physical play, such as running, jumping, or Social Skills – playing sports, enhances gross and fine motor children learn to share, negotiate, and skills. communicate with others, building important Health and Fitness – social skills. Active play promotes a healthy lifestyle, improves cardiovascular health, and helps 2. Education: maintain a healthy weight. Engagement – Coordination and Balance – Play-based learning keeps students engaged Engaging in various forms of physical play and interested in the material. helps improve coordination and body control. Practical Application – Allows learners to apply theoretical knowledge in a practical, hands-on way. Creativity and Imagination - Encourages creative thinking and the exploration of new ideas. 3. Social Interaction: Bonding – Play strengthens relationships by creating shared experiences and memories. Conflict Resolution – Provides a low-stakes environment for practicing conflict resolution and teamwork. 4. Mental Health and Well-being: Stress Relief – Play provides a break from routine and can reduce stress and anxiety. Emotional Expression – Allows individuals to express emotions in a safe and controlled manner, which can be therapeutic. (GROUP5) TOPIC: SOCIOLOGY OF PE AND Sports SPORTS - Is an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an Sociology individual or team competes against - It is the study of human social another or others for entertainment. behavior, society, patterns of social Sociology of Sports relationships, social interaction, and - Attempts to view the actions and culture that surrounds everyday life. behavior of sports teams and their Society, PE and Sport players through the eyes of a - Alternately referred to as sports sociologist. sociology, it is a sub-discipline of - This area of study discusses the sociology which focuses on sports as positive impact sports have on social phenomena. individual people and society as a - It is an area of study concerned with whole economically, financially, and the relationship between sociology socially. and sports, and various socio-cultural structures, patterns, and organizations or groups involved with sport. Society “ SPORTS HAS A UNIQUE POWER TO - “socius”, which means ATTRACT, MOBILIZE, AND INSPIRE.” ‘companionship’ or ‘friendship’ - It includes cultural, social, and economic aspects that impact participation. It involves the social interactions within the PE and sports settings, such as relationships among athletes, coaches, and officials Physical Education - Is an educational process that uses physical activity as a means to help people acquire skill, fitness, knowledge and attitude that contribute to their optimal development and well -being. Sociology of Physical Education - It explains human relationships and interactions during the time of physical activity. - Group activities and team sports provide a unique environment for students to learn and practice important social skills, such as teamwork, communication, and understanding (GROUP6) TOPIC: FOUNDATIONS OF PE AND SPORTS – sociology of pe and sports (2) 4. Evaluation and Assessment: - Assessment in PE includes not only physical Sociology of PE and sport skills and fitness levels but also understanding - explores how physical education and of health concepts and social skills. sports are influenced by and reflect - Evaluations should be comprehensive, societal norms, values, and structures. focusing on students' progress and personal It examines the social roles, impacts, development rather than just performance. and issues associated with physical activities. Changing Forms and Definitions of PE Schooling, Curriculum, Pedagogy, and Evaluation 1. Evolution of PE - PE has evolved from a focus on militaristic 1. Role of Schools: and competitive sports to a more holistic - Schools are fundamental in providing access approach that emphasizes health, wellness, to PE, ensuring that all students can and personal development. participate in physical activity. - Modern PE includes diverse activities aimed - PE in schools promotes lifelong physical at encouraging lifelong fitness habits and activity, helping to combat issues like obesity mental well-being. and sedentary lifestyles. 2. Inclusion and Accessibility 2. Curriculum Development: - Increasing recognition of the need for - PE curricula have expanded beyond adaptive PE to accommodate students with traditional sports to include activities like disabilities and ensure equitable access for all. dance, yoga, and fitness, emphasizing overall - Efforts to include activities that appeal to well-being. different interests, such as dance, martial arts, - Curriculum design must consider inclusivity, and outdoor education. catering to diverse interests, abilities, and cultural backgrounds 3. Impact of Technology and Digital Platforms 3. Pedagogy and Teaching Methods: - Use of technology in PE, such as fitness - Effective PE teaching methods focus on trackers, apps, and virtual sports, has student engagement, motivation, and broadened the scope of physical activities. enjoyment. - Online resources and virtual platforms have - Innovative approaches include cooperative made PE accessible beyond the traditional learning, differentiated instruction, and classroom setting, promoting active lifestyles integrating technology even outside school.